Labor Employment Research Articles

An Application of Social Accounting Matrix to Analyse the Growth Linkages of Sericulture in a Village Economy

Sericulture is an important avenue in rural areas. Karnataka stands second in position in the mulberry silk production of the country during 2020-21. The study describes constructing a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) framework for Naguvanahalli village, Mandya district, Karnataka state, to understand the effect of investment in sericulture on the income distribution of the selected village economy. Sericulture is practised in the Naguvanahalli village through the State Department of Sericulture, Karnataka, and Central Silk Board, Bangalore. Purposive sampling was adopted for data collection from 30 households and 42 economic agents during 2020-21. The SAM framework provides inter-sectoral linkages across the sectors within the village. With `10 lakhs further investment in sericulture as a simulation, there was an impact of 1.82 per cent rise in the aggregate volume of transactions or `14,26,100, implying 4754 labour days or full-time employment to 14 households for 320 employment days per annum per household. The indirect impact on labour employment was 71.17 per cent of the effect of 1.82 per cent. The promotion of sericulture succeeded in generating higher employment and income multipliers, but it still requires strengthened awareness creation in the village.

Russian Citizens on the Challenges of Artificial Intelligence, Neural Networks and Social Optimism

Using sociological monitoring empirical data, the authors analyze the impact of the artificial neural networks and artificial intelligence development on the social moods of Russians under conditions of transforming labor market as a systemic social institution in the aspect of forming citizens' confidence in the future and optimistic image of that future. More than half of Russians today express their concerns about the artificial intelligence impact on the labor market closely related to the feeling of uncertainty and lack of confidence in the future. Citizens who express concerns for artificial intelligence impact on labor employment more often express negative attitudes and lack of optimism regarding their personal and country’s future. Growing pessimism is observed in general among respondents who receive information via the Internet and social networks.

Legal Protection of Workers in Unorganized Sectors

ABSTRACT: Each sector has a significant role in the development of a society. That may be an organized sector or unorganized sector. With respect to the organized sectors there are fixed working hours, wages and there will be a security of employment. But in the unorganized sectors the jobs of the workers may not be regular and also not secure. Thus, the rules and regulations of the workers will vary between organized and unorganized sectors. There are more privileges for the workers of organized sectors than the unorganized sectors. Whereas, in most of the countries above 75% of the total work force depend on the unorganized sector. Moreover, the existence of a vast majority of unorganized labor employment cannot be neglected in society. So, there should be benefits and protection of workers in unorganized sectors. Hence, there are legislations and provisions in the constitution which focus on the welfare of the workers in the unorganized sectors. Nevertheless most of the people may not be aware of the protections given to those workers under the constitution and the legislation. An attempt is made in this article to focus on those legal protections guaranteed for the benefit and welfare of the workers in unorganized sectors.

THE IMPACT OF LABOR LAWS ON FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE WORKPLACE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN NIGERIA AND THE UNITED STATES

Labors laws are the body of rules that regulate the relationship between employers and employees at work places. Like all other laws, it provides for the rights and duties of both parties to labor contract. However, the rights so granted under this law has been subtly categorized under the specie of economic and social rights as against the civil and political rights which, arguably, are considered as fundamental. While in one breathe, labor law scholars are protesting the relegation of these rights, they are on the other hand are beginning to interrogate the potency of the former rights and found that they, by their very nature, are capable of adding meaning and advancing the civil and political rights. Thus, a genuine effort at protecting the fundamental rights would necessarily involve the protection of labor rights as economic and social rights. The problem in Nigeria, however, is that the government and generally employers of labor exploit the provisions of various labor laws to hinder the protection and advancement of the fundamental human rights of their employees. Hence, this paper seeks to draw lessons from the labor laws and practice of the United States to demonstrate the positive impacts that Labor laws could have in strengthening the protection of fundamental human rights of Nigerian workers at their workplaces.

The Influence of Industrial Digitalization on the Quality Structure of the Labor Force: A Panel Threshold Model Based on Industrial Structure Upgrading

The rapid development of China’s digital economy has promoted industrial structure upgrading and further affected the quality structure of the labor force across industries. This study conducts a theoretical derivation by building a task-based theoretical model and uses panel data of 30 Chinese provinces from 2001 to 2020 to conduct empirical research on the relationship between industrial digitalization, industrial structure upgrading, and structural changes in labor quality. The study results show that industrial digitalization and industrial structure upgrade affect changes in the quality structure of China’s industrial labor. The industrial structure upgrading index plays a mediating role in influencing industrial digitalization on the educational structure of labor employment. When industrial structure upgrading is considered as the threshold variable, the impact of industrial digitalization on the employment and educational structure of different labor forces in China’s industries has diverse threshold characteristics. In the process of digital industrial development, China needs to focus on protecting labor with secondary education at different stages of digital development and accelerate the development of a skilled labor force to drive the high-quality development of China’s industrial economy.

Debt Financing and Labor Employment in China: An Inverted U-Shaped Relationship

ABSTRACT This study examines whether debt financing affects firm labor employment. Using Chinese listed companies between 2007 and 2021, we identify an inverted U-shaped relationship between debt financing and labor employment. Increased debt financing tends to boost labor employment. However, this positive influence gradually diminishes until a critical point is reached and the relationship turns negative thereafter, suggesting that there is a best balance between debt financing and labor employment. This inverted U-shaped association is also influenced by firm profitability and financial risk, with the former steepening the relationship and the latter making it smoother. Moreover, the impact of debt financing on labor employment is more pronounced in large firms, non-state-owned enterprises, labor-intensive companies, and firms with high solvency. Our findings imply that companies can effectively harness the positive effects of debt financing on labor employment by strategically adjusting their capital and labor resources.

Secular stagnation: a Classical–Marxian view

We study a model of secular stagnation, income and wealth distribution, and employment in the Classical–Marxian (CM) tradition, with the purpose of drawing a contrast with established Neoclassical accounts of the topic (Piketty 2014, Gordon 2015). In these explanations, which assume full employment of labor at all times, an exogenous reduction in the growth rate g increases the difference with the endogenous rate of return to capital r. The capital–income ratio rises and, if the elasticity of substitution is above one, the wage share falls. Our explanation does not presuppose full employment, and features a crucial tension between profit-driven capital accumulation and wage-driven labor-augmenting technical change: both these features are defining for CM economics and have been emphasized in recent heterodox macro literature. Institutional or technological shocks that lower the wage share initially foster capital accumulation – which is profit-driven – and increase wealth inequality. However, the effect on long-run growth is negative, because a reduction in the wage share lessens the incentives by firms to introduce labor-saving innovation, which is wage-driven. The capital–income ratio must rise in order to restore balanced growth and stabilize employment in the long run; and the increase in wealth inequality is permanent. The ultimate effect on long-run employment depends on the relative strength of the response of technical change versus real wage growth to labor market institutions: we identify a simple condition that delivers either a wage-led or a profit-led long-run employment regime. We then test the model using time-series data for the US (1960–2019): impulse responses from vector error-correction model (VECM) estimators lend support to the main predictions of our model, and point to the employment–population ratio being wage-led.

Practicable Vocational and Entrepreneurial Skills Acquisition for job Creation and Poverty Alleviation Among Nigerian Youths

Purpose: This study examined the concepts of poverty, youth unemployment and vocational and entrepreneurial skills acquisition. It also identified the various factors responsible for poverty and youth unemployment in Nigeria. It highlighted the rationale for Nigerian youths to acquire vocational and entrepreneurial skills for self-reliance, income generation, wealth creation and employment generation for others. Theoretical Framework: The aim of vocational and entrepreneurial skills acquisition is to make it practicable in order to drive and deliver the purpose of job creation and poverty alleviation among Nigerian youths. Making it more practicable achieves the driving force to creating economic values and creative business engagements by Nigerians. The focus also provides job opportunities for the teeming Nigerian youths, channels their future to productive activities and turn to make poverty and unemployment to be things of the past if the practicability is achieved through entrepreneurial activities. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study adopted the mode of conducting literature review and conceptualization of the variables and x-rayed the reasons for poverty and unemployment and deepen how the social problems can be identified and reduced to the barest minimum in Nigeria. Findings: Our findings revealed there is serious poverty and unemployment in Nigeria. It as well suggest that it is of valuable and useful direction to promote practicable skills acquisition among Nigerian youths and that the curricula of Nigerian educational institutions should be more pragmatic and have built-in-job training programmes that would enable students to acquire relevant practicable vocational and entrepreneurial skills required for self-employment, job and wealth creation and poverty alleviation. While all stakeholders should be actively involved in the funding of vocational and entrepreneurship education. Research, Practical & Social implications: This study in its focus contributes to a better understanding of the important role being played by entrepreneurial skills acquisition in achieving practicable vocational skills and to develop entrepreneurial attitudes of Nigerian youths that will form the economic growth of the country through their engagements and make them employers of labour through their acquired practicable vocational skills acquisition to better the society. This study also contributes to a better understanding of the causes of the menace which therefore proffers solution to tackling the problem of poverty among Nigerian youths through the provision of a viable, robust, comprehensive and practical-oriented vocational and entrepreneurship education. It also expressed how the collective responsibility of all prominent Nigerians could be keyed-into supporting entrepreneurship programmes in Nigeria in the area of funding of vocational and entrepreneurship education in Nigeria which both Government at Federal, State and Local Government levels and the Non-Govermental Organisations (NGOs). Originality/value: The added value of this study provides insights on how vocational entrepreneurial skills acquisition programmes can be practicable effective in a way to structure the future of Nigerian youths and citizens for productive economic activities. It is as well sought how poverty and unemployment can be reduced and make citizens focus for economic growth and self-dependence businesses.

Dynamic Nonlinear Relationship between Digital Transformation, Green Transformation in Manufacturing Industry and Labor Structure: Evidence from Panel VAR Analysis

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">The digital transformation of manufacturing industry can promote the development of green transformation and promote the differentiation of workers’ skill structure; On the other hand, it will also hinder the green development due to the huge energy consumption generated by the application of digital technology and facilities. In addition, the green transformation of manufacturing industry will also have differentiated impacts on the employment of labour with different skills due to the innovation of green technology. The existing research has not discussed too much about the interaction among the digital transformation and green transformation in manufacturing industry and labour structure. So, this paper uses the PVAR model to examine the dynamic relationship between digital and green transformation within the industrial sector from the perspective of labour structure, specifically analyzing the impact difference across regions. The results suggest that there is a reciprocal connection between the digitization of manufacturing sector and the labour structure, particularly in the eastern region of China, but the overall interaction between the two remains weak. The interactive between the green transformation of manufacturing industry and the labour structure in the central and western areas has been delayed over periods 1-6. Digital and green manufacturing transformation reinforce each other in central and western regions. However, the digital revolution in the manufacturing industry is hindered by the green transformation in eastern region.</span></p>

Local government debt and labor income share: Evidence from China.

This study employs a CES production function to construct a theoretical model of labor income share and uses a two-way fixed effects model to test the causal effects of local government debt (LGD) on the labor income share of enterprises. Local government debt governance policies are utilized as exogenous shocks, and a DID (Difference-in-Differences) model is applied for endogeneity testing. The results have passed a series of robustness checks. The findings suggest that LGD decreases the share of firms' labor income. The mechanism analysis suggests that LGD lowers the labor remuneration of residents, the employment of labor in enterprises, and the size of bank loans mainly; while raising the cost of using funds in enterprises. Moreover, this negative effect is more apparent in non-state-owned enterprises, small and medium-sized enterprises, and enterprises with high financing constraints. This study presents new evidence on how the labor income share of enterprises is affected from the perspective by local governments in China. It has important implications for further deepening local government debt governance and achieving common prosperity.

Methodology for Practical Analysis of Economic Efficiency Indicators of Clusters

This article analyzes issues related to increasing the efficiency of the cluster and its member enterprises, such as saving resources, efficient use of employee labor, improving the quality of service and its efficiency, and meeting consumer demand. A methodology for practical analysis of cluster economic efficiency indicators has been developed.

The impact of the artificial intelligence industry on the number and structure of employments in the digital economy environment

This study endeavors to examine the intricate impact of the industries related to artificial intelligence (AI) on both the quantity of labor employment in terms of quantity and the evolving structure of the job market. The study constructs a mechanism and theoretical model to elucidate labor employment dynamics and structural transformations within the AI industry. The research findings reveal discernible trend in China's labor force characterized by a heightened emphasis on education and increased employment opportunities. This study makes a substantial contribution to the field by constructing innovative mechanisms and theoretical frameworks that facilitate a profound comprehension of the intricacies surrounding labor employment and structural changes in the AI industry. This comprehension is grounded in an analysis of the prevailing employment quantity and structure. This study is underpinned by an examination of employment distribution across diverse industries and a meticulous analysis of the workforce's skill diversity. By thoroughly analyzing China's digital economy policies and the strides made in digital technologies, the study formulates a set of recommendations aimed at fostering national economic growth and achieving successful digital transformation. The primary innovation of this study resides in its exploration of the impact of the AI industry with respect to China's labor employment structure through the lens of a Marxist theoretical perspective. Consequently, the study extends both innovative significance and practical value.

The effects of labor choice on investment and output dynamics

We incorporate both labor and capital as production inputs and discuss the effects of labor choice on a firm’s optimal investment decision and output dynamics based on real options framework. In particular, we introduce different levels of labor flexibility and examine how it affects the firm’s investment and employment strategy. We show that upward-only adjustable labor, which can arise from employment protection, discourages investment and makes a negative short-run impact on labor employment but a positive impact in the long-run. We also show that the firm invests earlier and produces more at the investment timing when it is either highly labor-intensive or highly capital-intensive. The impact of labor share on output is more pronounced as time elapses and it is more significant when labor is only upward-adjustable than the case of fully flexible labor. Furthermore, we show that uncertainty can make both positive and negative impacts on investment, but that the latter is more pronounced when the labor share is high.

Credit Financing and Agricultural Development in Nigeria

This study investigates the short-run dynamics and long-run link between credit financing offered by Deposit Money Banks (DMBs) and agricultural development in Nigeria for a period of 1981 to 2020. A quantitative ex-post facto research design was employed to analyze bank credit impact on agricultural advancement at both aggregate and sub-sectoral agricultural production. The research strategy utilized allows the use of economic series obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin (2021) and World Bank Development Indicators (2021) to be analyzed by Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) estimation technique. From ARDL estimations, it is indicated that DMBs loans and advances have significantly negative short-run impacts on agricultural development in Nigeria at both aggregate and sub-sector levels. However, Bounds Testing analysis shows that the impacts of DMBs financing on Nigeria agriculture sector and labour employment in the sector become positively significant over a long period at aggregate level and for crop production only as a sub-sector. But the observed positive long-run impact of DMBs lending to agriculture was not significant for advancement of other sub-sectors (livestock, fishing and forestry). Hence, the study affirms that in the short run DMBs lending significantly slow down agricultural development in Nigeria but increases it significantly in the long run. The study recommends that there is need for agricultural policy makers and governments in Nigeria to develop appropriate specific agricultural financing mechanism that can aid performance of agricultural sector in the short-run and maintain long-run positive gains in the sector.

Returns to digital skills use, temporary employment, and trade unions in European labour markets

This paper investigates the moderating role of institutional factors on returns to ICT skill usage among different groups of workers in eight European labour markets. Using PIAAC data, the paper leverages the segmentation of contractual status, allowing for heterogeneous wage effects among workers holding permanent and temporary contracts. Furthermore, this study considers how gaps in ICT wage premiums mirror the compositional differences in national-specific trade union densities among contractual groups, demonstrating that wage premiums associated with ICT usage are not univocally defined by task content or demand-supply dynamics for specific sectors and occupations. The results highlight different returns between labour market segments according to national-specific trade union densities of temporary and permanent workers, revealing how the consequences of technological change are shaped by institutional cleavages.

Will common agricultural policy support save farm employment in the wine sector?

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to analyze whether different types of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) subsidies maintained jobs or even created them on wine farms during the years 2013–2019 using a Hungarian Farm Accountancy Data Network panel dataset. Farm employment is separated into paid and unpaid labor. The initial decline in farm employment during the first three years of analysis was due to the decline in paid labor, but later there was rather stable development in both paid and unpaid labor. The dynamic panel regression results confirm that the employment in the previous year is the crucial driver for the employment of labor on wine farms. CAP subsidies for direct payments to farmers and, to a lesser extent, economic farm size, are positively associated with the employment of paid labor (and thus the employment of total wine farms-related labor), but not with employment of unpaid labor, and vice versa rented land share. These results and findings are robust independent of year-fixed effects. While CAP subsidies for direct payments to farmers supported the maintenance or increase in paid labor employment on wine farms, trade-offs arose regarding the efficiency of wine farms and their entrepreneurial-, innovation-, and market-added value-chain efforts.

Research and Application of Intelligent Water Source Well Air Defense Pumping and Dry Burning Technology

The surface water injection technology for developing low permeability reservoirs comes from the water supply of water source wells. The groundwater resources in oil fields are limited, with high water consumption and a decrease in water level, lacking effective monitoring methods. In recent years, there have been frequent occurrences of unsafe waste of electrical energy due to dry burning during pumping in water source wells, which has seriously affected the normal water injection of oilfield formations. In order to prevent dry burning of water source wells by pumping air, research on intelligent air defense dry burning technology for water source wells has been carried out. The automatic pump stop alarm at low water level and the automatic pump start at high water level avoid the phenomenon of dry burning during pumping in the water source well, ensure the normal operation of the water source well, and ensure sufficient water injection from the source. Reduce employee labor intensity and achieve the goal of optimizing human resources. Associate the start and stop status of the water source well with the tank position of the water injection station to achieve automatic water distribution and inventory, achieve digital management and fine management, and achieve the goal of reducing costs and increasing efficiency, which has promotion value.

Managerial Labor Market Mobility and Corporate Social Responsibility

ABSTRACT The staggered rejection of the inevitable disclosure doctrine (IDD) by state courts increases the mobility of both managerial and rank-and-file employee labor markets. Flammer and Kacperczyk (2019) report a positive impact of the IDD rejection on firms’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) and interpret the finding as managers using CSR to retain employees. We propose and test managerial incentives to grow their external employment potential as another explanation. We find that the IDD rejection impact is stronger when industry firms are more likely to hire external CEOs and when external tournament prizes are greater, and weaker when CEOs are held up by unvested equity grants and when governance control is stronger. We fail to find that the IDD rejection effect varies with employee incentives. We further find that CSR investment does help CEOs obtain sought-after personal benefits by increasing their total pay and the likelihood of landing a new executive position. JEL Classifications: J44; J62; M14.

Task Technology Fit Adoption in the Recruitment Process Using Google Form for IPSM Members

The IT role that is likely to have the greatest effect on human resource processes is that of electronic forms processing transactions. recruitment through this portal is more intended to recruit indirect labor employees or employees who are not directly related to production and with a limited number. Therefore, many companies/organizations use Google Forms for the employee recruitment process which requires a large number of candidates. The purpose of this study is to empirically examine the effect of Task Characteristics, Technology Characteristics, and Individual Characteristics on Task Technology Fit and its influence on Individual Performance, User Satisfaction, Benefit, Utilization, Perceived Ease of Use, and Perceived Usefulness in the recruitment process using the google form. This research is quantitative research that will examine the effect of the variables, namely the independent variable and the dependent variable by testing the hypothesis. The population in this study was 219 members of the Association of Human Resource Practitioners (IPSM). The sample used in this study was 71 respondents who processed data using Smart PLS 3.2.9. The results of this study indicate that 8 of the 9 hypotheses show a significant and positive effect. This shows that IPSM members have adopted Task Technology Fit in their recruitment process by using the Google form. However, it is necessary to conduct further research with more respondents.

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) FRAMEWORK FOR YOUTH EMPOWERMENTS IN NIGERIA

The rate of unemployment among Nigerian youths is alarming and this unfortunate situation has led many youths to involve in various forms of crimes such as armed robbery, banditry, kidnapping, human trafficking, insurgency, to mention but a few. Though, governments at all levels are trying to minimize unemployment scenario through different interventions, such as poverty alleviation, agriculture anchor programme, trainings of youths on different technical programmes and so on. This paper proposes an ICT based framework for youth empowerment in Nigeria so as to complements the existing efforts on the joblessness. The paper x-rayed concept of ICT, youth empowerments and unemployment. It was also explained in the paper the causes of unemployment in Nigeria and governments efforts to reduce unemployment to barest minimum. The paper provides some recommendations, such as, provision of interest-free loans by federal government to youths who are willing to stand on their own for self-reliant and employer of labour in the nearest future.