Empty Body Gain Research Articles

Energy and protein requirements for growth and maintenance of F1 Nellore × Red Angus bulls, steers, and heifers1

A comparative slaughter trial was conducted with 36 F1 Nellore x Red Angus calves (12 steers, 12 bulls, and 12 heifers), averaging 274 kg of BW, to assess the net requirements of protein and energy for growth and maintenance. Three cattle from each group (i.e., steers, bulls, and heifers) were slaughtered at the beginning of the trial to determine the initial body composition. The remaining calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: maintenance (diet containing 70% of DM as corn silage fed at 1.2% of BW daily) or concentrate at 0.75 or 1.5% of BW daily with corn silage available for ad libitum consumption. The diets were isonitrogenous (2% N, DM basis). The experimental design provided ranges in ME intake, BW, and ADG for the development of regression equations to predict the maintenance requirements for NE and net protein (MRNE and MRNP, respectively) and the growth requirement for NE and net protein (GRNE and GRNP, respectively). After 84 d of growth, the cattle were slaughtered. The cleaned gastrointestinal tracts, organs, carcasses, heads, hides, tails, feet, blood, and tissues were weighed to measure empty BW (EBW). These parts were ground separately and subsampled for chemical analyses. For each animal within a period, DMI was measured daily and samples of feces were collected to determine diet digestibility. There were no differences in MRNE (P = 0.06) among groups. The combined data indicated a MRNE of 71.2 kcal x kg(-0.75) of EBW x d(-1), with a partial efficiency of use of ME to NE(m) of 0.71. The partial efficiency of use of ME to NE for growth was 0.54 for bulls, 0.47 for steers, and 0.54 for heifers. The GRNE for steers and heifers were similar (P = 0.15) but were 18.7% greater (P = 0.03) for steers and heifers than for bulls. The MRNP did not differ among groups and averaged 2.53 g of CP x kg(-0.75) of EBW x d(-1). Likewise, GRNP was not different among groups. The percentage of retained energy deposited as protein (RE(p)) increased as the content of retained energy in the gain (RE(c), Mcal/kg of empty body gain) decreased. The RE(p) equation of the pooled data was 46.5 x e(-0.2463 x RE(c)). We conclude that the energy requirement of crossbred Bos indicus x Bos taurus for maintenance might be less than that of purebred Bos taurus and that RE(p) is nonlinearly, negatively correlated with RE(c). The GRNE was less for bulls than for steers and heifers. However, we found no differences in MRNE, MRNP, and GRNP for bulls, steers, and heifers of Nellore x Red Angus crossbreds.

Deposition of major elements in the body of growing lambs of the German Merino Landsheep breed

A growth experiment with 108 lambs (breed German Merino Landsheep) was carried out to examine the effect of gender, body weight and feeding intensity on the deposition of Ca, P, Mg, Na and K in the empty body (whole animal minus contents of the gastro-intestinal tract and bladder). The lambs (50% female and 50% male) were fed at three levels of feeding intensity (“high”, “medium” and “low” by varying daily amounts of concentrate and hay) and slaughtered at different final body weights (30, 45 or 55 kg). Six male and six female animals were killed at a final body weight of 18 kg representing the body weight at the beginning of the comparative slaughter experiment. There were significant main effects for the three treatments (growth rate, final weight and gender) on the daily rate of accretion of most minerals. Feeding intensity had a marked feeding influence ( P < 0.001) on the accretion rate for Ca, P, Mg, Na and K. With increasing feeding intensity (low, medium, high) the daily deposition of Ca and P increased (2.4; 2.7; 3.2 g for Ca and 1.3; 1.5; 1.8 g for P). The main effect of final body weight was evident for Ca ( P = 0.046) and K ( P < 0.001). Gender had a marked influence ( P < 0.001) on the accretion rate for Mg, Na, K and P ( P = 0.009). Ram lambs had a higher daily deposition of these elements than female lambs. For 1000 g empty body gain the accretion of Ca and P (14.0 and 7.5 g, respectively) in our investigations was clearly above the values in literature, while the readings for Mg, Na and K (0.4, 0.9, 1.7 g) show a good correspondence with the data in the literature. The elements Ca ( P = 0.002), P ( P = 0.030) and Mg ( P = 0.003) reflected a feeding influence. With increasing feeding intensity the concentrations of these elements per kg gain of empty body dropped.

Deposition of copper, iron, manganese and zinc in the empty body of growing lambs of the breed German Merino Landsheep

A growth experiment with 108 lambs (breed: German Merino Landsheep) was carried out to examine the effect of gender, body weight (BW) and feeding intensity on the deposition of Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn in the empty body (whole animal minus contents of the gastrointestinal tract and bladder). The lambs (50% female and 50% male animals) were fed at three feeding levels (‘low’, ‘medium’ and ‘high’ by varying daily amounts of concentrate and hay) and slaughtered at different final BWs (30, 45 or 55 kg). Six male and six female animals were killed at a BW of 18 kg representing the animals’ BW at the beginning of the comparative slaughter experiment. There were significant main effects for the treatments growth rate and final weight on the daily rate of accretion of the trace elements examined. Feeding intensity had a marked influence on the accretion rate for Fe (P < 0.001), Zn (P < 0.001), Cu (P < 0.001) and Mn (P = 0.003). With increasing feeding intensity (low, medium, high) the daily deposition of these trace elements increased (4.4, 5.2, 6.6 mg/day for Fe; 4.9, 5.5, 6.9 mg/day for Zn; 0.20, 0.36, 0.44 mg/day for Cu; 0.14, 0.16, 0.21 mg/day for Mn). Heavier final BW led to increased daily retention of Zn (P < 0.001) and Mn (P = 0.002). Gender had a marked influence only on the accretion rate for Zn (P < 0.001). Ram lambs had a higher daily deposition of this element than female lambs. Related to 1000 g empty body gain, the following concentrations were found for the trace elements examined: Fe 26.1 mg, Zn 30.0 mg, Cu 1.41 mg and Mn 1.04 mg. A feeding influence was given for Zn (P < 0.001) and Cu (P = 0.039). Feeding level low had higher Zn and lower Cu concentrations. Male animals showed less Fe (P < 0.001) and Zn (P = 0.034) per kg empty body gain than females.

Growth and body composition of dairy calves fed milk replacers containing different amounts of protein at two feeding rates1

Previous research has demonstrated that increasing the CP concentration from 16 to 26% in milk replacers fed to male preruminant dairy calves at 1.5% of BW (DM basis) daily resulted in increased ADG, G:F, and deposition of lean tissue. However, the effects of dietary CP would be expected to vary depending on ME intake. Here, male Holstein calves < 1 wk old were used to determine the effects of feeding rate and CP concentration of isocaloric, whey protein-based milk replacers on growth and body composition. After a 2-wk standardization period, calves were assigned randomly to an initial baseline group or to treatments in a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement of feeding rate (1.25 or 1.75% of BW daily, DM basis) and milk replacer CP concentration (14, 18, 22, or 26% of DM). No starter was offered, but calves had free access to water. After a 5-wk feeding period, calves were slaughtered and body composition was determined. Increasing the feeding rate increased (P < 0.05) ADG, G:F, empty-body gains of chemical components and energy, the percentage of fat in empty BW gain and in the final empty body, and concentrations of IGF-I and insulin in plasma. Increasing the feeding rate decreased (P < 0.01) percentages of water and protein in the empty body and decreased urea N in plasma. Increasing dietary CP concentration linearly increased (P < 0.05) ADG, body length, heart girth, and gains of water and protein but linearly decreased (P < 0.05) fat gain. As dietary CP increased, fat content in empty body gain decreased, and water and protein increased. Increasing CP concentration increased (quadratic, P < 0.02) G:F, with greatest efficiencies for calves fed 22% CP. Gross energetic efficiency (retained energy:intake energy) was greater (P < 0.05) for calves fed at 1.75% of BW daily. Efficiency of dietary protein use for protein gain was greater for calves fed at 1.75% of BW daily but was not affected by dietary CP. The ratio of protein gain to apparently digestible protein intake above maintenance decreased as dietary CP increased. Interactions (P < 0.05) of feeding rate and CP concentration for gains of water and protein indicated that when dietary CP was 26% the ME supply limited protein use by calves fed at 1.25% of BW daily. Body composition of preruminant calves can be markedly altered by manipulating the protein to energy ratio in milk replacers. These dietary effects on body composition and growth are not predicted by current NRC standards.

Exigências líquidas de proteína e energia para ganho de peso de tourinhos Brangus e Nelore alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes proporções de concentrado

Foram estimadas as exigências de energia e proteína para ganho de peso de tourinhos das raças Brangus e Nelore, por meio da técnica de abate comparativo, pela estimativa da composição química do corpo vazio a partir do corte da 9ª-10ª-11ª costelas. Foram utilizados 28 animais (28 meses de idade) de cada raça, sendo quatro foram abatidos no início do período experimental, para estimativa da composição corporal inicial, e os demais, alimentados sem restrição por 145 dias com dietas contendo 20, 40, 60 ou 80% de concentrado na matéria seca. Os pesos médios iniciais e finais foram de 238 e 402 kg para os Brangus e 230,7 e 361,9 kg para os Nelore, respectivamente. Os ganhos diários de peso vivo em jejum, peso de corpo vazio e peso de carcaça quente foram diferentes entre as raças e os níveis de concentrado, com maiores médias para os animais Brangus e para o nível de 60% de concentrado na dieta. Os animais Brangus apresentaram maiores valores de extrato etéreo e energia e os Nelore, maiores teores de água, proteína e cinzas no corpo vazio. As exigências líquidas de proteína e de energia para o ganho de peso vazio foram diferentes entre raças, com valores de 0,161 e 0,188 kg de proteína e 3,02 e 2,46 Mcal por kg de ganho de peso vazio para os animais Brangus e Nelore, respectivamente. Os animais da raça Brangus tiveram maior exigência de energia e os Nelore, maior exigência de proteína, mas não houve efeito do nível de concentrado na dieta, provavelmente em razão da pouca idade dos animais, que não haviam alcançado a fase de maior deposição de gordura.

Exigências líquidas de proteína e energia para ganho de peso de novilhos Nelore alimentados com dietas contendo grão de milho úmido e gordura protegida

Neste trabalho, as exigências líquidas de energia e proteína líquidas para ganho de peso foram estimadas pela técnica de abate comparativo utilizando-se 56 novilhos Nelore com peso médio inicial de 432 kg. A análise da composição da 9ª-10ª-11ª costelas foi utilizada para estimativa da composição do corpo vazio. Oito novilhos foram abatidos no início do período experimental, para o cálculo da composição corporal inicial, e os demais, alimentados durante 70 dias com dietas contendo 60% de concentrado na MS, composto de grão de milho seco ou úmido, com ou sem gordura protegida da biohidrogenação ruminal. O peso médio dos animais ao abate foi 528 kg. Apenas o ganho de peso de carcaça quente foi maior nos tratamentos com gordura. Não houve diferença na composição do corpo vazio, nas taxas de deposição e na composição do ganho de peso vazio. As exigências de energia e proteína foram de 2,97 Mcal e 0,171 kg por kg de ganho de peso corporal vazio (GPVz), respectivamente, e o ganho de gordura foi de 0,215 kg por kg de GPVz. A utilização do grão de milho úmido e de 4% de gordura protegida na alimentação de novilhos Nelore não alterou a composição corporal e as exigências de energia e proteína.

Reproductive rhythm and litter weaning age as they affect rabbit doe performance and body energy balance

Abstract One hundred and twenty multiparous does were synchronized to give birth the same day (initial kindling). The trial lasted until the successive (final) kindling. Immediately following initial kindling, 22 does were selected for comparative slaughter. The remaining does were assigned to three reproductive rhythms and mated 2 (R2), 11 (R11) or 26 (R26) days post partum. Within each rhythm, the does were further divided into two groups with litters weaned at 21 (W21) or 25 (W25) days of age. A total of 54 does were pregnant and were slaughtered soon after final kindling. By increasing the kindling-to-mating interval from 2 to 26 days, total milk production was increased (5590 to 6065 g for R2 and R26, respectively;P&lt; 0·05); voluntary food intake during lactation was not affected (356 g/day on average), but during the dry period was reduced (182 to 169 g/day;P&lt; 0·05) in this way accounting for a decrease during the experimental period on the whole (299 to 249 g/day;P&lt; 0·01). At the final kindling, the number of kits born per litter was lower in does submitted to the R11 than to the R26 rhythm (P&lt; 0·01). By increasing the kindling-to-mating interval, doe body water concentration decreased, while fat and energy increased (P&lt; 0·01) and higher empty body gain was recorded (from −123 to −4, and to +97 g, in R2, R11 and R26 does, respectively;P&lt; 0·001). As a result, body protein, fat and energy balances changed from negative values to approach equilibrium as reproductive rhythm became extensive (energy balance: −0·14, −0·02 and +0·01 of the initial body content in R2, R11 and R26 does, respectively;P&lt; 0·001). At 28 days after kindling, blood leptin concentration was higher (P&lt; 0·01) and IGF-1 lower (P&lt; 0·05) in R26 does. Daily food intake throughout the experiment was lower (P&lt; 0·05) in W21 does due to the longer dry period. Increasing weaning age from 21 to 25 days increased both number of kits born alive per litter (from 7·4 to 9·6;P&lt; 0·05) and doe body water concentration, while body energy tended to decrease (P&lt; 0·1). At 28 days after kindling lower blood leptin concentration was recorded in W21 than W25 does (1·87 v. 2·76 μg/l,P&lt; 0·05).

Utilization of energy for growth in lambs of the breed german merino landsheep

Based on energy deposition and energy intake the utilization of energy for fat and protein deposition and the mean energy utilization for growth as well as the energy requirement for maintenance were estimated in this study. Fifty-four male and 54 female lambs were fed at three feeding levels and slaughtered at various body weights (BW): 18, 30, 45, and 55 kg. Based on the method of the comparative slaughter technique the total body of each animal was analysed. From the data of empty-body gain, fat, protein and energy deposition in the different fattening periods was calculated. The utilization of metabolizable energy for growth and maintenance was estimated by a multiple linear regression model. In this regression model, a utilization of energy for fat deposition of 71% and for protein deposition of 30% was determined (R2 = 0.869). The requirement for maintenance was 520 kJ·kg BW − 0.75·d − 1. A slightly higher requirement for maintenance was determined for female lambs. The study indicated that the used regression model can be recommended to estimate the utilization of energy and the requirement for maintenance in growing lambs.

Deposition of protein, fat and energy in lambs of the breed German Merino Landsheep

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to assess the deposition of fat, protein and energy during the growth period of lambs. Male and female lambs (no. = 54 of each) were fattened (three feeding levels) and slaughtered at various body weights (BW): 18, 30, 45, and 55 kg. Based on the method of the comparative slaughter technique the total body of each animal was analysed. From the data of empty-body gain, fat, protein and energy deposition in the different fattening periods was calculated.The male lambs showed at all body weights tested and in all feeding level groups a lower daily fat deposition and a higher daily protein deposition compared with the female lambs. The deposition of fat increased in both genders with increasing body weight. The amount of increase differed between the three feeding levels. The male lambs showed at all body weights and in all feeding level groups a higher daily gain in body weight but a lower daily deposition of energy compared with the female lambs. However, for the latter, the gender difference rarely reached statistical significance. Parallel to the daily deposition of fat the daily deposition of energy increased in both genders with increasing body weight.Based on the deposition of fat and protein during the growth period of the lambs the body composition was estimated by allometric equations. The equations showed a consistent pattern of protein concentration falling and fat concentration rising with increasing empty body weight. Compared with the literature a higher protein and lower fat concentration in empty body gain was predicted.

Exigências nutricionais de zebuínos: proteína

Com o objetivo de determinar as exigências protéicas de zebuínos, foi conduzido um experimento no Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, utilizando-se 19 novilhos castrados, com peso vivo médio inicial de 270 kg, mantidos em confinamento. Quatro animais foram abatidos após o período de adaptação, compondo o grupo referência. Dos 15 animais restantes, três foram designados ao grupo mantença e os 12 demais distribuídos em três tratamentos com diferentes níveis de concentrado nas dietas (5, 35 e 65%), na base da matéria seca (MS) total, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. As dietas foram formuladas de forma a serem isoprotéicas. O volumoso foi constituído de pré-secado de capim-braquiária (Brachiaria brizantha) e de capim-tifton 85 (Cynodon sp.). O conteúdo de proteína retido no corpo foi estimado por meio de equação de regressão do logaritmo do conteúdo corporal de proteína, em função do logaritmo do peso de corpo vazio (PCVZ). Derivando-se a equação de predição do conteúdo corporal de proteína, foram obtidas as exigências líquidas de proteína para ganho de 1 kg de PCVZ. As exigências líquidas de proteína para ganho diminuíram com o aumento do peso vivo (PV) dos animais. A exigência líquida de proteína encontrada para um animal com PV de 400 kg foi de 106,84 g/kg de ganho de peso de corpo vazio (GPCVZ), enquanto para um animal de 200 kg foi de 129,01 g por kg de GPCVZ. As exigências de proteína metabolizável para mantença (PMm) e ganho de peso (PMg) estimadas foram de 339,88 e 217,14 g/kg PV, respectivamente, para um bovino castrado de 400 kg de PV. Para esse mesmo tipo de animal, as exigências de proteína degradável e não-degradável no rúmen foram de, respectivamente, 830,86 e 4,46 g/dia, correspondendo à exigência de proteína bruta de 835,32 g/dia.

Residual feed intake and body composition in young growing cattle

Crossbred steers (n = 176), 7–8 mo of age and from the five BeefBooster strains (M1, M2, M3, M4 and TX), were used to determine the relationships between residual feed intake (RFI) and growth rate, body composition and heat production (HP), and to quantify differences in RFI independent of differences in body composition. Animals with different RFI levels were also characterized for growth, carcass and body compositional traits. Steers from each genetic strain were selected at random and serially slaughtered on 5 pre-selected days of the finishing period. Steers grew at 1.52 (SD = 0.22) kg d-1 and had dry matter intake (DMI) of 8.5 (SD = 1.0) kg d-1 during the last 71 to 183 d before slaughter. Metabolic mid-point weight, average daily gain (ADG), gain in empty body fat and gain in empty body water accounted for 67.9, 8.6, 3.9 and 1.1%, respectively, of the variation in actual feed intake. Similarly, metabolic mid-point weight (68.5%), ADG (8.2%), gain in ultrasound backfat thickness (1.8%), gain in ultrasound marbling score (1.1%) and year (1.3%) accounted for 80.9% of the variation in actual feed intake. Residual feed intake adjusted for differences in estimated composition of gain (estimated gain in empty body fat and water; RFIII) ranged from -2.06 kg d-1 to +1.61 kg d-1 (SD = 0.60 kg d-1). Residual feed intake adjusted for live animal measures of body composition (gain in ultrasound backfat thickness and marbling score; RFIIII) ranged from -2.11 kg d-1 to +1.88 kg d-1 (SD = 0.62 kg d-1). Low RFIIII animals (efficient) had 6.0% lower metabolizable energy intake (MEI), retained 9.3% less energy and had 4.5% lower HP than medium RFIIII animals (P &lt; 0.01). Low RFIIII animals also had 10.2% lower MEI, retained 12.0% less energy and produced 9.3% less heat than high RFIIII animals (P &lt; 0.01). Liver (P &lt;0.01), small and large intestine (P = 0.09) and stomach and intestine (P &lt; 0.01) weights were less in low and medium RFIIII steers compared to high RFIIII steers. There was a trend for low RFIIII steers to have less dissectible carcass fat (P = 0.08), intermuscular fat (P = 0.06), body cavity fat in the butt and loin (P = 0.01), faster accretion rate of empty body water (P = 0.04) and a slower accretion rate of empty body fat (P &lt; 0.01) than medium and high RFIIII steers. A portion of the greater MEI by high RFIIII steer was accounted for by differences in the chemical composition of gain. However, a greater proportion was due to a disproportionate increase in the energy required for maintenance and heat increment of feeding in high RFIIII steers. An attempt should be made to adjust RFI for changes in the chemical composition of gain, possibly by the inclusion of ultrasound backfat thickness and marbling score into the equation for determining RFI. Key words: Cattle, feed efficiency, residual feed intake, remote sensing, GrowSafe System

Effect of tail docking in Awassi lambs on metabolizable energy requirements and chemical composition of carcasses

AbstractThe effect of tail docking on metabolizable energy requirements and carcass characteristics was studied using 80 weaned entire Awassi male lambs. Docking was performed within 3 days of birth and lambs were weaned at 90 days old. Docked and undocked lambs were randomly allocated to four groups, individually penned and offered different amounts of a pelleted concentrate diet. The pelleted diet was estimated to contain 11·8 MJ of metabolizable energy (ME) and 182 g of crude protein (CP) per kg dry matter (DM). Lambs on the high levels of intake were slaughtered at a target weight of approximately 45 kg. Other lambs were maintained on the diet for 149 days before being slaughtered. The right sides of all carcasses were cut into standardized commercial cuts then dissected into muscle, fat and bone. The soft tissue was pooled and analysed for DM, C P, ash and fat. Prediction of live-weight gain (LWG) and empty body gain for a given ME intake (MEI) was made using the growth and MEI data. MEI was expressed as MJ per kg metabolic body weight (M 0·75) per day. Tail docking had no effect (P &gt; 0·05) on lamb growth from birth to weaning. During the post-weaning growth period, LWG and empty body gain were significantly higher (P &lt; 0·05) for undocked lambs than docked lambs, at feeding levels between 0·31 and 0·52 MJ/kg M 0·75 per day and similar (P &gt; 0·05) at high levels of intakes (between 0·74 and 1·1 MJ/ kg M 0·75 per day). Hot and cold carcass weights were similar (P &gt; 0·05) for the two groups. Differences in empty body weight and fleece-free empty body weight were significant (P &lt; 0·05) only for the 0·443 to 0·522 MJ/kg M 0·75 per day level of ME intake. Predicted ME requirements were higher for docked lambs for an estimated LWG between 0 and 100 g/day and lower for higher LWG (125 to 225 g/day). Docking had no effect (P &gt; 0·05) on food conversion efficiency (FCE). Carcasses from docked lambs had significantly lower (P &lt; 0·001) internal plus tail fat. Pooled soft tissue excluding tail fat, for the undocked lambs contained significantly more (P &lt; 0·01) protein, less (P &lt; 0·001) fat, higher (P &lt; 0·01) moisture and similar (P &gt; 0·05) ash content.

Milho úmido, bagaço de cana e silagem de milho em dietas de alto teor de concentrado: 2. composição corporal e taxas de deposição dos tecidos

Comparou-se o efeito do grão de milho colhido seco (87% MS) ou ensilado úmido (70% MS ), associado à silagem de planta de milho (20% MS da dieta) ou bagaço de cana de açúcar (12% MS da dieta), sobre a composição corporal e taxas de deposição dos componentes químicos corporais em 32 tourinhos Santa Gertrudis com idade média de dez meses e peso inicial médio de 245 kg. Os animais foram mantidos em baias individuais parcialmente cobertas por 124 dias , após adaptação de 33 dias. Quatro animais foram abatidos ao final da adaptação para determinação da composição inicial. Os outros 28 animais foram distribuídos nos quatro tratamentos. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso em arranjo fatorial 2x2 (dois volumosos x dois processamentos do milho grão), e testados os seguintes tratamentos: silagem de milho + milho úmido (Si-MU); silagem de milho + milho seco (Si-MS); bagaço cru + milho úmido (Ba-MU) e bagaço cru + milho seco (Ba-MS). Não houve interação entre volumoso e processamento do milho para nenhuma variável avaliada. Na comparação de volumosos, a silagem de planta de milho foi superior ao bagaço para ganho de peso vazio, taxa de deposição dos tecidos e de energia. O milho úmido aumentou o teor de gordura, a taxa de deposição de lipídeos e o teor de energia no ganho de peso. Estes resultados são consistentes com os dados de desempenho, demonstrando que a silagem de grão de milho aumentou o teor de energia líquida. Os resultados também sugerem que o bagaço de cana propicia um ambiente ruminal pior para o desempenho do animal que aquele obtido com uso da silagem de planta inteira de milho.

Exigências Líquidas de Energia e Proteína de Tourinhos de Dois Grupos Genéticos Alimentados com Dietas de Alto Teor de Concentrado

Avaliou-se a composição corporal de 42 tourinhos ¼ B. indicus x ¾ B. taurus, de raça paterna Britânica (Shorthorn) ou Continental (Guelbvieh) com 9 meses e 243 kg de peso vazio inicial (PVzi). Destes, seis animais foram abatidos para obtenção da composição corporal inicial do lote. Os 36 animais restantes foram confinados com dietas contendo 9, 15 e 21% de bagaço de cana in natura (BIN) na MS. Não houve efeitos significativos da interação entre tipos raciais e níveis de fibra para as variáveis analisadas. O efeito do tipo racial não alterou a composição do ganho de peso vazio (GPVz), tendo os animais Britânicos apresentado 28,9% de gordura e 3,75 Mcal/kg, enquanto os animais Continentais apresentaram 28% de gordura e 3,67 Mcal/kg de GPVz. Os animais Britânicos apresentaram teores numéricos maiores de gordura e energia, apesar de apresentarem média de PVzi e ganho de peso vazio final (GPVzf) menores que os Continentais. O efeito de fibra não foi significativo, mas animais recebendo dietas com 15% de BIN apresentaram GPV numericamente maior (1,2 kg/d), que os animais que receberam 9% e 21% de BIN (1,1 kg/d). Os diferentes níveis de BIN não alteraram a composição do ganho, mas a composição do GPVz dos animais que receberam 15% de BIN apresentaram maiores teores numéricos de lipídeo e energia, 31% e 3,94 Mcal/kg de GPVz. Os animais submetidos aos tratamentos 9 e 21% de BIN apresentaram respectivamente, 28,6% e 25,7% de lipídeo e 3,72 e 3,46 Mcal/kg de GPVz. A composição do GPVz e as exigências líquidas de energia e proteína dos tourinhos ¾ europeus filhos de vacas Caracu x Nelore com touros Guelbvieh ou Shorthorn foram semelhantes às observadas para machos não castrados de tamanho corporal grande ou grau de estrutura corporal próximo a 8 na escala 1-9.

Avaliação do crescimento de tecidos e órgãos de novilhos mestiços Holandês-Gir durante o ganho compensatório. 1. Carcaça

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os efeitos da restrição alimentar anterior ao confinamento sobre o crescimento e a composição química da carcaça e seus componentes em bovinos. Foram utilizados vinte e quatro novilhos mestiços Holandês-Gir com idade de 19,3 ± 5,1 meses e peso vivo de 202,1 ± 49,1 kg, ao início do experimento. Quinze animais foram confinados após um período de restrição de pasto (grupo ganho compensatório), enquanto nove deles tiveram livre acesso ao pasto (grupo ganho contínuo). Foram abatidos três animais de cada grupo, no início, aos 28 e aos 112 dias do confinamento e, aos 56 e 84 dias de confinamento, foram abatidos três animais do grupo de ganho compensatório. Durante o confinamento, os animais do grupo de ganho compensatório e do grupo de ganho contínuo receberam alimentação ad libitum, composta por silagem de milho e 26% de concentrado, na matéria seca. As taxas de crescimento relativo foram avaliadas por meio de equações alométricas. As taxas de deposição de proteína, gordura e energia na carcaça, em relação ao ganho de peso de corpo vazio, não diferiram entre os tratamentos. A deposição de proteína na carcaça, em relação ao ganho de peso vivo, foi maior nos animais em ganho compensatório que nos de ganho contínuo. O ganho de peso compensatório causou redução na deposição de proteína no tecido adiposo e aumento na deposição de gordura nos ossos da carcaça.

Growth and carcass characteristics of three lamb genotypes finished on the same level of feeding

AbstractThis study investigated the efficiency of growth and the carcass characteristics of 24 Greyface (Border Leicester × Scottish Blackface), 24 Texel (12 purebred and 12 Texel × Texel-Greyface) and 24 Rouge (12 purebred and 12 Rouge × Rouge-Greyface) lambs finished on the same level of feeding. The efficiency of live-weight gain (kg/MJ) was higher in Greyface compared with Texel lambs (P&lt; 0·01). The efficiency of empty body-weight gain (kg/MJ) was higher in Greyface (P&lt; 0·01) and Rouge (P&lt; 0·05) compared with Texel lambs. The efficiency of carcass gains (kg/MJ) tended to be higher in Greyface and Rouge compared with Texel lambs (P= 0·07). The efficiency of non-carcass component gains (kg/MJ) was also higher in Greyface compared with Texel lambs (P0·05). Carcass water, protein, lipid and ash gains did not vary significantly between the genotypes, however carcass energy gain tended to be higher in Greyface and Rouge compared with Texel lambs (P= 0·08). The relative proportions of water, protein, lipid and ash in carcass gains did not vary significantly between the genotypes. At the end of the experiment carcass water content was higher in Texel compared with Greyface lambs (P&lt; 0·05) and carcass ash content was lower in Texel compared with Greyface (P&lt; 0·01) and Rouge (P&lt; 0·05) lambs. The concentration of saturated fatty acids was higher in Greyface compared with Rouge lambs (P&lt; 0·001) and higher in Rouge compared with Texel lambs (P&lt; 0·05). Monounsaturated fatty acid concentrations were higher in Rouge compared with Greyface lambs (P&lt; 0·05) and higher in Texel compared with Rouge lambs (P&lt; 0·001). Polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations were higher in Rouge and Texel compared with Greyface lambs (P&lt; 0·01). The ratio of n-6:n-3 fatty acids was lower in Rouge compared with Greyface lambs (P&lt; 0·05).The efficiency of empty body gain was higher in male compared with female lambs (P&lt; 0·05). Carcass water (P&lt; 0·01) and protein (P&lt; 0·05) gains were higher in male lambs. At the end of the experiment male carcasses contained a higher content of water (P&lt; 0·05), protein (P&lt; 0·01) and ash (P= 0·07), and a lower lipid (P&lt; 0·05) and energy (P&lt; 0·001) content. Carcass lipids from male lambs contained a higher concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (P&lt; 0·001) and tended to contain a lower concentration of saturated fatty acids (P = 0·06).

Components of Growth in Holstein Heifers Fed Either Alfalfa or Corn Silage Diets to Produce Two Daily Gains

Growth components were compared in an experiment with a 2 x 2 factorial design. Eight replicates of Holstein heifers were fed diets based on either alfalfa or corn silage for daily gain of either 725 or 950g from 181 to 334kg of body weight (BW). Mean daily gains from corn diets were greater than gains from alfalfa diets for BW, udder, empty body, fat, fat-free matter, protein, H2O, C, and energy but were less than gains from alfalfa for gut contents and ash. High daily gain produced higher mean values for all of these variables than did lower daily gain. The percentage of protein in fat-free matter was not affected by either main effect. The percentage of fat in empty body gain was increased as daily gain increased. Energy concentration of fat-free matter that was gained was not affected by either diet or daily gain. Energy concentration of empty body gain increased as daily gain increased. The percentage of gut contents in daily BW gain was higher for heifers fed the alfalfa diet than for those fed the corn diet. Energy concentration in daily BW gain was affected by diet and daily gain. Variations of fat and gut contents in daily BW gain must be considered when requirements or expected growth are described.

Simulated influence of postweaning production system on performance of different biological types of cattle: I. Estimation of model parameters.

Breed parameters for a computer model that simulated differences in the composition of empty-body gain of beef cattle, resulting from differences in postweaning level of nutrition that are not associated with empty BW, were estimated for 17 biological types of cattle (steers from F1 crosses of 16 sire breeds [Hereford, Angus, Jersey, South Devon, Limousin, Simmental, Charolais, Red Poll, Brown Swiss, Gelbvieh, Maine Anjou, Chianina, Brahman, Sahiwal, Pinzgauer, and Tarentaise] mated to Hereford and Angus dams). One value for the maximum fractional growth rate of fat-free matter (KMAX) was estimated and used across all breed types. Mature fat-free matter (FFMmat) was estimated from data on mature cows for each of the 17 breed types. Breed type values for a fattening parameter (THETA) were estimated from growth and composition data at slaughter on steers of the 17 breed types, using the previously estimated constant KMAX and breed values for FFMmat. For each breed type, THETA values were unique for given values of KMAX, FFMmat, and composition at slaughter. The results showed that THETA was most sensitive to KMAX and had similar sensitivity to FFMmat and composition at slaughter. Values for THETA were most sensitive for breed types with large THETA values (Chianina, Charolais, and Limousin crossbred steers) and least sensitive for breed types with small THETA values (purebred Angus, crossbred Jersey, and Red Poll steers).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Plasma growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor, insulin, and thyroid hormone association with body protein and fat accretion in steers undergoing compensatory gain after dietary energy restriction2

Eighteen Chianina crossbred steers were used to examine the interrelationship between hormonal status and empty body protein (EBPRT) and fat (EBFAT) accretion during an 88-d controlled realimentation (REAL; DMI was adjusted weekly on an individual BW basis) period. Body composition was determined by monitoring endogenous whole-body 40[K]. At the end of restriction (REST) and on d 31 and 59 of REAL blood samples were taken and analyzed for concentrations of growth hormone (GH), IGF-I, IGF-II, insulin (INS), thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), reverse triiodothyronine (rT3), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), glucose, and urea nitrogen. Depositions of EBPRT and EBFAT were decreased (P < .001) in REST (92 d) animals compared with nonrestricted (NR) controls. During REST, plasma levels of glucose, IGF-I, INS, T4, T3, and rT3 were decreased (P < .05); plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), NEFA, and GH levels were increased (P < .05), and IGF-II concentrations were similar between REST and NR steers. A transient compensatory response in BW gain and protein deposition occurred in repleted steers between d 35 and 62 of REAL. During this period, PUN levels markedly declined (P < .01) in REAL steers and glucose concentration increased (P < .01) to levels similar to those in NR controls. This response prevailed even though apparent digestible nutrients were decreased in repleted animals. During energy repletion, plasma levels of T4, T3, rT3, IGF-I, and INS were positively, and of GH was negatively, correlated with EBPRT and EBFAT gain in repleted animals. Unlike IGF-I, IGF-II was not correlated with compensatory body growth. These results suggest that compensating steers are more metabolically efficient; rapid body tissue gain occurs during a period of reduced nutrient digestibility. Additionally, plasma levels of IGF-I, GH, INS, and thyroid hormones, but not of IGF-II, are markedly affected by alteration of energy intake and are highly correlated with empty body gain and protein deposition in compensating late-maturing steers.

Influence of trenbolone acetate combined with estradiol-17 beta on growth performance, body characteristics, and chemical composition of goat kids fed milk and slaughtered at different ages.

The effects of anabolic agents (5 mg of estradiol-17 beta + 30 mg of trenbolone acetate) on body characteristics and chemical composition of gain were studied in 58 intact male goat kids fed milk replacer. Four kids were slaughtered at 7 d of age to constitute the initial group. The other kids were allotted in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement with slaughter age (41, 49, and 56 d of age) and treatment (control and implanted at 21 d old) as factors. Energy intake decreased during the first 4 wk after treatment; implanted kids had the same ADG as controls but a better energy efficiency (P < .05). During the last week of the trial, energy intake was the same; treated kids tended (P < .10) to have a higher empty body gain (EBG). Anabolic agents increased carcass (P < .10) and hide proportions (P < .01) in empty BW and in EBG for all groups (except for carcass at 56 d old). Anabolic agents reduced the contribution of adipose tissues (P < .05), empty digestive tract (P < .05), and other organs (P < .01) to EBG. At all slaughter ages, the chemical composition of carcass and hide wet tissues, all dissectible adipose tissues, and EBG were altered by treatment. In these tissues (except for mesenteric fat tissue), water content increased and lipid content decreased (P < .05), but these effects diminished with age. Expressed on a DM basis, the CP content of the treated carcasses was increased in all groups (P < .05). Implanting high doses of steroids altered nutrient partitioning, which reduced fat and increased water and protein in the body.