Employment Insurance Research Articles

Ride-hailing drivers’ working conditions and social protection in China

ABSTRACT This article aims to examine ride-hailing drivers’ working conditions and social protection in China. Through interviews with 25 ride-hailing drivers in Beijing, we found that their working conditions are precarious, stressful, surveilled, and their social protection exhibits features of inadequacy and fragmentation. They are excluded from social insurance for urban employees due to the lack of a formal employment relationship. Instead, they largely participate in the medical insurance for residents, but its insurance benefits are much lower than those for urban employees. Furthermore, citizens’ participation in residents’ medical insurance is determined by their hukou (i.e. household registration) residency. Internal migrant drivers are only entitled to be insured at their origin where their hukou is located. Despite working in the same occupation and living in the same city, internal migrant drivers and Beijing-native drivers have distinct social insurance benefits. Thus, we propose the binary classification of de jure/de facto residency, which contributes to a deeper understanding of social protection for non-standard forms of employment.

Cumulative effect of unemployment on suicide mortality in South Korean workers (2018-2019).

While unemployment is known to increase the risk of suicide, its cumulative effect remains underexplored. This study investigates how unemployment affects suicide mortality and whether the effect varies based on the number of unemployment spells using two years of nationwide data. Using the data from the National Statistical Office and Employment Insurance Database for 2018 and 2019, we identified an average of 2365 cases of suicide over two years among 7.76 million workers aged 25-64 years who had been employed within one year before their suicide. The number of unemployment spells was counted using the employment history of the past five years. We calculated crude suicide mortality rates per 100 000 population, age- and sex- standardized mortality rates (SMRs), and proportionate mortality rates (PMRs) for suicide. Over the two years, the crude suicide rate was 30.0 per 100 000 among the general population and 30.5 among workers. Workers with no unemployment spells in the past five years had a significantly lower SMR (0.44; 0.42-0.46), while those with four or more unemployment spells had a significantly higher SMR (3.13; 2.92-3.35) than the general population. These findings were consistent across all sex and age groups. Additionally, workers with four or more unemployment spells had a significantly higher PMR than the general population. The impact of unemployment on suicide mortality intensifies as the number of unemployment spells increases. These results underscore the necessity for additional social and psychological support along with economic assistance for individuals facing recurrent unemployment.

Policy and Fertility, a Case Study of the Quebec Parental Insurance Plan

In 2006, the Quebec government implemented a parental leave program more generous than the scheme available through the Canadian federal Employment Insurance (EI) program. It was aimed at maintaining the personal disposable income after a birth, especially for women whose income exceeds the maximum insurable earnings of EI. In this article, we assess whether the implementation of the Quebec Parental Insurance Plan (QPIP) was associated with an increase in the fertility in Quebec, especially for highly educated women. We use data from the rotating panels of the Canadian Labor Force Survey. We test the effect of the implementation of the QPIP on fertility by comparing Quebec and Ontario, which kept the federal EI scheme, before and after the implementation of the QPIP. We adapt the difference in differences method (DiD) to the modeling of the fertility schedule using Poisson regression. We estimate fertility by educational levels within each of the four groups of the DiD design by integrating the estimated fertility schedules. Our results show that the implementation of the QPIP was associated with an increase in fertility in Quebec. The magnitude of the increase varies by educational levels: 17% for women who did not complete secondary education, 46% for those who completed it, and 27% for women who earned a university diploma.

Enhancing pooling levels strengthens the risk resilience of healthcare insurance: a case study of basic medical insurance fund operations data in Gansu, China

BackgroundIn China, enhancing the pooling levels of basic health insurance has consistently been regarded as a pivotal measure to promote the refinement of the healthcare insurance system. From 2020 to 2022, the widespread outbreak of COVID-19 posed new challenges to China’s basic health insurance.MethodsThe research utilizes Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Malmquist index assessment, and fixed-effects panel Tobit models to analyze panel data from 2020 to 2022, assessing the efficiency of basic health insurance in Gansu Province.ResultsFrom 2020 to 2022, the average overall efficiency of the municipal pooling of Basic Medical Insurance for Urban and Rural Residents was 0.941, demonstrating a stable trend with a modest increase. The efficiency frontier regions have expanded from 5 (35.71%) to 7 (50%). Operational efficiency exhibited a negative correlation with per capita hospitalization expenses and per capita fund balance but a positive correlation with per capita accumulated fund balance and reimbursement rates for hospitalized patients. In 2021, compared to 2020, the county-pooling Basic Medical Insurance for Urban Employees saw a decline of 0.126 in overall efficiency, reducing the efficiency frontier regions from 8 to 3. However, from 2021 to 2022, the municipal-coordinated Basic Medical Insurance for Urban Employees experienced a 0.069 increase in overall efficiency, with the efficiency frontier regions expanding from 3 to 5. Throughout 2020 to 2022, the operational efficiency of the Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance showed a consistent negative correlation with per capita fund balance.ConclusionFrom 2020 to 2022, the overall operational performance of basic health insurance in Gansu Province was satisfactory, and enhancing the pooling level is beneficial in addressing the impact of unforeseen events on the health insurance system.

Cancer diagnosis and treatment in working-age adults: Implications for employment, health insurance coverage, andfinancial hardship in the United States.

The rising costs of cancer care and subsequent medical financial hardship for cancer survivors and families are well documented in the United States. Less attention has been paid to employment disruptions and loss of household income after a cancer diagnosis and during treatment, potentiallyresulting in lasting financial hardship, particularly for working-age adults not yet age-eligible for Medicare coverage and their families. In this article, the authors use a composite patient case to illustrate the adverse consequences of cancer diagnosis and treatment for employment, health insurance coverage, household income, and other aspects of financial hardship. They summarize existing research and provide nationally representative estimates of multiple aspects of financial hardship and health insurance coverage, benefit design, and employee benefits, such as paid sick leave, among working-age adults with a history of cancer and compare them with estimates among working-age adults without a history of cancer from the most recently available years of the National Health Interview Survey (2019-2021). Then, the authors identify opportunities for addressing employment and health insurance coverage challenges at multiple levels, including federal, state, and local policies; employers; cancer care delivery organizations; and nonprofit organizations. These efforts, when informed by research to identify best practices, can potentially help mitigate the financial hardship associated with cancer.

Expert consensus on quality control indicators for integrative medicine in rheumatoid arthritis (2023 version)

AbstractThe rising costs of cancer care and subsequent medical financial hardship for cancer survivors and families are well documented in the United States. Less attention has been paid to employment disruptions and loss of household income after a cancer diagnosis and during treatment, potentially resulting in lasting financial hardship, particularly for working‐age adults not yet age‐eligible for Medicare coverage and their families. In this article, the authors use a composite patient case to illustrate the adverse consequences of cancer diagnosis and treatment for employment, health insurance coverage, household income, and other aspects of financial hardship. They summarize existing research and provide nationally representative estimates of multiple aspects of financial hardship and health insurance coverage, benefit design, and employee benefits, such as paid sick leave, among working‐age adults with a history of cancer and compare them with estimates among working‐age adults without a history of cancer from the most recently available years of the National Health Interview Survey (2019–2021). Then, the authors identify opportunities for addressing employment and health insurance coverage challenges at multiple levels, including federal, state, and local policies; employers; cancer care delivery organizations; and nonprofit organizations. These efforts, when informed by research to identify best practices, can potentially help mitigate the financial hardship associated with cancer.

Relationship between health checkups and cancer screenings of wives and health checkups of their husbands: A cross-sectional study in Japan

ObjectivesThis study investigated the relationship between health checkups, cervical cancer screenings, and breast cancer screenings (collectively referred to as wellness examinations) of wives and health checkups of their husbands. We aimed to develop strategies to encourage wellness examinations among married individuals in Japan. MethodsThis study used the 2019 Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions, focusing on married couples aged 40–64. We analyzed the percentage of wives undergoing wellness examinations, grouped based on whether their husbands had undergone health checkups. Subsequently, multivariable modified Poisson regression analysis was performed considering sociodemographic and health-related factors. All analyses considered medical insurance of wives because wellness examination methods varied depending on medical insurance type. ResultsThe sample comprised 40,560 couples undergoing health checkups, 39,870 undergoing cervical cancer screening, and 39,895 undergoing breast cancer screening. Regardless of the medical insurance type of the wife, a significant positive association was observed between the wellness examination of wives and the health checkup of husbands across all age groups. After adjusting for covariates, prevalence ratios (95% confidence intervals) for wives whose husbands underwent health checkups were 2.24 (2.09–2.40) for national health insurance, 1.18 (1.16–1.21) for employee insurance (employee), and 1.53 (1.44–1.63) for employee insurance (family) for health checkups. Similar trends were observed in cervical and breast cancer screening. ConclusionsWellness examinations of wives were associated with those of their husbands, suggesting that couples often share similar health-seeking behaviors. Hence, targeted interventions are important for couples who do not undergo wellness examinations.

Abstract 4827: Financial toxicity among cancer survivors during the COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract Background: Financial toxicity (FT), the financial impact of cancer and its treatments on patients’ employment, income, and health insurance, can have significant short- and long-term consequences for cancer survivors. With significant increases in cancer survivorship and the changing demographics of the United States, a need exists to identify those most susceptible to FT. This study evaluated FT prevalence during the COVID-19 pandemic and identified factors associated with greater FT risk. Methods: Data were collected from 1,147 cancer survivors recruited from previous National Cancer Institute-funded studies, from electronic health record searches for patients with cancer diagnoses at University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) and Mount Sinai Medical Center and Columbia University Medical Center in New York City, and the Dr. Susan Love Foundation for Breast Cancer Research. Adults, diagnosed with cancer and proficient in English, completed an online survey via the Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) system between May 27, 2020 and February 21, 2021. FT was assessed for the past 14 days using the validated 11-item COmprehensive Score for financial Toxicity (COST) measure. Patients were categorized by score: no FT (COST scores >25), mild FT (14-25), and moderate/severe FT (0-13). Using Pearson’s chi-square test of independence, and univariate ordinal logistic regression, the study evaluated sociodemographic and clinical characteristics associated with FT, including age, race and ethnicity, gender, household income, education, marital status, health insurance status, and cancer site. Results: The COST measure had excellent reliability for the sample (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.911). Overall, 9% of respondents reported moderate/severe FT (MSFT), 16% mild. Race/ethnicity, education level, annual household income, cancer site, and years from diagnosis (p-values ≤ 0.035) were associated with FT. Current health insurance coverage was not associated with FT (p=0.456). 18% Black, 13% Asian American, 17% mixed, and 20% other races/ethnicities reported MSFT, while 8% non-Hispanic White and 5% Hispanic respondents reported the same. 31% of survivors with annual household income <$40,000 reported MSFT vs. 7% with ≥$40,000 income. 14% of survivors with less than a college degree reported MSFT vs. 8% amongst those with a college degree or higher. For men, the odds of having FT (mild or MSFT) were 0.60 (95% CI 0.40, 0.90) times that of women. Survivors <50 years old at diagnosis had 7.53 (95% CI 4.09, 13.83) times the odds of FT (mild or MSFT) vs. those aged ≥75 years. Conclusions: These preliminary analyses from this cross-sectional study characterizes the prevalence and determinants of FT experienced by cancer survivors during the COVID-19 pandemic. The next steps will include multivariable analysis and comparison with pre-pandemic data, to identify those at greatest risk and inform interventions. Citation Format: Tanvi Srivastava, Salma Shariff-Marco, Samuel L. Washington, Christine Miaskowski, June M. Chan. Financial toxicity among cancer survivors during the COVID-19 pandemic [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 4827.

임금근로자의 고용보험 사각지대와 미가입 특성 분석

The study aims to analyze the uninsured characteristics and blind spots of employment insurnce. Specifically, it analyzed the dynamic trends of the blind spot, and attempted to clarify the explanatory power of job characteristics in addition to the characteristics of the workplace and the individual as the cause of uninsured. Empirical analysis is carried out with Supplementary surveys of the Economically Active Population Survey by Employment Type microdata between 2011 and 2022. Empirical results indicate that the employment insurance blind spot has been steadily decreasing in the past 11 years, but the size of blind spots in small businesses with less than 5 employees and low-wage workers is still large. As the result of the regression through the linear probability model, the scale of the workplace and the wage gap significantly explain non-coverage, but the explanatory power of the occupational status is much higher. In other words, it is more closely related to the characteristics of workers within the business, such as occupational status and the application of personnel management regulations, rather than the scale of the workplace. These results suggest that efforts to resolve actual blind spots can be a means of alleviating actual blind spots in addition to providing subsidies, by considering the existence of personnel regulations and the reasons for the uninsured. However, these findings have the limitation that it is only a description of high correlation, not a causal relationship.

Obstetric service demand is the main health need of the Vietnamese population in Guangxi, China: A cross-sectional study.

China has become an emerging destination for international migration, especially in some Association of South East Asian Nations countries, but the situation of migrants seeking medical care in China remains unclear. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in a hospital in Chongzuo, which provides medical services for foreigners, to investigate the situation of Vietnamese people seeking health care in Guangxi, China. Vietnamese patients who visited the hospital between 2018 and 2020 were included in the study. Demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics, characteristics of payment for medical costs, and characteristics of hospitalization were compared between outpatients and inpatients. In total, 778 Vietnamese outpatients and 173 inpatients were included in this study. The percentages of female outpatients and inpatients were 93.44% and 88.44% (χ2 = 5.133, P = .023), respectively. Approximately 30% of outpatients and 47% of inpatients visited the hospital due to obstetric needs. The proportions of outpatients with basic medical insurance for urban residents, basic medical insurance for urban employees, and new cooperative medical schemes were 28.02%, 3.21%, and 2.31%, respectively. In comparison, the proportion of inpatients with the above 3 types of medical insurance was 16.76%, 1.73%, and 2.31%, respectively. The proportion of different payments for medical costs between outpatients and inpatients were significantly different (χ2 = 24.404, P < .01). Middle-aged Vietnamese females in Guangxi, China, may have much greater healthcare needs. Their main medical demand is for obstetric services. Measurements should be taken to improve the health services targeting Vietnamese female, but the legitimacy of Vietnamese in Guangxi is a major prerequisite for them to access more and better healthcare services.

The impact of basic health insurance participation characteristics on the health of mobile populations: the mediating role of health service utilization behavior.

It is a pivotal element of China's health system reform to improve the health security of health insurance for the mobile population. Achieving this objective is integral to the success of the reform. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of different enrollment characteristics of basic health insurance on the health of the mobile population and to investigate the mediating role of health service utilization behavior. This cross-sectional study included 135,372 migrants who participated in the 2018 China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS). Two indicators were employed in this study to assess the characteristics of the mobile population's involvement in basic health insurance-namely, whether or not they participated in local health insurance and the type of health insurance in which they participated. The health status of the mobile population was measured using self-assessed health. Health service utilization behavior was divided into public health service utilization and medical service utilization. Multivariate ordered logistic regression was employed to examine the effect of health insurance on the health of the mobile population. Subsequently, the Bootstrap method was applied to analyze the mediating effect of health service utilization behavior in the relationship between health insurance and the health of the mobile population. Health insurance had a positive impact on health, public health services, and health service utilization among the mobile population. However, enrollment in local health insurance (OR = 1.088, 95% CI = 1.043-1.134) and enrollment in Basic Medical Insurance for Urban Employees (OR = 1.178, 95% CI = 1.090-1.273) were more likely to be associated with higher levels of health and a greater likelihood of receiving health service utilization. The results of the mediating mechanism analysis indicated that health education, health records, family doctor contracting, receiving inpatient services, and being hospitalized locally all played a partially mediating role in the impact of the place of enrollment on health. Regarding the effect of the type of enrollment on health, three types of services-namely, health education, health records, and contracting with a family doctor-played a partially mediating role, while receiving inpatient services and being hospitalized locally did not exhibit a mediating effect. The effect of the type of participation on health is partially mediated. Based on the impact of the different enrolment characteristics of basic health insurance on the health of the mobile population and the mediating role of health service utilization in this impact, furthermore, improvement of health insurance coverage for the mobile population should focus on improving the accessibility of health services, increasing the level of health insurance coverage, mitigating differences in treatment between the different insurance systems, and simplifying the process of transferring the health insurance relationships.

Prevalence of Discrimination and the Association Between Employment Discrimination and Health Care Access and Use - National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Among Transgender Women, Seven Urban Areas, United States, 2019-2020.

Transgender women experience discrimination in many settings, including in employment. Because employment and health insurance are intertwined in the United States, employment discrimination might be related to lower health insurance coverage and health care use, including gender-affirming care. This analysis used data from transgender women (N = 1,608) in seven urban areas in the United States collected during 2019-2020 to present the prevalence of six discrimination types (employment, housing, bathroom, businesses, health care, and abuse) and to measure the association between employment discrimination (defined as trouble getting a job or fired due to being transgender) and sociodemographic characteristics, health care access, and health care use. Log-linked Poisson regression models were conducted to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios and 95% CIs. Seven in 10 transgender women experienced at least one type of discrimination during the past 12 months. During the same period, 9.9% of transgender women were fired and 32.4% had trouble getting a job because of being transgender. Employment discrimination was associated with younger age and lower socioeconomic status. Having trouble getting a job was associated with health care access and health care use factors, including having no health insurance or having Medicaid only, having an unmet medical need because of cost, never having transgender-specific care, and having an unmet need for gender-affirming procedures. These findings suggest that employment discrimination contributes to transgender women's economic marginalization and their ability to obtain adequate health insurance coverage and achieve their transition goals. These findings might help guide efforts that protect transgender women's right to pursue their work, health, and life goals without discrimination.

Determinan Permintaan Asuransi: Studi Kasus Universitas Surabaya

The insurance industry in Indonesia has experienced significant development, but the level of insurance usage remains relatively low. The decision to purchase insurance is influenced by several factors, including income level, premium prices, knowledge level, and other social factors. UBAYA, a university in Surabaya, East Java, mandates every employee, lecturer, and student to use insurance provided by the institution with various types, such as employment and life insurance. Nevertheless, some of them choose to add additional insurance beyond what is provided by UBAYA. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify the factors influencing individual decisions to add or not add insurance policies beyond those provided by UBAYA. The method used in this research is Social Network Analysis (SNA). The research results indicate that premium prices play a crucial role in the decision to utilize insurance based on individual income levels. Other factors influencing the decisions of UBAYA lecturers and employees include information provided by insurance agents regarding asset protection and options for medical services abroad. The purchase of insurance is influenced by economic and social factors, as well as a comprehensive understanding of personal needs in utilizing the benefits provided by insurance policies.&#x0D; Keywords: Insurance, Premium Price,UBAYA

Ischemic heart disease and stroke in male couriers: a cohort study using the national health insurance data and national employment insurance data.

This study aimed to determine the risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke among male couriers in Korea by linking the data from the National Health Insurance (NHI) and National Employee Insurance (NEI) databases. As of 2015, the NHI and NEI databases were linked using individual IDs. A cohort of male couriers, aged between 20 and 64 years, (N = 5,012) was constructed using the Korean Employment Insurance Occupational Classification (KECO-2007). For comparison, a cohort of male total wage workers (N = 5,429,176) and a cohort of office workers (N = 632,848) within the same age group were also constructed. The follow-up was conducted until 31 December 2020 to confirm the occurrence of IHD and stroke. The diagnoses were defined using the 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) codes. The criteria included medical services for more than 1 day of hospitalization or more than 2 outpatient visits. The age-standardized incidence ratio (SIR) was calculated to evaluate the risk of occurrence. The hazard ratio (HR) was calculated using the Cox model after adjusting for age, alcohol consumption, smoking, obesity, income level, and employment duration as confounding variables. The SIR of IHD for couriers was 1.54 (95% CI 1.31-1.78), while for office workers, it was 1.08 (95% CI 1.06-1.10), compared to male total wage workers. The SIR for stroke was higher for couriers at 1.84 (95% CI 1.40-2.28) and lower for office workers at 0.86, compared to male total wage workers. Couriers had a higher SIR for stroke at 1.84 (95% CI 1.40-2.28) and lower for office workers at 0.86 (0.83-0.89). Compared to total wage workers, couriers had a significantly higher adjusted HR for IHD at 1.60 (95% CI 1.37-1.87) and a higher HR for stroke at 1.39 (95% CI 1.07-1.79). Compared to office workers, couriers had a significantly higher HR for IHD at 1.34 (95% CI 1.13-1.59) as well as for for stroke at 1.43 (95% CI 1.08-1.88). The incidence of IHD and stroke was higher among male couriers compared to male office workers and total wage workers, highlighting the need for implementing public health interventions to prevent IHD and stroke among couriers.

Patient Readmission for Ischemic Stroke: Risk Factors and Impact on Mortality.

Patient readmission for ischemic stroke significantly strains the healthcare and medical insurance systems. Current understanding of the risk factors associated with these readmissions, as well as their subsequent impact on mortality within China, remains insufficient. This is particularly evident in the context of comprehensive, contemporary population studies. This 4-year retrospective cohort study included 125 397 hospital admissions for ischemic stroke from 838 hospitals located in 22 regions (13 urban and 9 rural) of a major city in western China, between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2018. The Chi-square tests were used in univariate analysis. Accounting for intra-subject correlations of patients' readmissions, accelerated failure time (AFT) shared frailty models were used to examine readmission events and pure AFT models for mortality. Risk factors for patient readmission after ischemic stroke include frequent admission history, male gender, employee's insurance, advanced age, residence in urban areas, index hospitalization in low-level hospitals, extended length of stay (LOS) during index hospitalization, specific comorbidities and subtypes of ischemic stroke. Furthermore, our findings indicated that an additional admission for ischemic stroke increased patient mortality by 16.4% (P < .001). Stroke readmission contributed to an increased risk of hospital mortality. Policymakers can establish more effective and targeted policies to reduce readmissions for stroke by controlling these risk factors.

Analysis of Workers Who Lost Jobs Due to Lay Off

Living costs are undoubtedly necessary for every human being to meet his daily necessities. One must work in order to pay for living costs. You can work on your own initiative as well as on behalf of others. The following are the research's goals: What is the purpose of putting in place Job Loss Insurance (JKP) for employees who are laid off? (2) The idea of putting in place the Job Loss Guarantee (JKP), which offers employees who are terminated from their jobs legal protection (PHK). Research on document studies, namely via the use of different legal resources such statutes, legal theory, case studies, court rulings, and scholarly opinions (doctrine), is known as normative juridical research. Various techniques, including conceptual, philosophical, legislative, case, and comparative approaches, are employed in this research to address the problem in various countries. This conclusion highlights the need to improve and perfect the Job Loss Guarantee Program (JKP) so that it is more effective in providing protection for Outsourced Workers/Labourers who experience layoffs. It is recommended that the Government require User and Outsourcing Companies to regulate the Employment Relationship for a minimum of 2 years and revise the contribution period requirements in the regulations. If improvements are made, the benefits of JKP will be felt by outsourced workers/laborers who have experienced layoffs.

Satisfaction With Care Among Cancer Survivors With Medicare Coverage: Are There Rural Versus Urban Inequities?

Rural cancer survivors often face greater barriers to treatment, which may translate into worse satisfaction with health care. To examine rural versus urban differences in satisfaction with health care among Medicare cancer survivors. Data are from the 2020 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS). Rao-Scott chi-square analyses were conducted to examine rural versus urban inequities in satisfaction with 9 dimensions of health care (health professionals' concern for health, information about what was wrong, ease/convenience from home, ease of obtaining answers over telephone, getting needs taken care of at same location, availability of specialists, overall quality, and out-of-pocket costs, and availability of care at night/on weekends). Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to test for rural/urban differences while adjusting for race/ethnicity, gender, marital status, educational attainment, health insurance (traditional Medicare, Medicare Advantage, dual Medicaid coverage, employer, or self-purchased insurance), and self-rated overall health. Rural cancer survivors were less satisfied with the ease/convenience of getting to health professionals (93.35% rural and 96.87% urban) and less satisfied with getting all health care needs taken care of at the same location (88.32% rural and 92.22% urban). These rural/urban differences persisted when adjusting for other factors. Health care providers serving rural areas may need to consider new strategies to satisfy some of the unique needs of rural cancer survivors, such as better organizing services at single clinic sites and utilizing telehealth when feasible to reduce the need to travel for in-person services.

Enterprises' Responsibility to Pay Social Insurance for Employees in VietnamEnterprises' Responsibility to Pay Social Insurance for Employees in Vietnam

Enterprises' Responsibility to Pay Social Insurance for Employees in VietnamEnterprises' Responsibility to Pay Social Insurance for Employees in Vietnam

ВДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ СОЦІАЛЬНО-ПЕНСІЙНОГО СТРАХУВАННЯ ПРАЦІВНИКІВ ГЕОДЕЗИЧНО-ЗЕМЛЕВПОРЯДНИХ СТРУКТУР

The domestic system of social pension insurance for employees of geodesic and land management enterprises exhibits the following shortcomings: prolonged dependence of the budgets of national social pension funds on the state treasury; legislative norms that allow certain citizens of Ukraine to earn significant incomes without paying the unified social contribution under generally accepted conditions; exemption from the contribution for expenditures on the purchase of expensive cars, luxury goods, expensive alcohol, tobacco products, and paid internet content; a regulatory contradiction that results in, besides the unified social contribution, working citizens also paying such social taxes as personal income tax and military levy. The resolution of most of the aforementioned problems will occur automatically after the Victory over the aggressor and Ukraine’s accession to the EU. At the same time, the research results convincingly demonstrated that practical ways to address these issues include: repealing Article 1, Paragraph 4 of the Law of Ukraine No. 2464-VI dated July 8, 2010, “On the Collection and Accounting of the Unified Contribution for Mandatory State Social Insurance,” which allows certain citizens of Ukraine to receive substantial incomes, even compared to advanced countries, without paying the unified social contribution under generally accepted conditions; introducing a legal norm requiring citizens to pay the unified social contribution from expenditures on the purchase of expensive cars, high-end alcoholic beverages, tobacco products, various paid internet content, as well as other luxury items; establishing non-governmental pension funds under the national associations and professional unions of surveyors, land managers, and large geodesic-land management corporations; integrating personal income tax and military levy into the unified social contribution while simultaneously developing a mechanism for the redistribution of the reformed Unified Social Contribution (USC) among target funds and budgets. Moreover, the research results clearly demonstrated the impracticality of increasing the military levy rate.

ANALYSIS OF MAQASHID SHARIA AND FIQIH AL-BI'AH ON WASTE BANKS IN REALIZING GREEN ECONOMY IN BANTUL DISTRICT

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; ABSTRACT&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; The purpose of this study is to determine the application of the principles of protecting religion (hifdzu din), protecting the soul (hifdzu nafs), protecting the intellect (hifdzu aql), protecting property (hifdzu mal), and protecting offspring (hifdzu nasab) in realizing the concept of Green Economy, as well as knowing the application of the principle of protecting the environment (hifdzu bi'ah) in realizing the concept of Green Economy at the Gemah Ripah Waste Bank Badegan Bantul. This type of research is qualitative research. The data sources used are human resources involved in the management of the Waste Bank. The data collection techniques of this research are participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and document studies. The analysis technique uses data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The result of this research is that there is an application of the Maqashid Syariah principle in the management of the Waste Bank. The principle of preserving religion can be seen from the provisions of running worship time, praying before starting activities. The principle of preserving the soul is seen in the provision of complete work tools, health insurance for employees. The principle of preserving the mind is seen in the education of the community about protecting the environment, the benefits of the waste bank, the emergence of community creativity. The principle of protecting property is seen in the amount of wages for waste bank employees, recording every transaction by tellers, savings for customers. The principle of protecting offspring, seen from the existence of waste management does not violate religious norms, and health check programs. While the value of fiqih al-bi'ah or protecting the environment (hifdzu bi'ah) is realized by the waste management program, the counseling program and the emergence of pilot waste banks in each sub-district. The principles of Maqashid sharia and Fiqh al biah are a form of effort to improve the economy that still protects the environment and reduces the risk of environmental damage or ecological scarcity (Green economy).&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;