Dimensions Of Empowerment Research Articles

Evaluation of Youth Empowerment Projects From an Educators’ Perspective

Purpose: This article focuses on the evaluation of youth empowerment projects from the perspective of the educators themselves. Method: HEBE Rubric (collects quantitative and qualitative data) was applied to 20 youth projects. The selection of projects was based on intentional sampling. Results: The results show that the projects focus on some youth empowerment dimensions to the detriment of others. The most important dimensions are responsibility and self-sufficiency. There is also evidence of more work from the individual perspective of empowerment than from the community perspective, and from a perspective that is more internal to the project than in relation to the context. Discussion: Important educational work is carried out in the projects analyzed, according to the educators themselves. It would be interesting to reinforce the educational work carried out by these projects with activities and strategies that facilitate contact, openness, and educational work with the community.

Does Empowerment Effects the Quality of Work Life?

The Fourth Industrial Revolution and rapid developments in technology increase the need for improving the teaching-learning process and teacher performance. Research shows that empowerment has a significant and positive effect on teachers’ organizational behavior.Schools are living spaces where teachers spend most of their lives. As long as teachers’ perceptions of the quality of work life are high, it is expected that the degree of achieving the goals of the school will be greater. In this article, it is evaluated how empowerment in their school affects their own work life quality according to teachers’ perceptions. Quantitative design was used in this study. The data of this research were collected from 298 teachers determined by random sampling method working in the central districts of Denizli province during the 2020-2021 academic year.235 (79%) of the teachers participating in the study were female and 63 (21%) were male. The Teacher Empowerment Scale developed by Hıdıroğlu and Tanrıöğen (2020) was used to measure teachers’ perceptions of empowerment. The Quality of Work Life Scale, which was adapted to Turkish and educational organizations by Akar and Üstüner (2017), was used in order to determine teachers’ perceptions towards their work life quality. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to predict the quality of work life by using the “cooperation”, “professional development”, “trust” and “status” sub-dimensions of teacher empowerment. Teacher empowerment affects the quality of work life. Accordingly, “cooperation”, “professional development”, “trust” and “status” which are the dimensions of teacher empowerment predict the quality of work life positively and significantly. The predictive variables “collaboration”, “professional development”, “trust” and “status” dimensions explain 58% of the total variance of the predicted variable “quality of work life”. However, according to the standardized regression coefficients (β), the order of importance of the predictor variables on “quality of work life” is “trust”, “status”, “collaboration” and “professional development”. In this study, it is recommended to examine the “trust” and “status” dimensions, which were determined as the variables with the highest impact on “quality of work life”, separately.

Empowerment of Saudi Women in Secondary School English Language Books: An Analytical Study

The current research aimed to investigate the degree to which women’s empowerment dimensions (social, economic, political, and women’s issues) are addressed through English language books in Saudi secondary education. It raised a question on the extent to which women’s empowerment dimensions are addressed in secondary English language books. The authors followed the descriptive analytical research design. The research utilized a checklist of (19) indicators describing women’s empowerment dimensions (social, economic, political, and women’s issues). The checklist was designed to measure women’s empowerment dimensions in the content and activities in English language books by inferring them from the units of analysis considered in the current research – paragraphs and pictures. Results showed that in the first year of secondary school, political empowerment was ranked first, whereas economic empowerment was ranked last. Additionally, in the second year, women’s issues were ranked first, followed by political empowerment, then economic empowerment was ranked last. In the third year, social empowerment came in the first rank meanwhile political empowerment came in the last rank. The study concluded a need to re-evaluate and update the curricula and textbooks regarding women in line with the national goals for women. It is a significant study because it addresses empowering Saudi women in EFL textbooks. It recommends including basic issues, especially woman-related ones, in EFL textbooks.

One‐click at a time: Empowering mothers for their adolescent children's educational expenditures through social media usage

AbstractMothers play a significant role in deciding their adolescents' educational expenditures. They increasingly rely on the Internet for information search and building online support networks to enhance their confidence. Thus, we use the psychological empowerment theory in this study to examine the association between social media use and educational expenditures. Through two studies, we show how a mother's use of social media (active/passive use) significantly impacts adolescent children's educational expenses via dimensions of psychological empowerment. We further demonstrate that the two dimensions of psychological empowerment differentially drive this relationship: intrapersonal (relying on the self) and Interactional (leveraging the community) empowerment. We discover that active (passive) social media use increases mother' intrapersonal (interactional) empowerment. We also find that cross‐cultural differences play a role in psychological empowerment's effect on educational expenditures, where intrapersonal empowerment is vital in the United States, and interactional empowerment is more relevant in India. Our key contributions to literature are three‐fold: we establish the relationship between a mother's social media use and educational expenditures for their adolescent children, identify predictors of different dimensions of psychological empowerment, and present evidence for cross‐cultural differences in the empowering role of social media.

Effect of Administrative Empowerment on the Organizational Effectiveness of Bank Employees

This study seeks to identify the level of the impact of administrative empowerment in its dimensions on the organizational effectiveness in the banking sector in Syria. In order to verify the objectives, develop and test the validity of the hypotheses, the descriptive approach was adopted. The study found that there is a statistically significant effect of the dimensions of administrative empowerment on the organizational effectiveness of workers in banking sector.

The Role of Community Institutions in the Socio-economic Empowerment of Emirati Women Field Study in Ajman

This study aims to identify the role performed by the UAE society through some of its community institutions (government, private and some civil society organizations and Umm Al-Mu'minin Association as a model) in the empowerment of Emirati women at two social and economic levels, in addition of exploring the mechanisms and programs set by these institutions, to support and integrate women in the society, by emphasizing the importance of their participation as effective actors in the society and towards achieving the sustainable development and as means of their development and prosperity. In-depth interview tool through a case study of a sample of 30 Emirati female citizens. In order to answer the study questions, the researchers used the statistical packages of social analysis (SPSS) using descriptive statistical analysis methods (mean weight arithmetic, standard deviation, and analysis of variances (ANOVA). The correlation coefficient used Pearson's linear correlation coefficient and Spearman rank correlation coefficient and the dimensions of economic and social empowerment. The major findings achieved by the study: 1-There were correlations coefficient attributed to the variables of the family members, place of residence, reason for joining the job and the economic empowerment area. 2-There were correlations coefficient attributed to the variables of the number of family members, the place of residence and the academic qualifications, and the reason for joining the job and the area of social empowerment.

How Multidimensional Digital Empowerment Affects Technology Innovation Performance: The Moderating Effect of Adaptability to Technology Embedding

Technology innovation in high-end equipment manufacturing (HEM) enterprises technology innovation plays an important role in supporting national economies and social development, accelerating the speed of digital transformation. Digital empowerment aggravates the dynamics, complexity, and uncertainty of technology innovation in HEM enterprises. In order to improve the innovation performance mechanism of China’s HEM enterprises, the adaptability of technology embedding and digital empowerment are introduced to further explain the direct and the moderating effect. Specifically, through a literature review and practical research, the connotation and dimensional division of digital empowerment are defined. According to empowerment tools, digital empowerment is divided into resource empowerment and structural empowerment, and according to the empowerment actor relationships, digital empowerment is divided into platform empowerment and ecological empowerment. Additionally, 436 HEM enterprises are used as research objects to build a conceptual model of the different digital empowerment dimensions, adaptability to technology embedding and technology innovation performance. The research results show that resource empowerment and structural empowerment have U–shaped effects on technology innovation performance, and platform empowerment and ecological empowerment positively affect technology innovation performance. Then, adaptability to technology embedding positively moderates the U-shaped relationship between structural empowerment and technology innovation performance. Adaptability to technology embedding positively moderates the relationship between resource empowerment, platform empowerment, ecological empowerment and technology innovation performance. The research findings deepen the connotation and dimension of digital empowerment, demonstrating the nonlinear relationship between digital empowerment and technology innovation performance of HEM enterprises. Additionally, the research expands on the new applications of adaptability to technology embedding in the digital transformation of manufacturing.

Empowerment of women through participation in self-help groups: a bibliometric analysis and systematic review

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to conduct a comprehensive bibliometric analysis and systematic review to examine the research landscape of women empowerment through participation in self-help groups (SHGs), identifying the eminent contributors, intellectual communities and future research agenda in the field of SHGs and women empowerment.Design/methodology/approachThe global works of literature related to the theme of SHGs and women empowerment between 1998 and May 6, 2022 were scanned for bibliometric analysis and systematic review. A total of 176 English language documents from the Scopus database were extracted. Bibliometric analysis is conducted using Biblioshiny and VOSviewer software.FindingsThis study finds that SHGs are paramount in achieving rural women’s empowerment multidimensionally. Found that India is the most contributing country with 136 documents, and Ranjula Bali Swain and Fan Yang Wallentin are the most cited authors in the research field of SHGs and women empowerment. In addition, the paper proposes a comprehensive conceptual framework to portray rudimentary antecedents of women’s empowerment achieved through participation in SHGs.Practical implicationsThis bibliometric analysis, along with a systematic review demonstrating a framework encapsulating the principal dimensions of women empowerment and their indicators, will be helpful to practitioners, government, policymakers and researchers working in the area of SHGs and women empowerment.Originality/valueThis study recognizes numerous significant contributions by eminent scholars and presents a concise review of the literature for novice researchers working in the area of SHGs and women empowerment.

Empowering health care consumers in the era of Internet of Things

AbstractThe Internet of Things (IoT) is emerging as a significant development in information technology that aims to link the digital world with the real world to improve human life. IoT refers to digital tools collecting data and providing hyper‐personalized information to its users. With the rapid integration of the IoT in the healthcare sector (HIoT), it has been presumed that HIoT devices have an empowering effect on patients; however, this has yet to be investigated. Furthermore, the literature reveals a lack of consistency regarding the definition of patient empowerment. This study aims to fill these gaps and investigates whether HIoT systems increase user empowerment for individuals suffering from chronic illnesses. It also examines how empowerment is defined for HIoT users. To answer these two research questions, we conducted a qualitative research study consisting of 20 semi‐structured, in‐depth interviews carried out with individuals suffering from Type 1 diabetes (T1D). The interviews were transcribed and content analysis was conducted on the data. The study enabled us to examine whether and how the HIoT triggered empowerment for patients suffering from T1D. Findings reveal four main dimensions of empowerment for HIoT users: (1) self‐efficacy, (2) patient control, (3) knowledge development and (4) participation in the decision‐making process along with the doctor. Results also highlight that participants feel empowered by personal acceptance of living with their health condition and social support. In addition, the analysis led to the identification of the barriers which need to be overcome to ensure that HloT systems improve patient empowerment.

Does maternal empowerment influence childhood stunting and wasting in Cameroon? A cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Malnutrition during childhood remains a major public health concern in developing countries. Within the household, the responsibility of the mother in child nutrition is crucial. Their empowerment is recognized by previous research as a social factor associated with low rates of malnutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa. Using data from the Cameroon Demographic and Health Survey of 2018, this study investigates the associations between the dimensions of maternal empowerment and childhood stunting and wasting. A logistic regression model was used to estimate these associations. Considering each dimension of maternal empowerment, the results suggest that mother’s economic status was associated with greater odds of childhood stunting (OR = 1.110; 95% CI:1.014, 1.215; p < 0.05), and lower odds of childhood wasting (OR = 0.456; 95% CI: 0.373, 0.557; p < 0.01). Mother’s control over financial resources was associated with lower odds of childhood stunting (OR = 0.696; 95% CI: 0.642, 0.756; p < 0.01) and wasting (OR = 0.362; 95% CI: 0.309, 0.424; p < 0.01). Mother’s participation in decision-making was related to lower odds of childhood stunting (OR = 0.878; 95% CI: 0.826, 0.933; p < 0.01) and wasting (OR = 0.699; 95% CI: 0.622, 0.786; p < 0.01). Thus, the findings of this study suggest that maternal empowerment dimensions associated differently with childhood stunting and wasting. For a better effectiveness of any policy intervention, it is important to clarify the contribution of each dimension of maternal empowerment when analyzing its relationship with the nutritional status of children.

Psychological Empowerment and Job Stress in Higher Education Institutions in Ecuador.

Both psychological empowerment and job stress have been the subjects of great concern, studied mainly in developed countries. In emerging economies, few studies have contributed to the knowledge of the relationship between these two constructs. This study analyzed the relationship between the dimensions of psychological empowerment and job stress in tenured professors from public higher education institutions in Ecuador during 2019, providing insights for achieving better results regarding the productivity and well-being of teachers. This research seeks to bridge the knowledge gap concerning psychological empowerment and job stress within an academic context in an emerging economy. In this quantitative study, a confirmatory model was proposed. Correlation analysis was used to investigate whether psychological empowerment dimensions are related to job stress. Data were collected from a sample of 200 tenured professors working at public universities located in Zone 3 of Ecuador in 2019. The instrument applied for psychological empowerment was proposed by Spreitzer, composed of four dimensions-meaning, competence, impact, and autonomy. For job stress, the Occupational Stress Inventory-Revised (OSI-R) instrument applied was proposed and revised by Osipow. Through structural equation modeling with partial least squares, it was possible to demonstrate that psychological empowerment reduces levels of job stress only when it is perceived that there is autonomy, fewer limitations, and more freedom. No evidence was identified that other components of psychological empowerment, such as meaning, competence, and impact, are related to job stress. The results indicated that the model used to explain the relationship between these variables had weak predictive power. Furthermore, only one research hypothesis is accepted. Finally, these findings are corroborated and explained by the different perspectives presented by various authors.

The Role of Micro-Enterprises in the Four-Dimensional Framework of Women's Empowerment

Purpose&#x0D; This paper empirically evaluates the impact of micro-enterprises on women's empowerment. Subsequently, it assesses the mediating role of the performance of micro-enterprises on a four-dimensional model of women's empowerment.&#x0D; Design/ Methodology/ Approach&#x0D; A quantitative research approach and a cross-sectional research design were adopted in the study. Survey research and purposive sampling technique were used to select 384 individual respondents (women entrepreneurs under the Kudumbashree Mission of Kerala state in India). The data gathered from a structured questionnaire was used for confirmatory factor analysis, model fit evaluation, and making a structural equation model to test the proposed relationship in the four-dimensional model of women's empowerment. The study explicates the relationship between attributes of micro-enterprises and women’s empowerment. The field data were analysed using SPSS and AMOS software.&#x0D; Findings&#x0D; Economic development will not happen unless women are empowered. In order to establish an enterprise more successfully and sustainably, women should be taught entrepreneurial skills, technical knowledge, skill training, and marketing skills. The study discovered a strong correlation between the performance of micro-enterprises and women empowerment attributes.&#x0D; Originality/value&#x0D; This study contributes to the literature by identifying how microentrepreneurs emerging from SHGs are achieving societal goals of women empowerment. It adds to the literature by providing a conceptual framework to aid researchers and policymakers in dealing with micro-enterprises and their impact on the empowerment of women in society.&#x0D; Research Limitation/ Implication&#x0D; Micro enterprises play an important role as they can contribute to women's empowerment by providing opportunities for employment. The study offers researchers and policymakers practical insights on how multi-facets of micro-enterprises influence different dimensions of women's empowerment. The study aids the government and policymakers in better understanding and implementing strategies to boost women’s micro-enterprises, resulting in the overall empowerment of marginalised women.&#x0D; Social Implications&#x0D; The study aims to create awareness among women about the various prospects for self-help groups, their intricacies, and the performance of micro-enterprises, thereby generating revenue. This, in turn, leads to the general economic development of a society.

The Influence of Psychological Empowerment &amp; Turnover Intention Through Career Growth in Pharmaceutical Companies, Lahore, Pakistan

The aim of this study is to examine the impact of psychological empowerment on employee turnover intention with the moderating effect of career growth. A cross sectional survey was used to collect data. A total of 207employees of different pharmaceutical companies in Lahore, were participating through random sampling in this survey. Our finding shows that the two dimensions of psychological empowerment (emotional and relational) have an inverse relationship with intention to quit, whereas (behavioral and cognitive) psychological empowerment is not significantly related to the theory. Career growth shows moderating effect on relational psychological empowerment and turnover intention, although there is no moderating impact found in the remaining dimension of psychological empowerment (cognitive, emotional and behavioral) and turnover intention. Because of the strategic importance of human capital in an organization, it is important for the continuity of the pharmaceutical firms to retain their employees by providing best career growth path to move the employees as well as organization to the next level and save the human capital cost

Household decision-making, women's empowerment, and increasing egg consumption in children under five in rural Burkina Faso: Observations from a cluster randomized controlled trial

Malnutrition is one of the most long-suffering problems facing women and children across the world—it is endemic to many low- and low-middle income countries and is a leading comorbidity in CU5 mortality. Malnutrition and food security are gendered issues; not only are boys and girls differently affected by these issues, but societal norms and differing roles of women and men are often drivers of these different outcomes. The United Nations seeks to address both malnutrition and gender inequality by reaching its Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. Researchers have shown that women's empowerment is inextricably linked to the nutritional outcomes of children. As one dimension of women's empowerment, intra-household decision-making is an important determinant of child health and nutrition outcomes, as it can determine how resources are allocated within the household. To better understand how gender inequalities within household decision-making may contribute to child nutrition, this study examines the association between household decision-making and the adoption of behavior change to increase chicken egg consumption among infants and young children in Burkina Faso, and explores the relationship(s) between the Un Oeuf project and women's empowerment. This study analyzes data collected during the Un Oeuf cRCT (July 2018–April 2019) and additional data that were collected in conjunction with the Un Oeuf endline household survey in April 2019. Significant relationships were found between women's household decision-making about eggs and child egg consumption at the end of the project. This was true for women who did not have decision-making power at baseline (p = 0.006, OR 3.822) as well as for women who indicted having had that power and sustaining it through endline (p = 0.013, OR 6.662). Results indicate that the Un Oeuf project significantly increased women's household decision-making (p &amp;gt; 0.005, OR 4.045). Finally, significant relationships were found between a woman's overall level of empowerment and household decision-making power surrounding (1) what is done with household eggs (p &amp;lt; 0.005, OR 2.87) and (2) how foods are portioned (p = 0.012, OR 6.712). These findings illustrate the importance and potential of women's decision-making as a point of entry to improving nutritional outcomes through changes in empowerment.

Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmanın Uygulanmasında “Güçlendirme” Kavramı Üzerine Tartışmalar ve Türkiye Örneği

Sustainable development, being at the centre of today’s global and local policies, has led to discussions about its broad content and applicability since the 1980s. In particular, the most emphasized issues have been prioritizing the economic dimension of sustainable development and understanding the environment as the optimal use of natural capital. However, as was underlined at the World Sustainable Development Summit held in 2002, a social dimension also needs to be taken into account. This study adopts a qualitative approach to explore definitions and dimensions of sustainable development and empowerment to understand how their enlarged content affects their application. The dynamic range of empowerment presented as a critical strategy for implementing the social dimension of sustainable development, the ambiguities related to the meaning of the concepts, and the discourses transmitted from the global to the local level are being investigated through the Turkish case. To explore different definitions of sustainable development and empowerment, the qualitative analysis software Atlas.ti was used. The research sample consists of ten documents on international cooperation initiatives and three Turkish documents on implementing these initiatives. The international and Turkish texts show the fluctuations of empowerment between raising human welfare and increasing production. Thus, the concept of empowerment seems to reflect the contradictions of sustainable development semantically and by the nature of the discourse used.

Enhancing coastal livelihoods through half-pearl aquaculture and handicrafts in Tonga and Fiji

ABSTRACT The recent development of mabé (half-pearl) aquaculture has enabled new livelihood opportunities for remote coastal communities and peri-urban areas of Fiji and Tonga. This article explores how specific mabé projects have provided socio-economic benefits to individuals and groups engaged in mabé aquaculture and handicraft production and considers how these benefits contribute towards women’s empowerment. We examine both the economic dimensions of empowerment as well as more intangible aspects of agency. While mabé aquaculture and the production of mother-of-pearl handicrafts in Fiji and Tonga is currently limited by market constraints and is reliant on government and donor support, women and men can earn supplementary incomes that are important for supporting diverse rural livelihoods in a manner that is culturally compatible and rewarding. Importantly, social and cultural aspects of these initiatives enabled many women to think differently about themselves, their capabilities, and their aspirations for the future.

Disentangling empowerment: Considering the role of employee perceptions in adaptive selling

AbstractAs more jobs require employees to continually learn and adapt, empowering employees to adopt learning goals becomes a competitive advantage. Although research has identified key leadership behaviors that empower employees, the relationship between managers and empowered employees is ongoing and dynamic. Therefore, it is important to understand how key leadership behaviors interact with employees in their current state of empowerment to influence learning and performance. In this paper, we draw from self‐determination theory to argue that the way employees perceive a given leadership behavior will differ by dimension of empowerment, and these perceptions impact their intrinsic motivation to learn. Specifically, employees who are high in competence and impact will perceive the leadership behavior of goal clarity as controlling, and be less likely to set learning goals, while those who are high in autonomy and meaning will perceive the same behavior as supportive, and be more likely to set learning goals. In a time‐lagged study of 349 salespeople, we find that goal clarity acts as a boundary condition by weakening the relationship between empowerment and learning goal orientation (LGO) for those high on the competence and impact dimensions. As hypothesized, we find that the same behavior of goal clarity actually strengthens the relationship for those high on the autonomy and meaning dimensions. Further, we provide theoretical and empirical evidence that LGO mediates the relationship between empowerment and adaptive selling.

Identifying the Dimensions of Women’s Empowerment to Coping Effectively with Domestic Violence: A Qualitative Study in Iran

Empowerment is a key goal in anti-violence programs against women, which can help women control, prevent, and cope effectively with domestic violence. However, there are no specific guidelines for women's empowerment interventions in this area. This study aimed to explore the dimensions of women's empowerment to cope effectively with domestic violence in a sample of women and related experts. In this qualitative content analysis, data was gathered via 21 individual semi-constructed interviews and two five-person focus group discussions. Thirty-one participants were selected by the purposive sampling approach. Fifteen subcategories were extracted after the data analysis, which included multiple revisions and the merging of 892 primary codes based on similarity, which led to the extraction of 15 subcategories. Then, five main categories were identified as dimensions of women’s empowerment to cope effectively with domestic violence: marital life skills, cognitive self-appraisal, attitude, economic agency, and access to resources. Participants cited marital life skills and attitude as essential dimensions of women's empowerment. These results provide a comprehensive view of the dimensions of women’s empowerment to cope effectively with domestic violence in Iran that can be used as a basis for planning empowerment interventions to promote women’s health against violence.

Impact of administrative empowerment management on organizational planning processes in telecommunications companies in Jordan

The study aimed to identify the impact of administrative empowerment management on organizational planning processes in telecommunications companies in Jordan, through a case study on Orange Telecom Company. The study adopted the descriptive survey method to describe the reality of the phenomenon being studied. The study sample consisted of (140) workers in the Orange Jordan Telecom Company. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher designed a questionnaire in order to identify the impact of empowerment management on organizational planning.Accordingly, the study reached a set of results, including:The dimension of incentives as one of the dimensions of administrative empowerment ranked first and with a high degree of importance among the dimensions, and the arithmetic mean of the incentives dimension reached (4.186).The dimensions "teamwork", "delegation of authority", "organizational culture" and "participation in decision-making" came to a high degree in terms of importance, and the previous dimensions ranked second, third, fourth and fifth, respectively in terms of importance. The arithmetic means of the aforementioned dimensions were (4.142, 4.072, 4.065, 4.036) respectively.

Psychological Women Empowerment and Women Entrepreneurial Success: A Case Study of Micro-Enterprise in Malaysia

Women are taking on the risks and rewards of entrepreneurship in ever-increasing numbers. Existing literature suggests that women have been playing a significant part in the growth of micro-enterprise and economic development. Unfortunately, most of women failed to sustain in entrepreneurship due to psychological characteristic issue for instance lack of empowerment among themselves. As a result, there is an insistent need to investigate various dimensions of women empowerment especially in the context of micro-enterprise sustainability. Since the sustainability of micro-enterprise among women entrepreneur are still being debated among scholars, therefore the understanding on the concept of psychological women empowerment in depth is crucial. This study was conducted to investigate the role of psychological women empowerment that may assist in women entrepreneurial success. The total of 410 women entrepreneurs categorised as Low Income Household (LIH) who conducting micro-enterprise in Malaysia participated in this study voluntarily. The time horizon for the study conducted was three years. The data was analysed using descriptive and linear regression analysis. The finding obtained from this study indicated that there was significant positive relationship between psychological women empowerment and women entrepreneurial success. In addition, the findings showed that women had greater level of awareness in increasing knowledge and family welfare, financial independence and self-identity. The findings offer evidence that women in LIH engaged in entrepreneurial activities feel much empowered that lead to business sustainability. This result provides valuable insight for agencies involved in women entrepreneurship development especially on microenterprise.