Employment Insurance Research Articles

The impact of pension reform on employment, retirement, and disability insurance claims

We evaluate the 2011 comprehensive reform of Norwegian early retirement institutions using a parsimonious random utility choice model. Conditional on employment at age 60, we estimate a three-state conditional logit model to explain the realized labor market state at age 63 among the alternatives of employment, retirement, and disability program participation. The reform radically changed work incentives and/or pension access age for some (but not all) workers, such that the influence of economic incentives can be identified based on reform-generated variation only. We find that improved work incentives caused employment rates to rise considerably at the expense of early retirement and exit through disability insurance. Improved liquidity through a lower age to access own pension funds on actuarially neutral terms caused a small increase in employment and a large drop in disability program participation. Properly designed pension reforms thus need to take the interplay between old-age pension and disability insurance programs into account.

Effect of Outpatient Pooling Scheme on the Medical Costs of Patients with Chronic Diseases -- Based on Multi-period DID Modeling

The establishment of a sound mechanism for covering outpatient medical bills under the basic medical insurance for urban employees is one of the major livelihood projects to deepen the reform of China's medical security system. This study utilizes the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), combines the interview data from four periods from 2011 to 2018, empirically analyzes the impact of the outpatient pooling scheme on the total outpatient costs and personal burden of patients with chronic diseases by using a multi-period double-difference model and further validates it by using the double-difference propensity score matching method (PSM-DID). The results show that the implementation of the outpatient pooling scheme is conducive to reducing the healthcare burden of chronically ill patients. Although the outpatient co-ordination did not have a significant impact on the reduction of outpatient costs for patients with chronic diseases, it significantly reduced the self-treatment costs of patients with chronic diseases. Further research found that the policy had a greater impact on chronic disease patients with poorer health. Combined with the results of the study, this paper suggests gradually eliminating the differences in basic policy treatment between regions, guaranteeing the level of outpatient treatment for insured patients in different places, and promoting better utilization of the outpatient co-ordination policy effect.

New Linked Employee-Employer Data Show Workforce Composition Is Associated With Health Insurance Offers Among Small Employers.

Decades of research shows that small firms are much less likely to offer health insurance than large firms, but less is known about differences among small employers. We examine this issue using the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey-Insurance Component with Administrative Records (MEPS-ICAR), a unique employer-employee linked data set that is constructed by matching the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey-Insurance Component (MEPS-IC) to Internal Revenue Service administrative records and the Decennial Census. Multivariate analyses show that among firms with fewer than 50 workers, the probability that workers receive an insurance offer is positively associated with higher median workforce incomes, and conditional offers of dependent coverage increase when the majority of workers are married or from a family with at least three members. This first application of the MEPS-ICAR highlights the significance of workforce characteristics in shaping small employer insurance benefits and the data's usefulness for expanding analyses of policy changes, wage-benefit tradeoffs, and health insurance benefits.

ENHANCING DIGITAL SKILL TRAINING’S QUALITY AT UNIVERSITIES TO IMPROVE EMPLOYEE JOB PERFORMANCES IN VIETNAM’S INSURANCE COMPANIES

The worldwide digital transformation has greatly driven the insurance industry to change the way of working to gain a competitive edge. Many insurance companies have focused on providing key skills needed for employees to meet the changing requirements of the labor force. Employees should be equipped with not only professional knowledge, career qualities, and soft skills but also digital capacities to serve customers with the best insurance products. This study aims to identify the impacts of training quality on employee job performance in Vietnam's insurance companies regarding digital skills to meet the digital economy's demands. To achieve the study's objectives, the online survey questionnaire was used to gather data on the impacts of training quality on employees' job performances regarding digital skills with the participation of 240 respondents from 3 insurance companies and three universities in Vietnam. The findings demonstrate a positive correlation between digital skills training and insurance employee’s job performances. The study findings will be helpful for universities training occupational insurance in Vietnam to enhance higher education quality and produce a digital workforce for insurance companies in digital transformation and international integration.

Healthcare Access for Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the United States: A Survey by the Crohn's & Colitis Foundation.

A prior survey disseminated in 2017 identified that healthcare access barriers exist and significantly affect patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We sought to identify, through an updated survey, the healthcare access barriers that patients continue to face, with a focus on socioeconomic factors and patient awareness of resources to navigate existing barriers. A 52-question online survey evaluating (1) access to healthcare professionals, medications, and procedures; (2) associated financial challenges; and (3) patient awareness of education and advocacy tools to navigate IBD care barriers, was disseminated through multiple channels to IBD patients and their caregivers. Of the 2281 completed responses, patients on advanced specialty medications, younger than 65 years of age, or on employer insurance experienced significantly greater issues with insurance barriers to accessing medications and coverage of medically necessary tests/treatments. Patients who live in areas of concentrated poverty were more likely to experience poor health outcomes when subjected to step therapy compared to patients who did not. Additionally, patients were more likely to experience one or more financial barriers or trade-offs if the patient used an advanced specialty medicine or lived in an area with concentrated poverty. While there have been significant and numerous advancements in IBD treatments, patients with IBD continue to experience barriers to healthcare access and treatment and financial struggles. Ongoing awareness and advocacy efforts focused on healthcare system reform and related policies to further minimize care disparities and barriers remain vital.

Equality and justice as the basis for unification of the right of citizens for an insurance labor pension

The differentiation of the right of citizens of the Russian Federation for an insurance labor pension by gender provided for by the current legislation raises questions in civil society due to the discrepancy between the norms fixing different retirement ages for men and women, the principle of equality guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and ensuring social justice in society. One of the reasons is that a significant proportion of men do not live to the 65-year retirement age fixed by law. Analyzing the current legal norms and comparing them with statistical data and the results of law enforcement indicating a clearly unfair standardization of these relations, the authors offer their own vision of solving the existing problems. The authors substantiate the conclusion on the necessity to unify the right of citizens for an insurance pension by establishing a common retirement age of 60 years for men and women for the period of solving the main demographic problems in the state and creating conditions for increasing life expectancy. At the same time, emphasizing the special role of women, the authors propose to include legislatively the time associated with the birth and upbringing of children in a woman’s insurance experience, regardless of whether a woman had previous employment relationships and insurance experience. It should be done to create a favorable regime for the formation of women’s insurance experience and ensure formal equality with men.

Inequality in Mortality and Cardiovascular Risk Among Young, Low-Income, Self-Employed Workers: Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study.

Self-employment is a significant component of South Korea's labor force; yet, it remains relatively understudied in the context of occupational safety and health. Owing to different guidelines for health checkup participation among economically active individuals, disparities in health maintenance may occur across varying employment statuses. This study aims to address such disparities by comparing the risk of all-cause mortality and comorbidities between the self-employed and employee populations in South Korea, using nationwide data. We sought to provide insights relevant to other countries with similar cultural, social, and economic contexts. This nationwide retrospective study used data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database. Participants (aged 20-59 y) who maintained the same insurance type (self-employed or employee insurance) for ≥3 years (at least 2008-2010) were recruited for this study and monitored until death or December 2021-whichever occurred first. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. The secondary outcomes were ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, cancer, and hospitalization with a mental illness. Age-standardized cumulative incidence rates were estimated through an indirect method involving 5-unit age standardization. A multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and 95% CI for each sex stratum. Subgroup analyses and an analysis of the effect modification of health checkup participation were also performed. A total of 11,652,716 participants were analyzed (follow-up: median 10.92, IQR 10.92-10.92 y; age: median 42, IQR 35-50 y; male: n=7,975,116, 68.44%); all-cause mortality occurred in 1.27% (99,542/7,851,282) of employees and 3.29% (124,963/3,801,434) of self-employed individuals (P<.001). The 10-year cumulative incidence rates of all-cause mortality differed significantly by employment status (1.1% for employees and 2.8% for self-employed individuals; P<.001). The risk of all-cause mortality was significantly higher among the self-employed individuals when compared with that among employees, especially among female individuals, according to the final model (male: adjusted HR 1.44, 95% CI 1.42-1.45; female: adjusted HR 1.89, 95% CI 1.84-1.94; P<.001). The risk of the secondary outcomes, except all types of malignancies, was significantly higher among the self-employed individuals (all P values were <.001). According to subgroup analyses, this association was prominent in younger individuals with lower incomes who formed a part of the nonparticipation groups. Furthermore, health checkup participation acted as an effect modifier for the association between employment status and all-cause mortality in both sexes (male: relative excess risk due to interaction [RERI] 0.76, 95% CI 0.74-0.79; female: RERI 1.13, 95% CI 1.05-1.21). This study revealed that self-employed individuals face higher risks of all-cause mortality, cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, and mental illnesses when compared to employees. The mortality risk is particularly elevated in younger, lower-income individuals who do not engage in health checkups, with health checkup nonparticipation acting as an effect modifier for this association.

The Influence of Managerial Communication, Workload, and Compensation on Turnover Intention with Job Satisfaction as a Mediation Variable on XYZ Insurance Employees in Tangerang

This study aims to determine the influence of managerial communication, workload, and compensation on turnover intention, with job satisfaction serving as a mediating variable. The study was conducted at the XYZ Insurance office in Tangerang, involving 138 employees, with sample size determined using the Krejcie-Morgan formula and purposive sampling method. Data was collected through questionnaires distributed via Google Forms, containing 40 questions with 1-5 Likert scale. The data was analyzed using the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) method. The results indicate that managerial communication, workload, and compensation negatively affect turnover intention among XYZ Insurance employees. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that job satisfaction mediates the relationship between managerial communication, workload, and compensation on turnover intention.

Impact of Integrative Health and Medicine on Costs Associated with Adult Health System Beneficiaries with Musculoskeletal Conditions: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Objective: Owing to perceived additional costs, patients may avoid integrative health and medicine (IHM) treatments, while insurers may not cover IHM. We hypothesized that adult beneficiaries of a health system's employee insurance plan with musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions receiving covered outpatient IHM would have reduced total allowed costs over the 1-year follow-up compared with matched controls, secondarily exploring medical and pharmaceutical cost subsets. Methods: We queried medical records and claims spanning 2018-2023 for beneficiaries aged 18-89 years with a new MSK episode. Patients were divided into cohorts: (1) IHM within 3 months after MSK diagnosis and (2) no IHM after initial primary care. After inflation adjustment and trimming, propensity score matching was used to balance cohorts on demographics, comorbidity, health care utilization, and prior 12-month spend. Least-squares mean total, medical, and pharmaceutical allowed costs (United States Dollar) over the 1-year follow-up were analyzed using a linear mixed model. Findings were compared with a generalized linear model without trimming. Results: There were 251 patients per matched cohort, with adequate covariate balance. There was no meaningful between-cohort difference (IHM minus No IHM) in least-squares mean total cost (+703 [95% CI: -314, 1720]). Secondary outcomes included medical cost (+878 [95% CI: 61, 1695]) and pharmaceutical cost (+6 [95% CI: -71, 83]). A generalized linear model revealed no meaningful difference in estimated mean total medical costs (-2561 [95% CI: -7346, +2224]). Conclusions: IHM use among adult health system beneficiaries with MSK conditions was not associated with meaningful differences in 1-year follow-up total health care costs compared with matched controls. Our study was underpowered for secondary outcomes, which should be interpreted with caution. Future research should include a larger sample of patients and examine longitudinal changes in patient-reported outcomes.

Does Knee Arthroplasty Have a Beneficial Effect on Return to Work in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis who Receive Long-Term Disability Benefits in the Netherlands?

Optimal timing of knee arthroplasty (KA) is complex: operating at a younger age increases life time risk of revision, while delay results in an increased risk of job loss. This study evaluates whether disability benefits recipients due to knee osteoarthritis have an increased odds of returning to work (RTW) following KA. A retrospective cohort study was performed among long-term disability benefits recipients due to knee osteoarthritis using data of the Dutch Employee Insurance Agency. Logistic regression assessed whether recipients with KA had a higher odds of RTW in 10years following start of disability benefits, compared to those without KA. A total of 159 participants were included. During 10-year follow up, 42% had received KA and 37% had returned to work. No association was observed between KA and RTW (OR 1.39, 95% CI 0.62-3.12). Prognostic factors for RTW were being the main breadwinner (OR 7.93, 95% CI 2.95-21.32) and classification as 100% work disability (OR 0.20, 95% CI 0.09-0.45). KA has no beneficial effect on RTW among patients with knee osteoarthritis granted long-term disability in the Netherlands. For RTW, KA is probably best performed within the two years of paid sick leave before long-term disability is assessed in the Netherlands.

THE ORIGINS OF THE PROVINCIAL PHOTOGRAPHER’S CREATIVITY EARLY XX CENTURY A.A. ZIRAH

The work of the provincial Ufa photographer of the early XX century A.A. Zirakh does not go beyond the descriptive discourse in the literature of local lore. However, we believe that it is a phenomenon that needs to be interpreted from a historical and cultural point of view. We tried to understand what a small insurance employee was motivated by to selflessly give the last decade of his life to photography. The very analysis of photographs by A.A. Zirakh led to an appeal to the problem of the difference between history and memory. The surviving photographs indicate that A.A. Zirakh was more interested in the architecture and landscape of the city than in the events. This confirms the thesis that the artist considered his collection as a tool of memory, but not as a historical source. Memory, unlike history, is an area of individual perception. In this regard, our attitude differs from the one of the representatives of the "place of memory" concept. The nature of A.A. Zirakh's work is associated with the problem of the attitude of the Russian intelligentsia to the province. We believe that monotony is the defining mood of the provincial chronotope. But a creative person can’t control the time. A scholar is deprived of the opportunity to act as a subject of historical processes in province. The monotony and eventlessness of backwater time are changed only under the influence of the center. On the contrary, the monotony and, consequently, the meaninglessness of the landscape of the outskirts are amenable to creative transformation. Breaking out of the monotonous environment of familiar urban objects through photography, A.A. Zirakh forces to focus attention on them, to notice the uniqueness and thereby destroy the anonymity of the urban landscape.

Environmental regulation and worker earnings: Evidence from city-level air quality standards in China

This study delves into the influence of environmental regulations on worker earnings, employing China's City Air Pollution Prevention and Control Program (CAPPCP) as a quasi-experimental framework. We employ a difference-in-differences (DD) approach and match two unique firm-level data sets that include information on firm's economic indicators, and various emissions and abatement equipment. The results show that CAPPCP causes an average of 3.2% reduction in worker earnings, which amounts to CNY 6.1 billion (USD 803.4 million) in forgone earnings. The estimated result is less than that of comparable US studies. In addition, the reduction in earning tends to be attributed at bonuses rather than regular wages, and firms pay more unemployment insurance for employees. In the channel test, CAPPCP leads to an increase of 4.7% in firm's pollution abatement equipment and 6.4% in pollution treatment capacity, which significantly increase firm's production costs. We also find different types of firm responses to the regulations, where high-polluting, smaller, labor-intensive and non-SOE firms show a higher reduction in worker earnings than their counterparts. A cost-benefit analysis suggests that the health benefits gained through CAPPCP significantly outweigh that of earning losses.

Multilevel medical insurance mitigate health cost inequality due to air pollution: Evidence from China

BackgroundAir pollution affects residents’ health to varying extents according to differences in socioeconomic status. However, there has been a lack of research on whether air pollution contributes to unfair health costs.MethodsIn this research, data from the China Labour Force Dynamics Survey are matched with data on PM2.5 average concentration and precipitation, and the influence of air pollution on the health expenditures of residents is analysed with econometric methods involving a two-part model, instrument variables and moderating effects.ResultsThe findings reveal that air pollution significantly impacts Chinese residents’ health costs and leads to low-income people face health inequality. Specifcally, the empirical evidence shows that air pollution has no significant influence on the probability of residents’ health costs (β = 0.021, p = 0.770) but that it increases the amount of residents’ total outpatient costs (β = 0.379, p < 0.006), reimbursed outpatient cost (β = 0.453, p < 0.044) and out-of-pocket outpatient cost (β = 0.362, p < 0.048). The heterogeneity analysis of income indicates that low-income people face inequality due to health cost inflation caused by air pollution, their total and out-of-pocket outpatient cost significantly increase with PM2.5 (β = 0.417, p = 0.013; β = 0.491, p = 0.020). Further analysis reveals that social basic medical insurance does not have a remarkable positive moderating effect on the influence of air pollution on individual health inflation (β = 0.021, p = 0.292), but supplementary medical insurance for employees could reduce the effect of air pollution on low-income residents’ reimbursed and out-of-pocket outpatient cost (β=-1.331, p = 0.096; β=-2.211, p = 0.014).ConclusionThe study concludes that air pollution increases the amount of Chinese residents’ outpatient cost and has no significant effect on the incidence of outpatient cost. However, air pollution has more significant impact on the low-income residents than the high-income residents, which indicates that air pollution leads to the inequity of medical cost. Additionally, the supplementary medical insurance reduces the inequity of medical cost caused by air pollution for the low-income employees.

“No room for error”: a qualitative interview study of experiences with health insurance coverage loss and COVID-19 pandemic relief policies among people with asthma

Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic led to unemployment and associated health insurance loss, prompting an unprecedented adoption of emergency policies, including economic relief efforts and health insurance coverage expansion. We sought to understand pandemic-related challenges for people with asthma and how emergency policies served families facing both chronic disease management and health insurance loss. Study design Qualitative interview study. Methods In 2021, we conducted semi-structured telephone interviews with 21 adults who had asthma and lost employment and employer-sponsored health insurance coverage during the COVID-19 pandemic. We used thematic analysis to assess how health and economic policies affected participants’ ability to access care and manage their asthma. Results Participants reported reduced access to care, as well as worry about heightened susceptibility to COVID-19 due to their asthma. While insurance loss exacerbated these challenges, participants indicated that economic relief efforts, including direct stimulus payments, helped them afford needed asthma care. Participants were more critical of enhancements to existing coverage policies such as the Affordable Care Act (ACA) Marketplace and Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA) due to difficulty understanding, accessing, and affording such coverage. Conclusions Our findings underscore that people affected by asthma and health insurance loss benefit from policies that provide flexible and easy-to-use assistance, such as direct payments, for meeting the diverse challenges posed by living with a chronic disease. Although policies that expand health insurance coverage are critical, more attention is needed to help people with chronic conditions access these programs in a timely way.

Food security among black breast cancer survivors in Maryland: insights from an online pilot study.

Food security, and reliable access to nutritious food, is essential for maintaining health yet remains elusive for many, including U.S. patients with breast cancer (BC). Research specifically focusing on public health consequences of food insecurity in BC survivors is limited. We addressed this gap by exploring the relationship between food security and various sociodemographic, clinical, and cancer-related factors among Black BC survivors in Maryland. The parent study engaged Black female BC survivors in Maryland through digital campaigns and referrals, achieving 100 completed surveys. Food security was assessed through an online follow-up survey with the six-item short form from U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), leading to a binary classification for analysis from raw scores. Statistical analysis involved descriptive analysis and Chi-square tests to explore the relationship between food security status, various BC risk factors, and follow-up survey response status. Of the 31 participants who participated in the follow-up survey, 11 (35.5%) were categorized as having low food security. We observed significant associations between food security status and both income (< $40,000; chi-square p = 0.004) and education levels (high school/GED; chi-square p = 0.004). In comparing respondents to non-respondents, significant differences in employment (p = 0.031) and health insurance status (p = 0.006) were observed. Our descriptive findings demonstrate the importance of further studies evaluating food security screenings in Black BC survivors to enable targeted interventions aiming to improve overall health outcomes and equity in cancer survivorship care.

EQ-5D-5L Population Scores in Mainland China: Results From a Nationally Representative Survey 2021

ObjectivesThere is a lack of monitoring changes in the population scores of the most recent version, EQ-5D-5L, in mainland China. This study aimed to address this knowledge gap by assessing the EQ-5D-5L scores in mainland China using a nationally representative sample. MethodsData were extracted from the 2021 Survey of Health Index of Chinese Families, which covered 31 provinces/autonomous regions/municipalities in mainland China. The survey used a multistage quota sampling strategy encompassing 120 prefecture-level cities. Quotas were allocated to each prefecture-level city in accordance with the 2020 China Population Census. This approach resulted in a final sample of 11 030 eligible questionnaires. The utility index (UI) and EuroQol Visual Analog Scale (EQ VAS) scores were reported for the entire sample (age-gender-urban/rural weighted) and by the characteristics of the study participants. ResultsThe study participants had a weighted mean UI of 0.939 (SD 0.135) and EQ VAS score of 80.19 (SD 18.39). The most commonly reported problem was anxiety/depression (26.37%), whereas self-care was the least reported problem (6.18%). Those who were male, were younger, lived without chronic conditions and disabilities, had higher levels of education, earned higher monthly household income, and were covered by basic medical insurance for urban employees had higher scores in both the UI and EQ VAS. ConclusionThis study revealed slightly lower UI scores despite a much higher drop in EQ VAS scores whereas China maintained minimum cases of COVID-19 in 2021 compared with the population norms recorded in 2019. Further studies are warranted to unveil the full impacts of COVID-19 outbreaks.

Death by A Thousand Cuts: Double Burden and Subordination of Female Ride-Hailing Drivers Towards Social Security Services

Ride-hailing platforms have mushroomed ever since the digitalization and technology development occurred in Indonesia. This could absorb most of the workforce, one of which is the ride-hailing drivers. Nevertheless, the informality of ride-hailing drivers has put them in a vulnerable position, especially for female drivers. This study aims to reveal the regulatory loopholes of gig workers, not to mention the ride-hailing drivers, subordination and vulnerabilities towards female ride-hailing drivers in Indonesia, as well as the urgency and best practice of social security that should be provided for female ride-hailing drivers. The research method utilized in this study is Participatory Narrative Inquiry (PNI) by gathering personal stories of the research subject, female ride-hailing drivers, through in-depth interviews. This study found several critical issues: (i) regulatory loopholes that emerge under the partnership scheme, leaving no obligatory for the ride-hailing platforms to provide social security services; (ii) female ride-hailing drivers in Indonesia experienced subordination and vulnerabilities, including gender stereotyping, sexual harassment, double burden between care work and paid work, as well as the absence of employment basic rights and access to social security services; (iii) providing and expanding National Health Insurance (JKN) to childcare and elderly care, as well as Employment Insurance (JKK, JKM, JHT, and pension insurance/JP) may lighten up the burden of female ride-hailing drivers.

Factors Related to Hospital Inpatients among the Poor in Indonesia

Background: The poor are vulnerable when they fall seriously ill and require hospitalization. The study aimed to analyze the factors related to hospital inpatients among the poor in Indonesia. Methods: We analysed the 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Survey data. This cross-sectional study examined 233778 respondents through stratification and multistage random sampling. We used seven independent variables age, gender, marital status, education, employment, and health insurance, in addition to the hospital inpatient, as a dependent variable. We employed binary logistic regression to evaluate the data. Results: The poor in urban areas were 1.315 times more likely to be hospital inpatients than those in rural areas (95%CI 1.249-1.385). Age, gender, and marital status were related to the hospital inpatients. The better the education level, the higher the hospital inpatient proportion. Meanwhile, the employed were 40% less likely than the unemployed to be hospital inpatients (95%CI 0.565-0.634). Furthermore, the insured were 3.513 times more likely than the uninsured to be hospital inpatients (95%CI 3.264-3.780). Conclusion: Seven variables were related to hospital inpatients among the poor in Indonesia: residence, age, gender, marital status, education, employment, and health insurance. Health insurance was the main factor associated with hospital inpatients among low-income people. The government must increase the subsidy quota for the poor's participation in National Health Insurance.

Diabetes and Financial Well-Being: Differential Hardship Among Vulnerable Populations.

The purpose of the study was to examine financial well-being among a diverse population of individuals with and without diabetes. Data from the Understanding America Survey, a nationally representative, longitudinal panel, were utilized to identify adults with self-reported diabetes diagnoses between 2014 and 2020. We used longitudinal mixed effects regression models to assess the association between diabetes and financial well-being score (FWBS) among racial and ethnic population subgroups. Models included sex, age, marital status, household size, income, education, race/ethnicity, insurance, body mass index, employment, and health insurance, incorporating individual- and household-level fixed effects. Racial and ethnic differentials were captured using group-condition interactions. Black participants (17.06%) had the highest prevalence of diabetes, followed by White participants (12.2%), "other" racial groups (10.7%), and Hispanic participants (10.0%). In contrast, White participants (M = 67.66, SD = 22.63) and other racial groups (M = 67.99, SD = 18.45) had the highest FWBSs, followed by Hispanic participants (M = 59.31, SD = 22.78) and Black participants (M = 55.86, SD = 25.67). Compared to White participants, Black participants (β = -5.49, SE = 0.71) and Hispanic participants (β = -2.06, SE = 0.63) have significantly lower FWBSs. Compared to males, females (β = -3.25, SE = 0.41) had lower FWBSs among individuals with diabetes. FWBSs of individuals with diabetes was 2.71 points lower (SE = 0.52), on average, than those without diabetes. Education, household size, age, marital status, and income were also significantly associated with FWBSs. Findings suggest potential disparities in the financial ramifications of diabetes among socially marginalized populations.

Organizational Culture Resilience and Subjective Happiness among Insurance Employees

Abstract: The Study of organizational culture looks at how people or groups interacts inside a company and how it affects how well the company performs in relation to its goals. It includes how different elements affect how an organization behaves, emphasizing the dynamics that shape the environment and how well it works to accomplish objectives. The ability to adjust to difficult situations in life by exhibiting mental, emotional, and behavioral flexibility is referred to as Resilience. It includes the capacity to adapt to demands from both the inside and the outside, which eventually enables one to successfully navigate trying circumstances and produce favorable results. Subjective happiness is the termed used to describe joy and fulfilment in life that is derived from self-report surveys and is impacted by both external and internal elements, including social interactions and the surrounding society and personality qualities. Businesses that offer financial safeguards against risk through a range of products such as property, casualty, health, and life insurance, are included in the Insurance industry. These organizations evaluate risks, gather premiums, and disburse claims in the case of insured occurrences. They are vital in preventing monetary losses for people, corporations, and other organizations. Understanding these factors informs how important insurance sector plays an role in the organizational world. The present study aims to determine the relationship of organizational culture on Resilience and Subjective Happiness of it employees. Sample of 164 employees who are working in the insurance sector was taken from Hyderabad, Kolkata and Bangalore. Organizational Culture Scale by Ghost and Srivastava, Brief Resilience Scale by Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., &amp; Bernard, J, Subjective Happiness Scale by Lyubomirsky, S., &amp; Lepper, H. S were used. The data were analysed using different statistical tools such Descriptive Statistics and Spearman Correlation. Findings revealed no significant relationship between organizational culture and Resilience, Organizational culture and Subjective happiness.