Hydrolysis Of Empty Fruit Bunch Research Articles

Effect of Aeration and Nutrients on Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cultivation using Lignocellulosic Hydrolysate from Empty Fruit Bunch

Indonesia has wide palm oil plantation which produce Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) waste around 32 million tons per year. EFB is a potential material for bioethanol through pretreatment, saccharification, and fermentation. Fermentation has important role in bioethanol production because this process will convert glucose into ethanol. The most common microorganism used in fermentation process is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. But, the use of S. cerevisiae in bioethanol fermentation using lignocellulosic hydrolysate have a problem that microorganisms cannot grow well. This is due to the presence of inhibitor in the hydrolysate. Solution for this problem is using S. cerevisiae which cultivated on hydrolysate media that will be used in the fermentation (in this case EFB). This research will investigate cultivation of S. cerevisiae on EFB hydrolysate, to obtain the optimum operating conditions such as aeration and nutrients. Fed-batch system is used for cultivation. Optimum condition are determined after analyzing cell number and ethanol yield from dried S. cerevisiae. Optimum condition for cultivation are 1 v/v per min aeration and glucose 5 g/L which produce ethanol yield 24%. We also scale-up the dried yeast into 43.7 g and need a cost Rp 19,958/g which is more expensive than commercial yeast.

Hydrolysis of Empty Fruit Bunches of Palm Oil (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq.) by Chemical, Physical, and Enzymatic Methods for Bioethanol Production

Hydrolysis of Empty Fruit Bunches of Palm Oil (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq.) by Chemical, Physical, and Enzymatic Methods for Bioethanol Production

Utilization of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Hydrolysate for Ethanol Production by Baker's Yeast and Loog-Pang

Oil palm empty fruit bunch is a potential source of glucose which can serve as a promising raw material for production of ethanol. Ethanol production was investigated by using separation hydrolysis and fermentation process (SHF), in which yeast from loog-pang (a Thai traditional fermentation starter culture) and baker's yeast were used as biocatalyst. After alkali pretreatment with 15% w/v NaOH for 40min at 130°C, Cellulose was analyzed to be 61.94% (on dry weight basis). Glucose was 33.45g/L after cellulose was hydrolyzed by 7% v/v H2SO4 at 119°C for 110min. The resulting aqueous phase rich in glucose was fermented by yeast from baker's yeast to produce ethanol with the concentration of 8.49g/L with is 56 times higher than loog-pang as yeast. Therefore, implementation of oil palm empty fruit bunch for the development of alternative source of energy could be an effective approach and key enable to the billion-ton biofuel vision.

Investigation of the Effect of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Pretreatment on Sugar Yield Prior to Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Empty Fruit Bunches

Abstract Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) pretreatment of empty fruit bunches (EFBs) was investigated for its effect on glucose yield following enzymatic hydrolysis. The SC-CO2 pretreatment of EFBs was performed under various conditions: temperature of 80°C or 130°C; pressure of 150, 200, or 250 bar; moisture content of 0% or 75%; and time of 30 min or 60 min. The SC-CO2-pretreated EFBs were hydrolyzed using a combination of the enzymes Celluclast 1.5L and Novozyme 188 (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) . The chemical compositions of untreated EFBs (% g/g dry biomass) were recorded as 36.7% cellulose, 22.8% hemicellulose, and 24.2% klason lignin. The optimal chemical composition of EFBs for SC-CO2 pretreatment were 38%, 25.5%, and 23.8% for cellulose, hemicellulose, and klason lignin, respectively. After enzymatic hydrolysis, the glucose yield of untreated EFBs was 17% (17 g/100 g dry biomass). SC-CO2 pretreatment of EFBs for 60 min at 75% moisture content, 130°C, and 250 bar pressure gave the highest gl...

Production of Xylitol from Oil Palm Empty Friuts Bunch: A Case Study on Bioefinery Concept

The concept of biorefinery offers the utilization of biomass, in particular agricultural waste, to be converted intoenergy, chemicals, materials, and food. In 2013 Indonesia produced about 27.4 thousand tons of crude palm oil(CPO) which corresponds to approximately 30 thousand tons of oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB), the biomasswaste from palm oil industries. The huge availability of EFB in Indonesia may serve as a good starting point toimplement the concept of biorefinery. EFB mainly comprises of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Thecellulosic components of EFB have been thoroughly studied, i.e. for the production of bioethanol. Thehemicellulosic component of EFB, which is a polymeric substance that comprises mainly of xylose, has beenbarely explored. This paper reviewed the potential utilization of hemicellulosic component of EFB to beconverted to xylitol, the 5-carbon-sugar-alcohol which is low calorie, low Glycemic Index, and anti-cariogenic.The pretreatment and hydrolysis of EFB and the following fermentation of EFB hydrolysate to xylitol will bediscussed further.

Bisulfite pretreatment changes the structure and properties of oil palm empty fruit bunch to improve enzymatic hydrolysis and bioethanol production.

Bisulfite pretreatment is a proven effective method for improving the enzymatic hydrolysis of empty fruit bunch (EFB) from oil palm for bioethanol production. In this study, we set out to determine the changes that occur in the structure and properties of EFB materials and fractions of hemicellulose and lignin during the bisulfite pretreatment process. The results showed that the crystallinity of cellulose in EFB increased after bisulfite pretreatment, whereas the EFB surface was damaged to various degrees. The orderly structure of EFB, which was maintained by hydrogen bonds, was destroyed by bisulfite pretreatment. Bisulfite pretreatment also hydrolyzed the glycosidic bonds of the xylan backbone of hemicellulose, thereby decreasing the molecular weight and shortening the xylan chains. The lignin fractions obtained from EFB and pretreated EFB were typically G-S lignin, and with low content of H units. Meanwhile, de-etherification occurred at the β-O-4 linkage, which was accompanied by polymerization and demethoxylation as a result of bisulfite pretreatment. The adsorption ability of cellulase differed for the various lignin fractions, and the water-soluble lignin fractions had higher adsorption capacity on cellulase than the milled wood lignin. In general, the changes in the structure and properties of EFB provided insight into the benefits of bisulfite pretreatment.

Hemicellulase production by Aspergillus niger DSM 26641 in hydrothermal palm oil empty fruit bunch hydrolysate and transcriptome analysis

Palm oil empty fruit bunches (EFB) is an abundant and cheap lignocellulose material in Southeast Asia. Its use as the sole medium for producing lignocellulose-hydrolyzing enzymes would increase its commercial value. A newly isolated Aspergillus niger DSM 26641 was investigated for its capability of producing hemicellulases in EFB hydrolysate obtained by treatment with pressurized hot water (1-20%, w/v) at 120-180°C in a 1 L Parr reactor for 10-60 min. The optimal hydrolysate for the fungal growth and endoxylanase production was obtained when 10% (w/v) of empty fruit bunch was treated at 120°C or 150°C for 10 min, giving an endoxylanase activity of 24.5 mU ml(-1) on RBB-Xylan and a saccharification activity of 5 U ml(-1) on xylan (DNS assay). When the hydrolysates were produced at higher temperatures, longer treatment times or higher biomass contents, only less than 20% of the above maximal endoxylanase activity was detected, possibly due to the higher carbohydrate concentrations in the medium. Transcriptome analysis showed that 3 endoxylanases (expression levels 59-100%, the highest level was set as 100%), 2 β-xylosidases (4%), 4 side chain-cleaving arabinofuranosidases (1-95%), 1 acetyl xylan esterase (9%) and 2 ferulic acid esterases (0.3-9%) were produced together.

Optimization of Two-Step Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch for High Sugar Concentration in Hydrolysate

Getting high sugar concentrations in lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysate with reasonable yields of sugars is commercially attractive but very challenging. Two-step acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) was conducted to get high sugar concentrations in the hydrolysate. The biphasic kinetic model was used to guide the optimization of the first step dilute acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of EFB. A total sugar concentration of 83.0 g/L with a xylose concentration of 69.5 g/L and a xylose yield of 84.0% was experimentally achieved, which is in well agreement with the model predictions under optimal conditions (3% H2SO4and 1.2% H3PO4, w/v, liquid to solid ratio 3 mL/g, 130°C, and 36 min). To further increase total sugar and xylose concentrations in hydrolysate, a second step hydrolysis was performed by adding fresh EFB to the hydrolysate at 130°C for 30 min, giving a total sugar concentration of 114.4 g/L with a xylose concentration of 93.5 g/L and a xylose yield of 56.5%. To the best of our knowledge, the total sugar and xylose concentrations are the highest among those ever reported for acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of lignocellulose.

The Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches to Xylose

Empty fruit bunches (EFB) of oil palm are the lignocellulosic waste from crude palm oil production. The current practice to deal with the waste is either to burn EFB for energy production or to spread them back on the field as a fertilizer. Both options offer a limited additional value to the industry compared to the use of EFB as a renewable resource for chemicals production. To be used as the raw materials for chemicals production, EFB needs to be hydrolysed first to its sugar-monomer content. This manuscript presents the study of enzymatic hydrolysis of EFB by xylanolytic enzyme. The study covers the evaluation of commercial xylanolytic enzyme in hydrolysing EFB, the effect of temperature, pH, substrate concentration and potential inhibitors in the EFB hydrolysis process, and the influences of thermal pretreatment for enhancing the yield of hydrolysis. The results of this study lead to an increase in the enzymatic hydrolysis process of EFB. The maximum hydrolysis yield was obtained at temperature of 60 ℃ and pH of 5. Both inhibitors, xylose and glucose, affected the hydrolysis process. The results showed that the thermal pretreatment of EFB enhanced the enzymatic hydrolysis yield. Enzymatic hydrolysis was shown to follow Michaelis Menten kinetic model, and the kinetic parameters were obtained to be Km = 22.16 g/L and Vm = 0.17 g/L/min.

Simultaneous detoxification, saccharification and co-fermentation of oil palm empty fruit bunch hydrolysate for l-lactic acid production by Bacillus coagulans JI12

Bacillus coagulans JI12 was used to produce l-lactic acid from both cellulose and hemicellulose sugars of oil palm empty fruit bunch hydrolysate at 50°C without sterilization prior to fermentation. In fermentation of mixed glucose and xylose (10g/L:100g/L or 50g/L:53g/L), both sugars were simultaneously converted to l-lactic acid. B. coagulans JI12 was tolerant against up to 4g/L of furfural and 20g/L of acetate and able to metabolize furfural to 2-furoic acid. After acid hydrolysis, both the hemicellulosic and cellulosic fractions of oil palm empty fruit bunch were fermented to lactic acid in a simultaneous detoxification, saccharification and co-fermentation process supplemented with 25 FPU Cellic® CTec2 cellulase per g cellulose, yielding 80.6g/L of lactic acid with a productivity of 3.4g/L/h. Neither pre-detoxification nor separation of fermentable sugars from lignin was required. These results indicate that B. coagulans JI12 is a promising strain for l-lactic acid production from lignocellulosic biomass.

Enhanced Xylose Recovery from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch by Efficient Acid Hydrolysis

Oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) is abundantly available in Malaysia and it is a potential source of xylose for the production of high-value added products. This study aimed to optimize the hydrolysis of EFB using dilute sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4) via response surface methodology for maximum xylose recovery. Hydrolysis was carried out in an autoclave. An optimum xylose yield of 91.2 % was obtained at 116 °C using 2.0 % (v/v) H2SO4, a solid/liquid ratio of 1:5 and a hydrolysis time of 20 min. A lower optimum xylose yield of 24.0 % was observed for dilute H3PO4 hydrolysis at 116 °C using 2.4 % (v/v) H3PO4, a solid/liquid ratio of 1:5 and a hydrolysis time of 20 min. The optimized hydrolysis conditions suggested that EFB hydrolysis by H2SO4 resulted in a higher xylose yield at a lower acid concentration as compared to H3PO4.

Conversion of acid hydrolysate of oil palm empty fruit bunch to L-lactic acid by newly isolated Bacillus coagulans JI12

Cost-effective conversion of lignocellulose hydrolysate to optically pure lactic acid is commercially attractive but very challenging. Bacillus coagulans JI12 was isolated from natural environment and used to produce L-lactic acid (optical purity > 99.5 %) from lignocellulose sugars and acid hydrolysate of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) at 50 °C and pH 6.0 without sterilization of the medium. In fed-batch fermentation with 85 g/L initial xylose and 55 g/L xylose added after 7.5 h, 137.5 g/L lactic acid was produced with a yield of 98 % and a productivity of 4.4 g/L h. In batch fermentation of a sugar mixture containing 8.5 % xylose, 1 % glucose, and 1 % L-arabinose, the lactic acid yield and productivity reached 98 % and 4.8 g/L h, respectively. When EFB hydrolysate was used, 59.2 g/L of lactic acid was produced within 9.5 h at a yield of 97 % and a productivity of 6.2 g/L h, which are the highest among those ever reported from lignocellulose hydrolysates. These results indicate that B. coagulans JI12 is a promising strain for industrial production of L-lactic acid from lignocellulose hydrolysate.

Biological detoxification of furfural and 5-hydroxyl methyl furfural in hydrolysate of oil palm empty fruit bunch by Enterobacter sp. FDS8

Biological detoxification of furfural and 5-hydroxyl methyl furfural (HMF) from lignocellulose hydrolysate is commercially attractive, but the lower process efficiency limits its practical applications. Highly efficient detoxification of furfural and HMF was developed by simply adding the whole cells of a newly isolated Enterobacter sp. FDS8 without the requirement of adding anything else, giving furfural and HMF degradation rates of up to 0.54gL−1h−1 and 0.12gL−1h−1, respectively, which are the highest biodetoxification rates ever reported, with a total sugar loss of below 5%. The whole cells were able to be recycled and reused for at least 5 times without losing their detoxification capability. When used for fermentation to produce lactic acid by Lactobacillus pentosus, the biologically detoxified oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) hydrolysate gave higher lactic acid productivity (1.7-fold), titer (1.5-fold) and yield (1.8-fold) compared to the un-detoxified EFB hydrolysate.

Production of sugar by hydrolysis of empty fruit bunches using palm oil mill effluent (POME) based cellulases: Optimization study

The utilization of lignocellulosic materials such as empty fruit bunches (EFB) from palm oil plant for bioethanol production attract increasing attention as an abundantly available and cheap renewable residue, especially in Malaysia where palm oil production is the major agricultural industry. The most challenging part in conversion of lignocellulosic materials to bioethanol is the hydrolysis process in order to obtain a reducing sugar. In this study, cellulase enzyme used for the hydrolysis was produced from palm oil mill effluent (POME), whose cost of production was considerably low as compared to commercial cellulases. The hydrolysis of EFB for sugar production as an initial step was statistically optimized based on agitation speed, EFB and cellulase concentrations using response surface methodology (RSM) through Box-Behnken design in 2 L bioreactor. The reducing sugar obtained is 16.85 g/L, which appeared at substrate concentration of 5.91%, enzyme concentration of 4.88% and agitation of 233 rpm.

Ethanol production of enzymatic empty fruit bunch hydrolysate by flocculent type of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Ethanol production of enzymatic empty fruit bunch hydrolysate by flocculent type of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Effects of Temperature and pH on Xylitol Recovery from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Hydrolysate by Candida tropicalis

Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) is composed of pentose that can be used as a raw material for the production of xylitol, a potential application in the food and medical areas. The effects of temperature and pH on xylitol bioconversion by yeast sp. Candida tropicalis were investigated. The optimum pH resulted to be in the range of 2-4. The percentage of xylose consumed for xylitol production progressively increased with pH, whereas those associated to both biomass growth and catabolic reaction through the TCA cycle decreased, reaching nearly constant values at pH 4. The optimum temperature range for xylitol production was 30-35°C. Xylitol formation became the most significant activity at 20°C, further increased up to 30-35°C and then decreased over 40°C. The results collected at variable temperature were finally used for estimation of the parameters of the fermentation system.

Effect of Palm Oil Mill Sterilization Process on the Physicochemical Characteristics and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Empty Fruit Bunch

Sterilization process of oil palm fruits by-product can be satisfactorily used as alternative degradation method in production of value-added products from Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB). It could be considered as an auto hydrolysis technique in the regular pre-treatment methods. Other studies on lignocelluloses showed that they increase the pore volume of the wood which increases the available surface area for the enzyme. Changes in structure and properties of the EFB cellulose caused by sterilization were investigated by x-ray diffractometry and enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass for fermentable sugar production (glucose). The enzymatic hydrolysis results showed that the highest hydrolysis of 53.77±1.38% (g/g biomass) conversion was obtained in EFB after 72 h incubation with glucose production, (Yp/x) of 12.55±0.33 g L-1. The increase in Crystallinity Index (CrI) of sterilized biomass increased the yield of glucose (g L-1) up to 44.55% compared to Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) as a control. Results obtained appear to be commercial significance showing the potential of sterilization process in a palm oil mill as a zero cost pre-treatment for the effective utilization of empty fruit bunch biomass for value added production from the palm oil industry.