Empirical Reality Research Articles

Membangun Nasionalisme Siswa MAN Surabaya Melalui Pembelajaran Aswaja

This study aims to describe how learning aswaja from the conceptual level to the realm of praxis as a Nahdliyin tradition as an effort to build a spirit of nationalism in MAN Surabaya students. Through qualitative research methods by collecting observation data, interviews, and documentation trying to provide a picture based on empirical reality. The results of this study indicate that the Aswaja learning material given to students at MAN Surabaya can build the spirit of student nationalism. The parameters of the spirit of nationalism that can be observed by students include (1) high religiosity of students, (2) tolerant attitude (3) union and honesty (4) chastisement (5) organized (6) courage and honesty (7) respect the hero (8) autonomous (9) accountability, and (10) love lokal indigineous

Making Better Offenders? Exploring the Perception of the CSI Effect among College Students

While studies have shown little to no support for the CSI effect, researchers have found that the perception of its existence among the public and criminal justice actors is the opposite. The current study uses a sample of undergraduates, who are currently enrolled in criminology courses, to examine perceptions of a CSI effect on courtroom verdicts, offender behavior, and the police chief’s effect. Additionally, this research explores whether these beliefs are mediated by education in criminology and crime show viewing habits. Results showed that education and crime show consumption influenced certain aspects of the CSI effect differently. The findings demonstrate the need for educators and researchers to continue to unravel the disconnect between empirical reality and perceptions that the CSI effect exists.

Mapping the Idea of Europe – Cultural Production of Border Imaginaries through Heritage

ABSTRACT In contrast to recent reinforcements of Europe's internal and external borders due to the refugee situation on the Mediterranean and the Covid-19 outbreak, talk of European borders has in the past decades focused on the freedom of mobility guaranteed by the Schengen treaty. In many senses, free intra-European mobility has become a recited truth in the EU discourse: a phrase that hides under its repetition the gap between its implied content and empirical realities of many of those who are affected by European borders’ exclusive tendencies. Through the concept of borderscape, this article focuses on the role that cultural products – especially maps exhibited at heritage sites – have in reciting ideas of European borders. In this context, ideas of European heritage are approached as a bordering practice – as an active process of creating, sustaining and challenging cultural border imaginaries and the many in/exclusion they imply. Empirically the article is focused on the European Heritage Label (EHL), a recent heritage action of the European Union (EU). The article asks what is the relationship between national and European representations of space; how are Europe's external borders represented; and what kind of cultural power hierarchies can be identified behind these representations?

Taking a Voluntarism or Realistic Approach in Analytically Investigating the Influence of Empirical Reality on Contract Establishment and Performance

حقوق، ماهیتی اعتباری دارد؛ ماهیتی که از واقعیت تجربی و اجتماعی قابل تفکیک است. با ­این­حال، در صورتی می­توان به دوگانه اعتبار و واقعیت قائل بود که امر اعتباری را، مستقل از واقعیت بدانیم و آن دو را، دو ساحت متفاوت بنگریم. قرارداد نیز امری اعتباری است. آیا اصرار بر تفکیک آن از واقعیت ضرورت دارد؟ چه آثاری بر این استقلال مترتب است؟ اگر نتیجه استقلال قرارداد از واقعیت، استعلای اعتبار قراردادی بر واقعیت باشد، آیا بالضروره قرارداد عادلانه­ای را نتیجه خواهد داد؟ چالش­های تبعیت محض اعتبار قراردادی از واقعیت چیست؟ آیا در این صورت می­توان رأی حقوق و به طور خاص قرارداد، کارکردی تحول‌گرا و تکاملی قائل بود؟ به نظر می­رسد، در صورتی می­توان اصل حاکمیت اراده را در کنار اصل انصاف و یا اصل نفی عسر و حرج داشت که رویکرد استعلایی و تبعیت محض را نفی کنیم و تنها بر تأثیرپذیری اعتبار قراردادی از واقعیت تأکید کنیم.

Childhood in urban China: A three-generation portrait

This article examines how the experience of childhood has changed in urban China against the backdrop of the wider political, social and economic transformations in the 20th century. Drawing on 95 life history interviews in three urban sites in China, it explores the nature, origins and impact of continuities and changes in childhood experiences across three generations. While expressive intimacy between the only-child generation and their parents increased, the three-generational comparison disputes previous theorizing about the modernization of childhood and the value of children based upon a Euro-American empirical reality. Rather than being trapped in a linear progression model, this article reveals that while the economic value of children as family helpers has dramatically reduced across three generations, the economic prospect of children as old age security goes hand in hand with the emotional value of children, which is shaped by the cultural tradition of filial piety, social welfare context and demographic structure. As a consequence, in contrast with the existing argument of an individualization of childhood in China, this article indicates that the youngest generation – the only-child generation – experienced an increasing regimentalization of childhood, exercised by their parents and driven by both neoliberal market and post-socialist state forces. This article also draws attention to the gender difference in childhood experience across three generations and reveals how the one-child policy has contributed to the increasing value of girls in urban China.

Afterword: The value of children in the Global South: Current contributions and future directions

This Afterword to the Current Sociology Monograph on ‘The Value Turn in Childhood Sociology’ reflects on how this issue adds fundamental insights to our understanding not only of children’s social positions, the roles they play and their life experiences from the perspectives of various stakeholders in a variety of Southern societies, but also of the heterogeneous, hybrid and complex trajectories of modernization in these societies. The articles contribute to existing scholarship in at least three ways. First, they illustrate the productivity of the value turn in childhood sociology by linking children’s social roles, experiences and positions in society with multi-level social mechanisms (inclusive of family, educational institutions, social groups and organizations, and the state) in culturally and socially contextualized analyses. Second, the value turn proposed in this monograph attempts a critical intervention to de-center the previous Western-centric knowledge production in childhood sociology. The articles have contributed towards this objective by foregrounding Southern empirical realities and spearheading grounded theorization based on Southern experiences. Finally, the articles showcase a plethora of research methods and techniques in a variety of research paradigms, including critical discourse analysis, in-depth interviews, ethnographic research, historical analysis and mixed-methods research, which yield rich, profound and nuanced findings about the valuation of children in different contexts. I conclude this closing article by deliberating on future directions for the research agenda on the value of children in sociology.

Social Bonds and Latino/A Victimization: An Examination of Mediating and Moderating Effects

ABSTRACT Studies of Latino/a/x crime and victimization have proliferated in recent years confirming three main empirical realities: race and ethnicity remain consistently linked to criminological outcomes, the foreign-born are significantly less likely to report either crime or victimization, and nativity status (i.e., foreign-born or native-born) is associated with crime and victimization, even after controlling for germane covariates. The current study attempts to expand on this literature by examining the mediating and moderating effects of social bonds on nativity status in predicting violent victimization. Using data from the Add Health study, we estimate a series of regression and SEM models to assess if social bonds mediate or moderate the effect of nativity on self-reported victimization. Results indicate that native-born Latinos were significantly more likely to be victimized compared to their foreign-born counterparts, though the effect of nativity was reduced to marginal significance after inclusion of the mediating and moderating variables in the full models. Contrary to expectations, native-born and foreign-born Latinos did not differ significantly in terms of social bonds with parents (attachment and time spent with parents) but the foreign-born were significantly more likely to be closely monitored by their parents which partially mediated the association between nativity and violent victimization.

Making sense of ‘ambiguous ageism’: a multi-level perspective on age inequality in the advertising industry

As recent statistics confirm, the advertising industry lives up to its image of being a preserve of the young: Less than 10% of all advertising practitioners in the US, UK and Australia are over the age of 45. But what are the social processes and discursive formations that create and sustain this skewed age profile? Based on 26 in-depth interviews with older advertising professionals and the thematic analysis of recent ageism-related coverage in advertising industry news media publications, we illustrate (1) how this age inequality is understood, represented and negotiated by practitioners and industry observers, and (2) how the dynamic interplay between individual identifications, organisational practices, and social structures (re)produces what we refer to as ‘ambiguous ageism’ – an entrenched and opaque marginalisation process which disadvantages older advertising practitioners, but in which they are also at the same time often complicit in. By conceptualising and applying a relational, multi-level perspective for investigating age inequality in the creative industries, we offer new insights into the empirical realities of creative work and provide a framework that can guide further research into the dialectics between ageing and organisational life in the creative industries and beyond.

Of Visions and Visionaries: Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in China

This special issue approaches information and communication technologies (ICT) visions and their realisation/implementation at various levels, among different actors and from various perspectives. Conceptually, we distinguish three different dimensions, even though those overlap in the individual contributions as well as in empirical reality – namely ideational, instrumental, and relational. The different contributions address both visions formulated by the Chinese state and by individual actors such as entrepreneurs. Even though the conditions for the use of ICT in China are deeply affected by state governance, this governance is in no way tantamount to one single government. As this issue’s contributions show, state attempts at building a stable cyber-governance are in need of allies and, depending on the allies’ visions and other, competitive visions, the outcomes of these dynamics are seldom truthful realisations of one original grand masterplan.

Hoist by his own petard: A rejoinder to Contandriopoulos.

Hoist by his own petard: A rejoinder to Contandriopoulos.

On democratic intelligence and failure: The vice and virtue of incrementalism under political fragmentation and policy accumulation

AbstractThe vice and virtue of incrementalism have been the subject of a long‐standing academic debate. This debate, however, lacks a dynamic perspective that analyzes how the transformation of politics—mainly in the form of increasing levels of political fragmentation within decision‐making arenas and increasing complexity of policy‐mixes—affects the role of incrementalism. We argue that both of these trends make the virtues of incrementalism politically even more valuable than they have always been. At the same time, this proliferation of incrementalism comes at the costs of overlooked second‐order effects. Since the empirical reality of incrementalism is primarily one that results in incremental policy accumulation, it continuously adds implementation burdens, enhances the demandingness of substantive policy debate, and makes effective science communication more difficult. Thereby, accumulative incrementalism becomes one source of pressure on three cornerstones of legitimate governance: effective policy implementation, sophisticated policy debate, and evidence‐based policymaking.

Messianic Mad Men, Medicine, and the Media War on Empirical Reality

This article critically examines the emerging global war on pathogens mimicking the Global War on Terror (GWOT). We draw upon the history of recent wars and the fear-driven narratives aimed at nudging the public toward uncritical acceptance of the new emerging social and economic global order. We adopt Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky’s ‘Propaganda Model’ to describe how mainstream media perform in manufacturing consent to policies that tighten control over populations and degrade rights, agency, and sovereignty. Here we consider the efforts of globalist political actors who seek to co-opt or influence political institutions around the world and position themselves as unelected rulers of an emerging authoritarian order. We argue that agenda-setting media are predisposed to serve elite interests that shape news coverage, bound public debate, and obscure new forms of warfare behind the smokescreen of a manufactured Global War on Pathogens (GWOP). We introduce critical analysis and alternative perspectives, largely marginalized by the mainstream, on the hidden conflicts of interest involved in the demands for full social compliance.

Toward an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Research Program

Entrepreneurial ecosystems have become a prominent concept, yet in its current state, the concept itself represents a paradox. While it draws on a rich intellectual history and provides an opportunity to synthesize different strands of research, it is also under-theorized and the mechanisms that govern ecosystem evolution are not well understood. This paper takes stock of recent advancements in ecosystem scholarship and synthesizes the empirical reality of the causal mechanisms. We use these dynamics to position ecosystems in a broader context, within and beyond the domain of entrepreneurship research, and propose a transdisciplinary research program for ecosystem research and practice.

Developing Children’s Right to Personal Security: How Claiming the Legal Right Can Move It Closer to Reflecting Empirical Realities

The study of human development has long confirmed the significance of personal security to healthy developmental outcomes. Yet, legal systems pervasively fail to reflect that reality. The lack of developments means that progress in claiming and protecting the right to personal security requires understanding the inherent limitations in current conceptions of rights potentially related to personal security. Developing the right to personal security also means recognizing the possibilities of different governmental systems put in place to protect rights. This article examines those limitations and possibilities after articulating what developmental science reveals about the nature and significance of personal security. Those foundational lessons reveal that, while the right to personal security currently remains undeveloped, the lack of development is worth addressing. Using children’s rights as a starting point and focusing on US law, this analysis reveals that the right to personal security holds promise, particularly as an exception to dominant legal conceptions of rights. Effectively recognizing that right, however, must begin by claiming it and by countering concerns that the right would be too problematic to support and protect. This article concludes that the right’s promise is even present in the United States, which has narrow views of the right to personal security as well as of children’s rights.

Collecting Chinese things from social status to public use: an early nineteenth-century Italian example

ABSTRACT Between the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, as a consequence of the increasing intercourse between China and the West, private collections of Chinese arts and crafts by European residents in China are growing. Diplomats, officials, merchants take these often-impressive collections back home to embellish residences with prestigious and attractive decoration. In the 1820s and 1830s such collections are transformed by entrepreneurs into public exhibitions or itinerant museums of Chinese material culture, for educational and commercial purpose. After introducing English Dutch and American examples, the article focuses on the case of Italian globetrotter businessman Onorato Martucci. On his return to Rome after a multi-year residence in China, he brings with him a vast assortment of Chinese objects and set up a public exhibition to promote knowledge of the Chinese world and sell the collection. The article also reconstructs Martucci’s writings as a passionate popularizer of the reality of the Chinese empire.

Human Dignity and the Intercultural Theory of Universal Human Rights

This paper examines how the intercultural conception of human rights, fueled by the modes of reciprocal recognition associated with Hegel’s social philosophy, draws on traditional understandings of human dignity while avoiding the essentialism associated with those understandings. Part 1 summarizes core elements of an intercultural theory of human rights while addressing the general question of how that theory accommodates an understanding of the relationship of human dignity and human rights. Part 2 presents the intercultural approach as committed to a view of human dignity focused on the intrinsic worth of individuals, but understood, not—with Kant—as an anthropologically inherent property, but as one forged in relations of intersubjective recognition. Part 3, critically engaging arguments of C Beitz and J Habermas, claims that an intercultural approach entails a status-based conception of human dignity, one that construes the latter, not as a metaphysically conceived inherent quality, but as a function of membership in a social order supportive of both liberal right claims and a republican commitment to rights systems generally. Drawing on the work of Hegel and critically engaging the position of A Sangiovanni, Part 4 construes human dignity in terms of a doctrine of human rights expressive of a common humanity, one understood, however, not as an essential attribute of human beings, but in terms of a globally realized legal-political order whose members are dispositionally committed to the worth of all members of the human community and the value of human community itself. Critically appropriating the work of H Arendt for the intercultural theory, Part 5 considers the centrality of actual politics to a dignitarian account of human rights. Part 6 construes human dignity, again with Kant, in terms of the principle of autonomy, but one understood, not abstractly, but—engaging Pico della Mirandola—as the fallibilistically conceived process of social learning on the part the members of the human community. Part 7 considers how the intercultural view, with the idea of social practice expressive of collective human agency, accommodates a concept of human dignity understood as the “foundation”—nuanced and variegated—of human rights. Part 8 details the specific normativity of an intercultural conception, asserting that despite and even because of its attention to the empirical realities of social, historical, and political life, that conception remains committed, as with essentialist views, to context-transcending norms capable of calling into question actual practices and policies. Here, recourse is had to a concept of recognition understood both as a principle of evaluation and as a social practice encompassing the activity of individuals and groups engaged in the discourse on human rights.

새뮤얼 존슨의 비평적 원칙과 내면세계

For Samuel Johnson, life and literature were inseparable. He believed literature should function as the cure and alleviation for the complexities of the human condition. Johnson’s critical principles can be summarized as empirical realism, the pursuit for truth and the deep humanistic view of man. In Lives of the Poets, Johnson’s final and greatest achievement, Johnson pursued his life-long interest in the close relationship between the life of a writer and his work by uniting biography and literary criticism. This paper aims to understand the basic principles of Johnson’s criticism shown in “John Milton,” “Jonathan Swift,” and “John Grey.” Firstly, Johnson’s empirical realism is evident in his negative attitude towards the transcendental realm in Paradise Lost. And Johnson’s persistent pursuit of truth is clarified in his criticism of pastoral poetry and mythological allusions in the poems of Milton and Grey. Finally, through Johnson’s idea on the boundaries of satire we can clearly see his compassionate and humanistic view. And Johnson’s particularly severe attitude towards Swift can be interpreted as the defense mechanism of avoiding losing his psychological and mental balance.

Reforming the judicial system in the territory of Belarus during the reign of Paul I (1796–1801)

The article deals with the content and results of the reforms in the judicial sphere in the territory of Belarus, which took place during the reign of Paul I. He declared the recognition of special rights and privileges for the territory, which was annexed to Russia as a result of partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (the so-called Western provinces). First of all, this was reflected in the reform of the judicial system here. The main content of these changes was the restoration of the judiciary of the period of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, although not in full. The article concluded that the reforms of Paul I in the judicial sphere in the territory of the Western provinces were an attempt to form here the judicial system on the basis of local justice traditions of the period of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, but given the realities of the autocratic Russian Empire. The local judicial system, which was established at that time, was similar to the former (before annexing to Russia) – was partially restored former judiciary, continued to use local rights, local nobility had considerable authority in the justice sphere. But at the same time on many aspects this judicial system was significantly different from the former in the direction of unification with the Russian judicial traditions (using of Russian laws, the appointment of some judges by the government, the significant role of governors in the justice, the subordination of the highest court – the Senate, etc.).

Ctmmweb: A Graphical User Interface for Autocorrelation‐Informed Home Range Estimation

ABSTRACTEstimating animal home ranges is a primary purpose of collecting tracking data. Many widely used home range estimators, including conventional kernel density estimators, assume independently‐sampled data. In stark contrast, modern animal tracking datasets are almost always strongly autocorrelated. The incongruence between estimator assumptions and empirical reality often leads to systematically underestimated home ranges. Autocorrelated kernel density estimation (AKDE) directly models the observed autocorrelation structure of tracking data during home range estimation, and has been shown to perform accurately across a broad range of tracking datasets. However, compared to conventional estimators, AKDE requires additional modeling steps and has heretofore only been accessible via the command‐line ctmm R package. Here, we introduce ctmmweb, which provides a point‐and‐click graphical interface to ctmm and streamlines AKDE, its prerequisite autocorrelation modeling steps, and a number of additional movement analyses. We demonstrate ctmmweb's capabilities, including AKDE home range estimation and subsequent home range overlap analysis, on a dataset of four jaguars from the Brazilian Pantanal tracked between 2013 and 2015. We intend ctmmweb to open AKDE and related autocorrelation‐explicit analyses to a wider audience of wildlife and conservation professionals. © 2021 The Authors. Wildlife Society Bulletin published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Wildlife Society.

A Multidisciplinary Review of the Inka Imperial Resettlement Policy and Implications for Future Investigations.

The rulers of the Inka empire conquered approximately 2 million km2 of the South American Andes in just under 100 years from 1438–1533 CE. Inside the empire, the elite conducted a systematic resettlement of the many Indigenous peoples in the Andes that had been rapidly colonised. The nature of this resettlement phenomenon is recorded within the Spanish colonial ethnohistorical record. Here we have broadly characterised the resettlement policy, despite the often incomplete and conflicting details in the descriptions. We then review research from multiple disciplines that investigate the empirical reality of the Inka resettlement policy, including stable isotope analysis, intentional cranial deformation morphology, ceramic artefact chemical analyses and genetics. Further, we discuss the benefits and limitations of each discipline for investigating the resettlement policy and emphasise their collective value in an interdisciplinary characterisation of the resettlement policy.