Empathetic Behavior Research Articles

PELATIHAN EMPATI UNTUK PENCEGAHAN PERILAKU BULLYING PADA SISWA SEKOLAH DASAR

Community service carried out at SDN 06 Bantarjaya regarding empathy training to prevent bullying behavior in elementary school students which aims to train and increase insight into empathetic behavior to be more respectful of fellow students in order to avoid bullying behavior. This program was implemented in accordance with the results of observations where at the time of observation there was still a lack of empathetic behavior between students, both between students and students with other school members. This activity was carried out from August to September 2023, using the method of presenting material about bullying and empathy, role playing, and the final activity was watching a video about bullying behavior, then students were given a piece of paper to write down what experiences they had while watching the video. The result of this activity is an increase in understanding about empathetic behavior and a change in students' empathetic behavior towards their fellow students.

Effectiveness of Bullying Prevention Training on Bullying and Empathetic Behaviors and Academic Procrastination among Students

Effectiveness of Bullying Prevention Training on Bullying and Empathetic Behaviors and Academic Procrastination among Students

Effects of multidomain environmental and mental health factors on the development of empathetic behaviors and emotions in adolescence.

Empathy is at the core of our social world, yet multidomain factors that affect its development in socially sensitive periods, such as adolescence, are incompletely understood. To address this gap, this study investigated associations between social, environmental and mental health factors, and their temporal changes, on adolescent empathetic behaviors/emotions and, for comparison, callous unemotional (CU) traits and behaviors, in the early longitudinal Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development sample (baseline: n = 11062; 2-year follow-up: n = 9832, median age = 119 and 144 months, respectively). Caregiver affection towards the youth, liking school, having a close friend, and importance of religious beliefs/spirituality in the youth's life were consistently positively correlated with empathetic behaviors/emotions across assessments (p<0.001, Cohen's f = ~0.10). Positive family dynamics and cohesion, living in a neighborhood that shared the family's values, but also parent history of substance use and (aggregated) internalizing problems were additionally positively associated with one or more empathetic behaviors at follow-up (p<0.001, f = ~0.10). In contrast, externalizing problems, anxiety, depression, fear of social situations, and being withdrawn were negatively associated with empathetic behaviors and positively associated with CU traits and behaviors (p<0.001, f = ~0.1-0.44). The latter were also correlated with being cyberbullied and/or discriminated against, anhedonia, and impulsivity, and their interactions with externalizing and internalizing issues. Significant positive temporal correlations of behaviors at the two assessments indicated positive (early) developmental empathetic behavior trajectories, and negative CU traits' trajectories. Negative changes in mental health adversely moderated positive trajectories and facilitated negative ones. These findings highlight that adolescent empathetic behaviors/emotions are positively related to multidomain protective social environmental factors, but simultaneously adversely associated with risk factors in the same domains, as well as bully victimization, discrimination, and mental health problems. Risk factors instead facilitate the development of CU traits and behaviors.

Empathetic Conversational Systems: A Review of Current Advances, Gaps, and Opportunities

Empathy is a vital factor that contributes to mutual understanding, and joint problem-solving. In recent years, a growing number of studies have recognized the benefits of empathy and started to incorporate empathy in conversational systems. We refer to this topic as empathetic conversational systems. To identify the critical gaps and future opportunities in this topic, this paper examines this rapidly growing field using five review dimensions: (i) conceptual empathy models and frameworks, (ii) adopted empathy-related concepts, (iii) datasets and algorithmic techniques developed, (iv) evaluation strategies, and (v) state-of-the-art approaches. The findings show that most studies have centered on the use of the EMPATHETICDIALOGUES dataset, and the text-based modality dominates research in this field. Studies mainly focused on extracting features from the messages of the users and the conversational systems, with minimal emphasis on user modeling and profiling. Notably, studies that have incorporated emotion causes, external knowledge, and affect matching in the response generation models, have obtained significantly better results. For implementation in diverse real-world settings, we recommend that future studies should address key gaps in areas of detecting and authenticating emotions at the entity level, handling multimodal inputs, displaying more nuanced empathetic behaviors, and encompassing additional dialogue system features.

A Qualitative Analysis of Experiences of Medical Students Serving as Abortion Doulas.

Innovative strategies are needed in clinical education to teach empathetic behavior and communication skills. This study aimed to investigate preclinical medical students' experiences volunteering as abortion doulas and to understand the impact of their participation on their professional training. In this qualitative study, the authors conducted semistructured interviews with medical students who had volunteered as abortion doulas in March to July 2016. The interviews described motivations for participating, experiences volunteering as a doula, approach to caring for patients, and acquisition of communication skills and knowledge of abortion. The authors analyzed interview transcripts using a conventional content analysis approach, and themes were identified. The authors performed 22 interviews. For most participants, this was their first exposure to an abortion procedure or patient care in any capacity. Participants identified acquisition of skills including patient advocacy, communication, and empathy that they were later able to apply throughout their clinical clerkships. This opportunity improved well-being and solidified their decision to apply for residencies in reproductive health fields. After volunteering as abortion doulas, medical students were able to develop communication skills, empathy, and patient advocacy applicable to other areas of patient care. Preclinical students, potentially in other health care professions training, participating in patient care as doulas have the potential to further personal development, professionalism, and activism.

PENGARUH POLA ASUH ORANG TUA TERHADAP EMPATI SISWA KELAS VIII SMPN 174 JAKARTA

Parents' treatment of children will affect children's attitudes and behavior. One of the efforts made to form good character is with parental assistance in the form of parenting. Parents should prepare with knowledge to find the right parenting style in educating children. In his theory, Harlock states that there are three types of parenting patterns, namely democratic, authoritarian and permissive parenting. Providing the right parenting style for children can optimize children's growth and development. All of this is certainly inseparable from the role of parents, because children's behavior is a reflection of parental care, all behavior is no exception to empathetic behavior which is the result of the learning process from the environment, both directly and indirectly. This research is motivated by the problems found at SMPN 174 Jakarta while conducting PLP 2 activities for 2 months. The problem found by researchers is that the empathy of students at SMPN 174 Jakarta is quite low because there is a mismatch in the parenting patterns given by parents to their children. This study was conducted with the aim of knowing the effect of parenting on empathy. The approach used in this research is a quantitative approach. The type of research used is correlational. Data collection techniques were carried out using questionnaire distribution techniques. The population used is students in class VIII D, E F, SMPN 174 Jakarta, each class totaling 10 people and using the Simple Random Sampling technique. The results showed that based on the results obtained after conducting a simple linear analysis, the sig. value amounted to 0.149, which is based on the interpretation guidelines if the Significance value&gt; 0.05 then there is no influence between parental parenting on student empathy.

Вербальная эмпатия в функционально-прагматическом фокусе (на материале французского языка)

The aim of the research is to determine the functional-pragmatic structure of reactive empathetic messages in the situation of emotional suppression experienced by the initiator of communication. For the first time, an attempt has been made to consider the verbal manifestation of the empathetic sphere of compassion from the perspective of its functioning in combination with a speech act analysis of the mechanisms implementing the identified functions, based on the material of the French language. Unlike the previously proposed speech act representation of empathetic speech behavior within a pragmatic approach, the use of a functional method allows for the establishment of the previously unstudied functional-pragmatic structural organization of the verbal manifestation of empathetic response, thus explaining the scientific novelty of the work. As a result, the fundamental concepts characterizing the pragmatic structure of verbal empathy are refined: illocutionary empative, empathetic illocutionary function. The functional and speech-act tools for intentional realization of empathetic utterances by the reacting addressee are identified, which, according to the author, allows for the modeling of the functional-pragmatic structure of empathetic messages in compassionate communication. A dominant illocutionary function with subordinate empathetic subfunctions of various speech-act representations is distinguished.

Empathy and ethical sensitivity among intensive and critical care nurses: A path analysis.

Intensive and critical care nurses need to demonstrate ethical sensitivity especially in recognizing and dealing with ethical dilemmas particularly as they often care for patients living with life-threatening conditions. Theories suggest that there is a convergence between nurses' empathy and ethical sensitivity. Evidence in the literature indicates that nurses' emotional, demographic, and work characteristics are associated with their level of empathy and ethical sensitivity. To investigate the relationship between nurses' empathy and ethical sensitivity, considering their emotional states (depression, anxiety, and stress), demographic and work characteristics, and test an empirical model describing potential predictors of empathy (as a mediator) and ethical sensitivity using path analysis. Using a cross-sectional design, the philosophical theory of care ethics and empathy was extended and adopted as a conceptual framework for this study and tested by path analysis. Data were collected from 347 intensive care nurses recruited by ten educational-medical hospitals in Iran using a questionnaire between February and March 2021. The study was reviewed by the Ethical Advisory Board in Iran and conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki. Study participants demonstrated a mild level of stress, anxiety, and depression, alongside a relatively high level of empathy and ethical sensitivity. Nurses with good socioeconomic status had higher empathetic behavior with patients than those with weak status. Nurses aged over 40 who had received ethics training and had higher work experience were associated with higher ethical sensitivity compared to nurses under 20years of age. Empathy directly affected ethical sensitivity; however, anxiety had an indirect effect on ethical sensitivity through empathy. Among demographic factors, age had a positive direct effect on ethical sensitivity. Less anxiety and a high level of empathy contribute to higher levels of ethical sensitivity among intensive and critical care nurses.

Challenges and opportunities from using abortion harm reduction and value clarification and attitude transformation engagements for safe abortion advocacy in Uganda

BackgroundFrom 2018, the International Federation of Gynecologists and Obstetricians (FIGO) implemented the Advocating Safe Abortion project to support national obstetrics and gynecology (Obs/gyn) societies from ten member countries to become leaders of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR). We share experiences and lessons learnt about using value clarification and attitude transformation (VCAT) and abortion harm reduction (AHR) as strategies for our advocacy engagements.MethodsThe advocacy goal of ending abortion-related deaths followed predefined pathways from an extensive needs assessment prior to the project. These pathways were strengthening capacity of the Obs/gyn society as safe abortion advocates; establishing a vibrant network of partners; transforming social and gender norms; raising awareness of the legal and policy environment regarding abortion, and promoting the generation and use abortion data for evidence-informed policy and practice. Our advocacy targeted multiple stakeholders including media, policy makers judicio-legal, political and religious leaders, health workers and the public.ResultsDuring each engagement, facilitators required audiences to identify what roles they can play along the continuum of strategies that can reduce maternal death from abortion complications. The audiences acknowledged abortion complications as a major problem in Uganda. Among the root causes for the abortion context, audiences noted absence of an enabling environment for abortion care, which was characterized by low awareness about the abortion laws and policy, restricted abortion laws, cultural and religious beliefs, poor quality of abortion care services and abortion stigma.ConclusionVCAT and AHR were critical in enabling us to develop appropriate messages for different stakeholders. Audiences were able to recognize the abortion context, distinguish between assumptions, myths and realities surrounding unwanted pregnancy and abortion; recognize imperative to address conflict between personal and professional values, and identify different roles and values which inform empathetic attitudes and behaviors that mitigate abortion harms. The five pathways of the theory of change reinforced each other. Using the AHR model, we delineate strategies and activities which stakeholders could use to end abortion deaths. VCAT enables critical reflection of views, beliefs and values versus professional obligations and responsibilities, and promotes active attitude and behavior change and commitment to end abortion-related deaths.

Assessment of Empathic Ability and Factors Affecting Empathetic Behavior Regarding Care of Patients with Mental Illness Among Staff Nurses Working in the Selected Government Psychiatric Hospitals, Kolkata

A descriptive study was carried out to assess the empathic ability and factors affecting empathetic behavior regarding care of patients with mental illness among staff nurses working in the selected Government psychiatric hospitals, Kolkata. Health Belief Model of Rosenstoch and Becker (1975) were adopted as a conceptual framework. 96 staff nurses were selected by convenience sampling from Pavlov Mental Hospital, Kolakata-46 and Lumbini Park Mental Hospital, Kolkata-39. Paper/pencil test was used for data collection. The study findings based on descriptive and inferential statistical revealed that male staff nurses had high empathic ability than female staff nurses (M = 20%, F = 16%) and factors affecting empathetic behavior revealed that 53% had high level emotional exhaustion, 53 % had high level of depersonalization and 4% high level personal accomplishment. Calculated ‘r’ for empathic ability with depersonalization is 0.232 and the related ‘t’ values of is 2.29 at df (95); which is significantly associated. There were significant associations between level of empathic ability and type of family (10.8527) and number of family members (14.2415) at df (1)/&lt;0.05 level. Recommendations for future studies are large sample size, replicated with professional and paramedical staff, on specific age groups of student nurses and staff nurses, in different settings. Keywords: Empathic ability and Factors affecting empathic behavior

Trauma-Informed Pedagogy: Instructional Strategies to Support Student Success.

Over the past several years, the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has contributed to challenging working and life conditions. As a result, the midwifery and health care workforce has faced significant shortages due to burnout. Increased societal awareness of historical trauma and systemic racism embedded within US culture has also led to increased anxiety and signs of trauma among midwifery and health profession students. Now more than ever, innovative teaching strategies are needed to support students, reduce the risks of burnout, and increase diversity in the workforce. One strategy is to adopt a trauma-informed pedagogy within midwifery education. Trauma-informed pedagogy is founded on core assumptions of trauma-informed care and thus supports student success by recognizing that the student cannot be separated from their own life experiences. Faculty and preceptors can develop empathetic, flexible supports that communicate care and concern regarding students' personal and social situations, and emotions. Empathetic behavior from teachers also increases student learning motivation, making it easier for students to actively engage in learning thereby reducing their distress. The purpose of this State of the Science review, therefore, was to describe the literature surrounding trauma-informed pedagogy and to offer concrete educational strategies that faculty members and educational programs can employ to increase the success of a diverse student body. This can be accomplished through flexibility in curriculum design and outcome measurement to ensure attainment of end of program learning outcomes. Institutional and administrative support are essential to develop a faculty who realize the benefit and value of trauma-informed pedagogy underpinning student success.

The influence of social norms on expressing sympathy in social media

Increasingly, people are turning to social media to express grief. By and large, however, the social media community can do little more than improvise reactions, not quite sure how to use the old familiar social scripts as guides to lending effective support. To examine the role of social media in the grieving process, we used a mixed-methods approach: 12 interviews with “social media grievers” reveal the expectations of the bereaved regarding other users’ behavior. By way of two online experiments with 1058 participants, we tested how these expectations are met by the messaging of social media providers in accordance with social norm theory. We found that injunctive social norm messages are particularly effective, whereas descriptive social norm messages vary in their effectiveness, depending on which information is presented and how prominently so. What our study shows, then, is that both are potent socio-technical tools that can guide users towards more empathetic behavior when dealing with the bereaved, so while social media may not be a substitute for therapy, they can offer profound comfort for those of us dealing with bereavement and grief.

534-P: Evaluating the Impact of a Simulation Module on Empathy Development in Nursing Students

Empathetic behaviors by nurses have been shown to improve both patient satisfaction and health outcomes. However, there has been a documented decline in empathy levels among the undergraduate population, including nursing students. For these reasons educators have sought ways to improve empathy development in nursing students. This quasi-experimental study used a pre/posttest design to evaluate the effectiveness of a simulation intervention using an expert patient (EP) with diabetes to enhance empathy in nursing students with the intention of providing a foundation in empathy development early in their nursing careers. The intervention included a prerecorded interview with an EP, a person who has diabetes for more than 30 years, presentation of five facts about diabetes and the importance of empathy, and a guided debriefing session regarding feelings for people with diabetes. The scripting for the interview was based on the Diabetes Distress Tool and reviewed by the expert panel. However, the answers provided by the EP were her own experiences, thoughts, and feelings. Batson’s Eight Components of Empathy, Kolb’s Experiential Learning Theory, and Jeffries Simulation Theory provided a theoretical foundation for the study. Demographic data related to gender, race, age, work experience in healthcare, and closeness to a person with diabetes did not show any statistically significant influence on empathy development. But, there was a documented increase in levels of empathy as measured by the Comprehensive State Empathy Scale after the teaching intervention. The paired t-test reported a significant difference between the pretest total (M = 103.7; SD = 17.98) and posttest scores (M = 110.1; SD = 21.11) t(67) = 3.23, p = 0.001, with a small to medium effect size (d = .39 95% CI [2.46 - 10.44]). The core findings of this research contribute to the scholarship of nursing education and theory-based teaching interventions by validating a successful teaching strategy for enhancing empathy in nursing students. Disclosure G.L.Edstrom: None.

Evaluation of learning outcomes of humanities curricula in medical students. A meta-review of narrative and systematic reviews.

To assess the expected learning outcomes of medical humanities subjects in medical studies curricula. To connect those expected learning outcomes with the types of knowledge to be acquired in medical education. Meta-review of systematic and narrative reviews. Cochrane Library, MEDLINE (Pubmed), Embase, CINAHL, and ERIC were searched. In addition, references from all the included studies were revised, and the ISI Web of Science and DARE were searched. A total of 364 articles were identified, of which six were finally included in the review. Learning outcomes describe the acquisition of knowledge and skills to improve the relationship with patients, as well as the incorporation of tools to reduce burnout and promote professionalism. Programs that focus on teaching humanities promote diagnostic observation skills, the ability to cope with uncertainty in clinical practice, and the development of empathetic behaviors. The results of this review show heterogeneity in the teaching of medical humanities, both in terms of content and at the formal level. Humanities learning outcomes are part of the necessary knowledge for good clinical practice. Consequently, the epistemological approach provides a valid argument for including the humanities in medical curricula.

Gender differences in empathy measurement by different methodologies

This article reviewed the literature on gender differences in empathy(defined as someone’s emotional state causes one to experience what one perceive as a similar emotion). A total of five representative studies are examined according to the method they used to assess empathy, in which some studies used self-report questionnaires, others measured brain activities. All of the researches utilizing self-report questionnaires have consistent results favoring women in terms of empathetic abilities, while studies that measured brain activities concluded no discrepancies in initial empathetic abilities. It is suggested that the self-reports are influenced by social expectations, and discrepancy in results of researches in brain activities were impacted by the number of samples and the ongoing debate concerning the responsibility of particular brain areas for empathetic responses. To conclude, there is little discrepancy in the initial empathetic abilities between males and females. However, due to cultural and social factors, females may be more inclined to show more empathetic behavior.

Physician empathy in Korean clinical contexts: developing a conceptual framework and exploring influencing factors.

Despite its well-known clinical importance, physician empathy (PE) has been variably defined and its concepts among cultures are yet to be studied. This study aimed to develop a conceptual framework of PE and explore influencing factors on physicians' empathetic behavior in the Korean clinical context. Forty-two faculty members and 67 residents participated in the two-round Delphi survey to arrive at a consensus regarding the conceptual framework of PE in 2019. To explore individual and external factors affecting physicians' empathetic behavior, a Likert scale questionnaire based on an initial free-text response was administered to the same participants. The conceptual framework of PE among Korean doctors consisted of basic communication skills and attitudes, cognitively understanding of patients' thoughts and emotions, and communicating the doctors' understandings to patients. Individual attributes and system- and patient-factors were revealed as influencing factors for PE in real practice. The former included communication ability, self-awareness and management, humanism, clinical competence, and good personality traits. Excessive workload, time constraints, aggressive attitudes, and negative preconceptions towards doctors were perceived as inhibiting or hindering empathy in patient care. PE in the Korean clinical context comprised behavioral and cognitive components. Individual attributes, as well as external factors including system- and patient-factors were identified to affect PE in clinical settings. Further studies are needed to enhance the conceptual clarity of PE and identify how to promote doctors' empathetic practice even in less favorable healthcare environments.

What’s Best for Customers: Empathetic Versus Solution-Oriented Service Robots

A promising application of social robots highlighted by the ongoing labor shortage is to deploy them as service robots at organizational frontlines. As the face of the firms, service robots are expected to provide cognitive and affective supports in response to customer inquiries. However, one question remains unanswered: Would having a robot with a high level of affective support be helpful when such a robot cannot provide a satisfactory level of cognitive support to users? In this study, we aim to address this question by showing that empathetic service robots can be beneficial, although the extent of such benefits depends on the quality of services they provide. Our in-person human–robot interaction study (n = 55) shows that when a service robot can only provide a partial solution, it is preferable for it to express more empathetic behaviors, as users will perceive it to be more useful and will have a better customer experience. However, when a service robot is able to provide a full solution, the level of empathy displayed by it does not result in significant differences on perceived usefulness and customer experience. These findings are further validated in an online experimental study performed in another country (n = 395).

The role of perspective-taking on empowering the empathetic behavior of educators in VR-based training sessions: An experimental evaluation

VR-based training approaches can be used to empower the empathetic behavior of educators, raising their awareness and understanding of their learners, particularly in an era of social isolation and distancing. This paper presents research related to the use of VR as a tool for the practical training of educators aiming to empower their empathy skills through perspective-taking. Educator trainees participated in an experimental evaluation that involved exposure and interaction in a virtual classroom environment. Participants were divided into three groups; members of the first group experienced only the educator's perspective while members of the other two groups experienced both the educator's perspective and the perspective of students facing issues that may affect their academic performance and/or their integration in the school community. A thorough statistical analysis of the pre and post-experiment questionnaire responses, using ANOVA, indicated a significant impact of the VR intervention only for the two groups that experienced both the educator and student perspective. The results indicate the high added value of using VR with perspective-changing to strengthen empathetic behavior during the educator's training sessions.

Prediction of Emotional Empathy in Intelligent Agents to Facilitate Precise Social Interaction

The research area falls under the umbrella of affective computing and seeks to introduce intelligent agents by simulating emotions artificially and encouraging empathetic behavior in them, to foster emotional empathy in intelligent agents with the overarching objective of improving their autonomy. Raising the emotional empathy of intelligent agents to boost their autonomic behavior can increase their independence and adaptability in a socially dynamic context. As emotional intelligence is a subset of social intelligence, it is essential for successful social interaction and relationships. The purpose of this research is to develop an embedded method for analyzing empathic behavior in a socially dynamic situation. A model is proposed for inducing emotional intelligence through a deep learning technique, employing multimodal emotional cues, and triggering appropriate empathetic responses as output. There are 18 categories of emotional behavior, and each one is strongly influenced by multimodal cues such as voice, facial, and other sensory inputs. Due to the changing social context, it is difficult to classify emotional behavior and make predictions based on modest changes in multimodal cues. Robust approaches must be used to be sensitive to these minor changes. Because a one-dimensional convolutional neural network takes advantage of feature localization to minimize the parameters, it is more efficient in this exploration. The study’s findings indicate that the proposed method outperforms other popular ML approaches with a maximum accuracy level of 98.98 percent when compared to currently used methods.

Empathy before entering practice: A qualitative study on drivers of empathy in healthcare professionals from the perspective of medical students

&lt;abstract&gt; &lt;p&gt;Literature has shown that clinical empathy is important for good and effective patient care; however, research into the underlying precursors driving empathy is lacking. In this study, we aim to explore the motivating factors of empathy in healthcare professionals from the perspective of medical students. A grounded theory approach was employed to study the driving influences behind empathy in healthcare professionals. Focus Group Discussions comprising 21 English-speaking Year 4 medical students from Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine were conducted in August 2018. The results revealed four drivers of empathy and they are affective, cognitive, moral and individual valuation of empathy. A novel perspective on the motivation of empathy suggests that individual valuation of empathy plays a moderating role in both promoting and reducing empathetic behaviors. This proposes that effectiveness of empathetic behaviors founded upon genuine care might vary compared to those without it, which is consistent with current literature. We have shown that affective, cognitive and moral foundations of empathy are essential driving forces of empathy, with the valuation of empathy playing a major role in propelling empathetic behavior. In understanding the perceptions of empathy, interventions could work on accentuating the positive impacts of empathy in patient care, which might in turn, compel healthcare workers to display increased empathy for better patient care.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/abstract&gt;