Emulsified Oil Droplets Research Articles

Emulsification Stability of An Amphiphilic Polymer for Chemical Flooding

Background: Emulsification plays a pivotal role in the process of enhanced oil recovery, especially in chemical flooding. Emulsification has emerged as one of the key mechanisms facilitating oil recovery in polymer flooding. Aim: This study aimed to solve the problem of emulsification and stability of amphiphilic polymers in the process of oil displacement. Materials and methods: The emulsion was prepared by stirring emulsification method in the lab, and the dynamic stability of the emulsion was determined by stabilizer, and the size and distribution of droplets were determined by laser particle sizing instrument. Results: The experimental results show that, with the increasing mass concentration of amphiphilic polymer, the apparent viscosity of the solution is significantly increased. The emulsification ability and the stability of the emulsion are also enhanced. In addition, the microstructure of the emulsion shows that the amphiphilic polymer with higher concentration helps to reduce the particle size of the emulsified oil droplets and impels the more uniform distribution. Furthermore, the amphiphilic polymer system was conductive to improving the oil-water emulsification ability and prolonging the stability of the emulsion, especially in high-salinity and high-temperature environments. Conclusion: The results of the study are of guiding significance for the emulsification of amphiphilic polymers for oil recovery.

Macrophage-hitchhiked, effervescence-induced nanoemulsions for enhanced oral chemotherapy and immunotherapy: Impact on absorption route.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal cancer. Paclitaxel (PTX), typically administered intravenously (IV) as chemotherapy, shows promise for triggering immunogenic cell death (ICD) and may serve as a potential immunotherapy. This study introduces an oral PTX delivery method using an enteric-coated gelatin capsule containing capric acid oil and an effervescent agent, optionally with decylamine-conjugated β-glucans (DA-βGlus). Upon dissolving in the small intestine, the capsule undergoes an effervescence reaction that produces emulsified oil droplets (ODs) by bile salts, forming either Bared/ODs/PTX or DA-βGlus/ODs/PTX, with the latter featuring surface-attached DA-βGlus. The study evaluates the oral absorption, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic efficacy of these formulations, comparing them to IV administration. IV PTX causes rapid spikes in plasma concentration, quick metabolism, and elimination, which can be unsafe. In contrast, the oral delivery system maintains consistent drug levels in the bloodstream for longer periods, improving overall effectiveness. Bared/ODs/PTX follows conventional fat absorption pathways, limiting tumor targeting. On the other hand, DA-βGlus/ODs/PTX uses DA-βGlus to enhance specificity for tumors through endogenous macrophage-mediated transport, effectively acting as "cellular tumor-seeking vehicles". This method reduces tumor stroma fibrosis, delivers PTX precisely, induces apoptosis, triggers PTX-induced ICD, and enhances cytotoxic T cell responses, augmenting targeted anti-PDAC strategies.

Recyclable Amphiphilic Magnetic-responsive Mixed-Shell Nanoparticles With High Interfacial Activity Comparable to Janus Particles for Oily Water Purification.

Amphiphilic magnetic-responsive mixed-shell nanoparticles (Mag-MSNPs) with tailorable compositions are synthesized by electrostatic-mediated cross-linking of core-forming blocks of two diblock copolymers, followed by in situ growth of magnetite in the cross-linked core. The Mag-MSNPs have a magnetic-responsive core and hydrophilic/lipophilic mixed shells, firmly anchoring at the oil-water interface of emulsified oil droplets due to their high interfacial activity (13.1 mN m-1 at a rather low emulsifier concentration of 1.2 mg mL-1 in the n-hexane/water system), outperforming most of Janus particles. Driven by the magnetic field, the emulsified oil droplets with Mag-MSNPs at the interface are drawn to one side for collection. The oil-water separation efficiency reaches 99.5%, manifesting their excellent ability to remove emulsified oil droplets from oily water. After five separation and regeneration cycles, the separation efficiency remains at 98.8%, showcasing their potential for recyclable oily water purification.

Prewetting induced underwater super oleophobic hydroxyethyl cellulose-SiO2-graphene microfiltration membranes for emulsion separation

Graphene (Gr)-based membranes with underwater superoleophobicity hold promise for separating oil droplets from oil-in-water emulsion. However, for the separation of small-sized emulsified oil droplets, how to achieve high-throughput is a major challenge. In order to optimize the microstructure of Gr-based membranes (transverse channels between Gr sheets and longitudinal pores along the edge of Gr sheets), we prepared a Gr microfiltration membrane modified by hydroxyethyl cellulose and silica (HEC-SiO2-Gr) by electrochemical exfoliation and thermal cross-linking, which exhibited excellent underwater superoleophobicity (150.0°). An electrochemical exfoliation process was employed to prepare water-dispersible Gr. Subsequently, the addition of SiO2 nanoparticles in the Gr-based membrane formed a continuous transverse channel of water permeation, which increased the water flux. The HEC was used to cross-link the Gr sheets and SiO2, which effectively prevented the Gr sheet movement and improved the mechanical properties. The membrane with stacked laminar flow microstructure showed high separation efficiency (97.9 %) in separating oil-in-water emulsions, and the flux of the membrane remained over 532.6 L·m−2·h−1 after 40 filtration cycles. The mechanical property reached 14.6 MPa, which was 1.2 times higher than that of the Gr membrane. The immersion tests of various organic solvents and corrosive solutions have fully proved the excellent stability and durability of the HEC-SiO2-Gr membrane. This work shows that the cross linking of the nanoparticles and polymers could effectively adjust the microstructure of the membrane, which provides a new viewpoint on the design Gr-based membranes for a variety of energy and environment-related applications.

Contributions of Colloidal Forces to the Heterogeneous Separation of Stable Oil-In-Water Emulsions.

We use theory to study the distribution of spherical emulsion oil droplets in water near a lipophilic surface as a guideline for designing membranes for oil/water phase separation. Heterogeneous phase separations are shown in our laboratory using hydrophilic and hydrophobic membrane designs, where the affinity of the membrane surface to one of the phases in the mixture locally increases its concentration. Considering a colloidal emulsion (nano- to microemulsions) of spherical and noncoalescing droplets, we assess the contribution of colloidal forces, i.e., van der Waals, electrical double layer, and hydrophobic interactions and the finite size of the droplets to the accumulation of spherical emulsion droplets near a surface. We use our theory to study an experiment-inspired case study and find that an isolated lipophilic membrane surface in contact with an oil-in-water emulsion supports the oil-enriched emulsion phase in a thin layer near the membrane surface, suggesting that a membrane pore size comparable to this thickness should support oil-enriched emulsion in the membrane pores and hence past the membrane.

Electron beam induced graft polymerized anti oil-fouling biaxial polypropylene membrane with harsh environment tolerance

The intrinsic hydrophobic behavior of biaxial-oriented polypropylene microporous membrane limits its broad application area by leading serious membrane fouling. An environment-friendly, practical, and facile to large-scale prepared surface modification process is designed to enhance the membrane wettability and oil-fouling. By employing electron beam radiation, acrylic acid, and polyvinyl alcohol in the pre-irradiation-induced graft polymerization process, a micro-nano structure was developed and the surface roughness was increased from 66.5 nm to 99.3 nm. Enhancing the grafting ratio further reduces the pore size of the final modified membrane from 54 nm to 25 nm, which is significantly smaller than the size of the emulsified oil droplet. By modifying the morphological and structural characteristics of the grafted membrane, excellent oil-fouling resistance features are attained with UWOCA value 161° and separation efficiency of 99.3 %. Moreover, the theoretical explanations for hydrophilicity and oil-fouling resistance of modified membranes are also developed using DFT calculations and the Hermia model, which shows alignment with experimental data. Consequently, considerable improvements in wettability, thermal and mechanical behavior are obtained by this facial surface modification approach, which could further broaden the modified membrane's applications area in membrane separation technology while lengthening its service life.

Preparation of PVDF@TiO2 hybrid membrane and the research of the “hydration layer & rigid layer obstruction-electrostatic coalescence” anti-oil fouling mechanism

In this study, the 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) was first grafted onto TiO2 nanoparticles (APTES-TiO2 nanoparticles), which were then introduced the membrane surface by reacting with anhydride on the membrane surface and Schiff base reaction with the PEI-TA. There are two types of hollow fiber hybrid membranes with varying nanoparticle distributions were constructed. The influence of hybrid mode on the ability of anti-oil fouling was researched. The results indicated that the PVDF@TiO2 hybrid membrane has a flux recovery rate of 96.68 % and a total flux decline rate of 15.52 %, indicating a good anti-emulsified oil fouling performance. By characterizing the anti-oil droplets adhesion, water-binding capacity, surface charge of membrane and concentrate system coacervate size, the coalescence ability of the hybrid membrane to the oil droplets and the spreading behavior of oil droplets on the surface were uncovered. Ultimately, the anti-fouling mechanism “hydration layer &rigid layer obstruction-electrostatic coalescence” was proposed, which can reasonably explain the weakness of the interplay between the membrane surface and oil droplets, thus slowing down the attaching and spreading of emulsified oil droplets. This study laid the foundation for developing hybrid membranes with high resistance to emulsified oil fouling ability. The proposed anti-fouling mechanism can provide new ideas for the efficient purification of oily wastewater.

Molecular dynamics simulation of micro-explosion of water-in-heavy oil emulsion droplets

Evaporation and micro-explosion of water-in-oil emulsion droplets composed of water and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were characterized by molecular dynamics simulation at 300–600 °C and 0.2–1.5 MPa. The driving force for micro-explosion of emulsion droplets comes from the difference between environment temperature and boiling point of water. Also, the evaporation potential of oil phase has a significant influence on the intensity of micro-explosion. An increase in water droplet diameter within a certain range, an increase in environment temperature and a decrease in environment pressure are beneficial to increasing the probability and intensity of micro-explosion. After an intense micro-explosion, the number of oil molecules in the resulting child clusters can be less than 20 % of the initial number of oil molecules in the emulsion droplets. The time required for complete evaporation of emulsion droplets depends on the evaporation of the largest child cluster produced by micro-explosion.

Novel conductive Janus membranes with water diode effect assisted by an electrostatic field for efficient mass transfer and oil-water separation

Membrane separation technology is effective for treating oily wastewater but is limited by the lack of membranes that are both highly permeable and fouling-resistant. Janus membranes, with asymmetric wettability and electrostatic repulsion of charged oil droplets, offer a potential strategy for oil-water separation. This study developed novel electrically enhanced conductive Janus membranes using metal-modified organic membranes to achieve high-efficiency treatment. Conductive metal Janus membranes were fabricated using a straightforward two-step method involving simple electroless nickel plating and surface peeling. The resulting nickel-coated surface of the membrane demonstrated extreme hydrophilicity, underwater oleophobicity, and excellent conductivity (approximately 4.7 Ω). Fascinatingly, the developed membranes exhibited a “water diode” effect, facilitating unidirectional liquid transport without external pressure. Gravity-driven oil-water separation achieved a flux rate of 4874 L m−2 h−1 and over 99 % oil removal efficiency, surpassing most existing studies. During electro-filtration of oil-water emulsions, the conductive Janus membrane as a cathode generated electrostatic repulsion, preventing emulsified oil droplet adhesion. Applying an external voltage increased the flux by approximately 13 times and oil removal efficiency to 99.6 %. The membrane's separation capability remained consistent across six cycle tests, demonstrating robust stability. As all, this work first synthesized conductive “water diode” Janus membranes with high oil-water separation efficiency, offering fresh perspectives on the design and fabrication of Janus membranes as well as on the processes for treating oily wastewater.

Removal of emulsified oil by monolithic microchannel-carbon cathode via electropolarization-enhanced adsorption-coupled electro-Fenton oxidation

Electrochemistry is a potential technology to remove emulsified oil. However, during electrochemical removal of emulsified oil, oil droplets with negatively charged electromigrate toward the anode, thus accumulating in the anode area and covering the anode surface leading to anodic isolation. In this study, a new idea of electrochemical removal of emulsified oil through electropolarization-coupled oxidation in the cathodic microchannel was proposed. The oil concentration decreased from the initial 275 mg/L–39.7 mg/L at residence time of 9.25 min and COD removal rate was 85.1 %. The COD removal rate was higher than most of reported metal electrodes. The electropolarization deformation of emulsified oil droplets was observed by a microscope. The contributions of adsorption, electropolarization, and oxidation to emulsified oil removal was 51 %, 29 %, and 20 %, respectively. These results open a new perspective for removal of emulsified oil by microchannel cathode.

Charge-induced aggregation of emulsified oil droplets in water with the presence of functionalized stainless steel felt

Oil-water mixtures, especially the surfactant-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions with high stability, are causing great difficulties in effective separation. In this work, a modification strategy was established to prepare functionalized stainless steel felt for emulsion separation by coating the felt with 3-triethoxysilylpropylamine, followed by the introduction of silica nanoparticles using a sulfur-based three-component coupling reaction. To satisfy the pore size requirement for effective emulsion separation, the developed felt was processed using a compression molding. With special wettability, optimized pore size, and electrostatic demulsification mechanism, the positive charged felt delivered outstanding separation capabilities for oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by various surfactants. Specifically, the flux and COD removal efficiency for the anionic-stabilized emulsion were up to 3911 L m-2h−1 and 95.3 %, while for cationic-stabilized emulsions, which were 1305 L m-2h−1 and 93.1 %. Our comparative results indicated that surface charges played an essential role in governing the separation performance of the felt, and the demulsification arising from the electrostatic attraction demonstrated better separation capability than that caused by the electrostatic repulsion. In addition, the developed felt showed controlled surface charge and anti-fouling performance under cyclic operations. The findings of this study are beneficial for constructing separation material with high separation efficiency and long-term durability for practical applications.

Simulation and experimental study on precise aeration and electric field for synergistic demulsification of emulsified oil

Numerical simulations of the deformation, aggregation, and migration processes of emulsified oil droplets under the influence of a multiphase field were conducted using COMSOL software. Combined with laboratory experiments, an existing process was improved and optimized by introducing the concept of "precise aeration." The results indicate that aeration can enhance the efficiency of electrochemical demulsification, with the gas field accelerating the deformation, aggregation, and migration processes of the oil droplets. Leveraging the numerical simulation results, laboratory experiments were conducted to optimize the aeration intensity and duration, which were reduced to 1.5 L/min and 60 min. At this point, the oil content and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the emulsified oil wastewater were only 4.98 mg/L and 101 mg/L, respectively. The demulsification mechanism was analyzed, revealing that under the combined action of the electric field and gas field, oil droplets underwent a polarization reaction and were aggregated into larger droplets. Aeration expedited the weakening of the mechanical strength at the oil-water interface of the droplets, which significantly improved the demulsification, coalescence, and flotation removal of the emulsified oil droplets. This study holds significant importance for the process improvement and mechanistic analysis of electrochemical demulsification for oil removal.

Co-partition and stabilization of polyphenols with low partition coefficient (Log P＜3) in emulsified oil droplets mediated by peppermint essential oil

Emulsion-based carriers have been widely studied for the co-encapsulation of active ingredients with different partition coefficient (Log P). However, it is challenging to encapsulate active ingredients with low Log P values in emulsified oil droplets. In this study, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG, 160 µg/g*emulsion, Log P 2.38) and resveratrol (Res, 320 µg/g*emulsion, Log P 2.57), as models with low Log P, were co-encapsulated in emulsified oil droplets for the first time by peppermint essential oil (PEO) mediation. During storage process, EGCG and Res consistently remain co-located inside the emulsified oil droplets. However, both EGCG and Res migrated towards the inner layer of the interface of emulsified oil droplets along with PEO. Res exhibited better stability compared to EGCG, while the degradation of EGCG occurred within the emulsified oil droplets. Furthermore, when co-localized with Res, the degradation rate of EGCG slowed down. PEO did not degrade during storage, and over 98 % of PEO was encapsulated within the emulsified oil droplets. This is the crucial reason for maintaining the stability of SC-stabilized emulsion and achieving high encapsulation efficiency of active ingredients. This provides a green and simple strategy for co-encapsulation of active ingredients with Log P lower than 3.0 within emulsified oil droplets.

Simulation analysis of micro-explosion during emulsification feeding of residue fluidized catalytic cracking

Residue Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (RFCC) is one of the key processes to convert heavy oil into light products in refineries. The fast and sufficient vaporization of the feedstock in the FCC riser reactor can promote the catalytic cracking reaction and is beneficial for increasing the yield of light products and decreasing the yield of coke. However, fast vaporization of residue oil is extremely challenging due to its high density and viscosity. Recently, emulsified feeding technology is seen as a potential method that can effectively enhance the vaporization of RFCC feedstock. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed in order to reveal the micro-explosion mechanism of emulsion droplet in the riser reactor. The CFD model was validated against experimental results from literature. The model was used to study micro-explosion of emulsified droplets in the gas phase and at the catalyst particle surface separately. It was found that due to the micro-explosion of emulsion oil droplets in producing large number of tiny droplets, the secondary atomization of droplets can be realized. In the gas phase, the interfacial area of emulsion droplet can be improved by 5 to 15 times. At the catalyst surface, the percentage of liquid film coverage was reduced by 32.6 %, and the droplet diameter was reduced by 92 % for the emulsified feeding technology. These results indicate that the vaporization efficiency of the residual oil can be greatly improved by this technology.

Efficient oil/water separation using a superhydrophobic polyurethane sponge fabricated by a facile dip-coating method

ABSTRACT Due to the numerous incidents of oil spills and the increase in the production of industrial effluents containing oil, the separation of oil and water has become an important global issue. This research used a simple dip-coating method to fabricate a superhydrophobic polyurethane sponge using SiO2 nanoparticles and vinyl trimethoxy silane. XRD, FESEM, EDX, elemental mapping, FT-IR, DLS, and measurement of mechanical resistance, and water contact angle were used to characterise the desired sponge. The modified polyurethane sponge exhibited a water contact angle of 151.32 ± 1.06°. The sorption capacity of the desired sponge measured for various types of oily pollutants and organic solvents were in the range of 30.50 ± 2.04to 66.80 ± 1.64 g.g−1. The separation efficiency of the polyurethane sponge was in the range of 97.14 ± 0.40 to 99.15 ± 0.30. Furthermore, the ability of the desired sponge to separate the oil in the real effluent of the casting unit of a steel production company was investigated. Also, the reusability and the ability of removing emulsified oil droplets of the modified polyurethane sponge were studied. As a result, the as prepared polyurethane sponge can be considered a sorbent with the potential to separate oily pollutants from water and treat oily industrial wastewater.

Why Bubbles Coalesce Faster than Droplets: The Effects of Interface Mobility and Surface Charge.

Air bubbles in pure water appear to coalesce much faster compared to oil emulsion droplets at the same water solution conditions. The main factors explaining this difference in coalescence times could be interface mobility and/or pH-dependent surface charge at the water interface. To quantify the relative importance of these effects, we use high-speed imaging to monitor the coalescence of free-rising air bubbles with the water-air interface as well as free-falling fluorocarbon-oil emulsion droplets with a water-oil interface. We measure the coalescence times of such bubbles and droplets over a range of different water pH values (3.0, 5.6, 11.0). In the case of bubbles, a very fast coalescence (milliseconds) is observed for the entire pH range in pure water, consistent with the hydrodynamics of fully mobile interfaces. However, when the water-air interface is immobilized by the deposition of a monolayer of arachidic acid, the coalescence is significantly delayed. Furthermore, the coalescence times increase with increasing pH. In the case of fluorocarbon-oil droplets, the coalescence is always much slower (seconds) and consistent with immobile interface coalescence. The fluorocarbon droplet's coalescence time is also pH-dependent, with a complete stabilization (no coalescence) observed at pH 11. In the high electrolyte concentration, a 0.6 M NaCl water solution, bubbles, and droplets have similar coalescence times, which could be related to the bubble interface immobilization at the late stage of the coalescence process. Numerical simulations are used to evaluate the time scale of mobile and immobile interface film drainage.

Boosting Demulsification and Antifouling Capacity of Membranes via an Enhanced Piezoelectric Effect for Sustaining Emulsion Separation.

Traditional superwettable membranes for demulsification of oil/water emulsions could not maintain their separation performance for long because of low demulsification capacity and surface fouling during practical applications. A charging membrane could repel the contaminants for a while, the charge of which would gradually be neutralized during the separation progress. Here, a superhydrophilic piezoelectric membrane (SPM) with sustained demulsification and antifouling capacity is proposed for achieving prolonged emulsion separation, which is capable of converting inherent pulse hydraulic filtration pressure into pulse voltage. A pulse voltage up to -7.6 V is generated to intercept the oil by expediting the deformation and coalescence of emulsified oil droplets, realizing the demulsification. Furthermore, it repels negatively charged oil droplets, avoiding membrane fouling. Additionally, any organic foulants adhering to the membrane undergo degradation facilitated by the generated reactive oxygen species. The separation data demonstrate a 98.85% efficiency with a flux decline ratio below 14% during a 2 h separation duration and a nearly 100% flux recovery of SPM. This research opens new avenues in membrane separation, environmental remediation, etc.

Analysis of the Influence Mechanism of Nanomaterials on Spontaneous Imbibition of Chang 7 Tight Reservoir Core

This study investigates the impact of nanomaterials on different surfactant solutions. By measuring the parameters (including emulsification property, zeta potential, DLS, CA, IFT, etc.) of imbibition liquid system with nanoparticles and without nanoparticles, combining with imbibition experiments, the law and mechanism of improving the imbibition recovery of nanomaterials were obtained. The findings demonstrate that the nano-silica sol enhances the emulsification and dispersion of crude oil in the surfactant system, resulting in smaller and more uniform particle sizes for emulsified oil droplets. Non-ionic surfactant AEO-7 has the best effect under the synergistic action of nanomaterials. Zeta potential and DLS tests also showed that AEO-7 exhibits smaller particle sizes due to their insignificant electrostatic interaction with nanoparticles. Furthermore, the addition of nanomaterials enhances the hydrophilicity of core and reduces the interfacial tension. Under the synergistic action of nanoparticles, AEO-7 still showed the best enhanced core hydrophilicity (CA 0.61° after imbibition) and the lowest interfacial tension (0.1750 mN·m−1). In the imbibition experiment, the imbibition recovery of the system with nanomaterials is higher than that of the non-nanomaterials. The mixed system of AEO-7 and nano-silica sol ZZ-1 has the highest imbibition recovery (49.27%). Combined with the experiments above, it shows that nanomaterials have a good effect on enhancing the recovery rate of tight core, and the synergistic effect of non-ionic surfactant AEO-7 with nanomaterials is the best. Moreover, nanomaterials reduce adhesion work within the system while improving spontaneous imbibition recovery. These findings provide theoretical guidance for better understanding the mechanism behind nanomaterial-induced imbibition enhancement as well as improving tight oil’s imbibition recovery.

Heterogeneous wettability membrane for efficient demulsification and separation of oil-in-water emulsions

Single super-wetting membranes have been used to treat oily wastewater, but most membranes lack demulsification ability and often exhibit poor separation performance. Herein, we fabricate a desert beetle-like heterogeneous wettability membrane with a superhydrophilic fiber substrate and weakly hydrophilic discontinuous protrusions for demulsification and separation of oil-in-water emulsions. The unbalanced force formed by the difference in hydrophilicity between the substrate and protrusions promotes the demulsification of the emulsion. Additionally, the protrusions capture and gather dispersed oil droplets due to Laplace pressure, forming a layered oil slick. This synergistic effect overcomes the limitation of traditional size-sieving mechanism, enhances the separation performance, and avoids membrane fouling. The heterogeneous wettability membrane demonstrates a 99.8 % gravity-driven oil rejection for various oil-in-water emulsions with a permeability of 2600 L·m−2·h−1. It can also achieve effective separation of high viscosity crude oil emulsions without contamination. Furthermore, molecular dynamic simulations reveal that the heterogeneous wettability structure of the membrane surface promotes the demulsification and separation of emulsified oil droplets. And the presence of two hydration layers is found to be the main reason for the great antifouling property of the membrane. This study provides valuable insights for the design of separation membranes for oil-in-water emulsions and the advancement of separation technology.

Effect of starch and peanut oil on physicochemical and gel properties of myofibrillar protein: Amylose content and addition form

Starch and peanut oil (PO) were widely used to improve the gel properties of surimi, however, the impact mechanism of addition forms on the denaturation and aggregation behavior of myofibrillar protein (MP) is not clear. Therefore, the effect of starch, PO, starch/PO mixture, and starch-based emulsion on the physicochemical and gel properties of MP was investigated. The results showed that amylose could accelerate the aggregation of MP, while amylopectin was conducive to the improvement of gel properties. The addition of PO, starch/PO mixture, or starch-based emulsion increased the turbidity, solubility, sulfhydryl content of MP, and improved the gel strength, whiteness, and texture of MP gel. However, compared with starch/PO mixture group, the gel strength of MP with waxy, normal and high amylose corn starch-based emulsion increased by 22.68 %, 10.27 %, and 32.89 %, respectively. The MP containing emulsion had higher storage modulus than MP with starch/PO mixture under the same amylose content. CLSM results indicated that the oil droplets aggregated in PO or starch/PO mixture group, while emulsified oil droplets filled the protein gel network more homogeneously. Therefore, the addition of starch and PO in the form of emulsion could effectively play the filling role to improve the gel properties of MP.