Emotions Sadness Research Articles

DESCU: Dyadic emotional speech corpus and recognition system for Urdu language

Speech signal contains the emotional state of a speaker along with the message. The recognition of the emotional state of a speaker helps in determining the true meaning of a message and allows for more natural communication between humans and machines. This paper presents the design and development of a dyadic emotional speech corpus for the Urdu language. The corpus is developed by recording dialog scenarios for anger, happy, neutral, and sad emotions. The performance of frame-level features, utterance-level features, and spectrograms have been evaluated in this work. Emotion recognition experiments have been conducted using classifiers including Support Vector Machine, Hidden Markov Models and Convolutional Neural Networks. Experimental results show that the utterance-level features outperform the frame-level features and spectrograms. The combined feature set of cepstral, spectral, prosodic, and voice quality features performs better than the individual feature sets. The unweighted average recalls of 84.1%, 80.2%, 84.7% have been achieved for speaker-dependent and speaker-independent and text-independent emotion recognition, respectively.

Social sensitivity predicts accurate emotion inference from facial expressions in a face mask: a study in Japan.

Most prior research examining whether emotions can be accurately inferred from facial expressions with masks have been conducted with Western samples. Thus, there is a current lack of studies on this topic, as well as on factors affecting individual differences in the accuracy of emotion inference, among non-Western samples. This study examined the effects of social anxiety and social sensitivity on the accuracy of emotion inference from masked facial expressions in a Japanese sample. The results showed that wearing a mask made it difficult to identify the emotions of sadness and fear, happy and neutral expressions remained unaffected, and angry expressions were read more accurately. Further, while the findings show that a general higher ability to infer emotions from facial expressions may help ensure the accuracy of emotion inference from facial expressions with a mask, social sensitivity directly predicted the accuracy of emotion inference from facial expressions with a mask. These findings suggest that people who can infer complex mental states of others from subtle cues may be less susceptible to the effects of face masks.

The Effect of Self-Discrepancies on Emotions and Life Satisfaction

Objective The objective of this study is to look at the effect of self-discrepancies on emotions and life satisfaction. Design Questionnaire administration and results analysis design. Method 111 male and 170 female subjects completed a collection of questionnaires in order to examine the effect of different self-guides (actual undesired congruent self, actual ideal discrepant-self and actual ought discrepant-self self), on the specific emotions of anger, sadness, enjoyment and life satisfaction, and to examine the relationship between self-consciousness, self-monitoring and emotions. Results Those people whose actual selves are discrepant from their ought selves are vulnerable to anxiety and related disorders. Those people whose actual selves are discrepant from their ideal selves are vulnerable to depression, dejection and related disorders. Finally, those whose actual selves are congruent with their undesirable selves are vulnerable to hopelessness, self-destructive and suicidal tendencies. Conclusions The relationship between the four components of the self and the importance of achieving a balance between these four components will have a significant bearing on what is going on inside our skin. It will determine whether you are prone to symptoms such as anxiety, depression, despair, suicidal ideation and hopelessness or whether you are stable, rational and sound in judgment and thinking. Reducing your undesirable characteristics on the one hand and striving to reach your ideal self on the other will gradually improve our actual self.

Tinjauan Psikologi Pengendalian Emosi Sedih Dalam Al-Qur’an:


 In people's lives as social beings, interaction with others is a necessity. Not infrequently this interaction can lead to various types of anger. Anger inside people is very diverse and has a fairly large range, that's why until today experts have not made an agreement regarding the interpretation of anger in the usual way. One of them is the definition of anger put forward by Robert C. Judging from the type of research, there is also a type of research used in this research, namely bibliography research or library research, which is research that is carried out by collecting information or making objective notes with the aim of the research object. or collection of information in the nature of a bibliography, or analysis carried out to uncover a problem which is basically based on critical and in-depth analysis of relevant literature materials. This research results that related to the problem that the author has presented in chapter I, the author obtains three phases of controlling sad emotions according to the Alqurān surah Yūsuf verse 86 with theoretical analysis from M. Darwis Hude and its implementation form with a psychological approach Controlling the sad emotions of Prophet Ya'qūb in interpretation Surah Yūsuf verse 86 can only be fully understood by looking at the background of the Prophet Ya'qūb's sadness as set forth in the previous verses (80-85), then the core verses (86), and the verses after (87).
 Keywords: Yaqub, Emotion, Al-Qur'an

Students’ Perspective About Their Cyberbullying Behavior And Disclosure at Higher Education Institution in Pakistan

With the passage of time usage of social media has been enlarged. Hence, it has enhanced the risk of youth being bullied and has appeared such as a huge concern for parents, instructors as well as other working professionals remarkably. Objectives of this research was to identified the opinions of students about the presence, occurrence and exposure of cyber bullying behavior also the negative effects of cyberbullying on student’s thoughts and emotions. The sample consisted of 10 male students of five universities of Punjab in Pakistan. In this way qualitative research methods, semi-structured interview was conducted with each student who identify the individual opinions and behaviors. This type of qualitative research was a case study that was preferred the phenomena of cyber bullying. Content analysis was used to interpret the phenomena. As a result of this analysis, students on exhibited cyberbullying behaviors according to their individualities, their emotions of anger, sadness and hate were more often showed. The results of this research were reflected in the findings and suggestions persuaded for cyber victims. It was further recommended that psychological counselors should work in higher education institutions.

Perceived discrimination based on the symptoms of covid-19, mental health, and emotional responses-the international online COVISTRESS survey.

Despite the potential detrimental consequences for individuals' health and discrimination from covid-19 symptoms, the outcomes have received little attention. This study examines the relationships between having personally experienced discrimination based on the symptoms of covid-19 (during the first wave of the pandemic), mental health, and emotional responses (anger and sadness). It was predicted that covid-19 discrimination would be positively related to poor mental health and that this relationship would be mediated by the emotions of anger and sadness. The study was conducted using an online questionnaire from January to June 2020 (the Covistress network; including 44 countries). Participants were extracted from the COVISTRESS database (Ntotal = 280) with about a half declaring having been discriminated due to covid-19 symptoms (N = 135). Discriminated participants were compared to non-discriminated participants using ANOVA. A mediation analysis was conducted to examine the indirect effect of emotional responses and the relationships between perceived discrimination and self-reported mental health. The results indicated that individuals who experienced discrimination based on the symptoms of covid-19 had poorer mental health and experienced more anger and sadness. The relationship between covid-19 personal discrimination and mental health disappeared when the emotions of anger and sadness were statistically controlled for. The indirect effects for both anger and sadness were statistically significant. This study suggests that the covid-19 pandemic may have generated discriminatory behaviors toward those suspected of having symptoms and that this is related to poorer mental health via anger and sadness.

Sentiment analysis of Lovecraft's fiction writings

This paper, at the intersection of literary studies, computational literary analysis and psychology, analyzes Lovecraft's literary production throughout his career. Fifty-four writings from the period 1905–1935, which span almost all of his career as a fiction writer, have been studied by applying the computational techniques of sentiment analysis and following a methodology structured in three stages. In the first one, I analyzed each of the writings, in order to identify the relative percentage of emotion-inducing words according to Plutchik's Wheel of Emotions. The second phase of this process consisted of hierarchical cluster analysis to identify homogeneous groups of works. Finally, in the third step of the research, I conducted a statistical analysis. The results point to three different conclusions. First, the quantitative analysis confirms that there exists an intimate connection between the emotions of fear and sadness in Lovecraft's writings, which generates an intense emotion of despair. Second, the vast majority of his works can be grouped into two categories, each with a distinct pattern in terms of emotions. Finally, there seems to be a relationship between the identified categories and the evolution of Lovecraft's style; that is, there is a temporal evolution toward much darker works, which are dominated by negative emotions.

Development of Novel Musical Stimuli to Investigate the Perception of Musical Emotions in Individuals With Hearing Loss.

Many studies have examined the perception of musical emotion using excerpts from familiar music that includes highly expressed emotions to classify emotional choices. However, using familiar music to study musical emotions in people with acquired hearing loss could produce ambiguous results as to whether the emotional perception is due to previous experiences or listening to the current musical stimuli. To overcome this limitation, we developed new musical stimuli to study emotional perception without the effects of episodic memory. A musician was instructed to compose five melodies with evenly distributed pitches around 1 kHz. The melodies were created to express the emotions of happy, sad, angry, tender, and neutral. To evaluate whether these melodies expressed the intended emotions, two methods were applied. First, we classified the expressed emotions of melodies with selected musical features from 60 features using genetic algorithm-based k-nearest neighbors. Second, forty-four people with normal hearing participated in an online survey regarding the emotional perception of music based on dimensional and discrete approaches to evaluate the musical stimuli set. Twenty-four selected musical features produced classification for intended emotions with an accuracy of 76%. The results of the online survey in the normal hearing (NH) group showed that the intended emotions were selected significantly more often than the others. K-means clustering analysis revealed that melodies with arousal and valence ratings corresponded to representative quadrants of interest. Additionally, the applicability of the stimuli was tested in 4 individuals with high-frequency hearing loss. By applying the individuals with NH, the musical stimuli were shown to classify emotions with high accuracy, as expressed. These results confirm that the set of musical stimuli can be used to study the perceived emotion in music, demonstrating the validity of the musical stimuli, independent of innate musical bias such as due to episodic memory. Furthermore, musical stimuli could be helpful for further studying perceived musical emotion in people with hearing loss because of the controlled pitch for each emotion.

The Study on the Identification of Musical Passages for an Emotion Perception Scale for People With Developmental Disabilities.

Emotion recognition is essential to the social adjustment and social interaction of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs). Given that music is a medium for expressing and conveying human emotion, we conducted this preliminary study to identify musical passages representing the basic human emotions of happiness, sadness, and anger, with the goal of developing a music-based emotion perception scale for IDDs. To identify musical passages for emotion perception, 20 certified music therapists evaluated 100 selected musical passages and established 60 pieces that yielded the highest agreement for each emotion category. During the second phase of this study, 300 neurotypical participants rated 60 passages in terms of the perceived type and intensity of emotions expressed. The 60 passages showed high reliability and were statistically classified into three factors: happiness, sadness, and anger. The k-means cluster analysis yielded a cut-off score of 41 for the low emotion perception group (F = 1120.63, P < 0.001). The hierarchical logistic regression analysis revealed that only model 3 (musical passages) was significantly associated with low emotion perception (step χ² = 227.8, P < 0.001). The selected musical passages demonstrated high reliability and established three factors for identifying perceptions of happiness, sadness, and anger. Neither psychological status nor individual demographic characteristics affected the emotion perception results.

Mask-Wearing and Emotional Intensity Perceptions

The widespread use of sanitary face masks due to the COVID-19 pandemic renewed interest in facial emotion perception while wearing masks. Usage of face masks during this time were considered a nonpharmaceutical intervention to mitigate the spread of the virus. We examined whether wearing face masks affects the intensity of emotion perception and judgments of approachability while also considering the sex and age of the rater. Emerging adults (ages 18–25, M = 19.5, 16 men, 44 women, n = 60) and adults (ages 26–65, M = 44.8, 10 men, 31 women, n = 41) viewed photos of faces of a young adult man, middle-aged man, young adult woman, and a middle-aged woman, masked and unmasked, with happy, sad, neutral, and angry expressions. ANOVAs repeated onthe face mask and no face mask conditions showed significant reductions in emotion intensity for happy (p &lt; .001, η2 = .22) and sad faces (p &lt; .001, η2 = .35), no differences for angry faces (p = .16, η2 = .02), and the opposite (increased intensity) with neutral faces (p = .03, η2 = .02). Unmasked happy faces were rated as more approachable than masked happy faces. Unmasked angry faces were rated as less approachable than masked angry faces but only by emerging adults. No differences appeared for sad emotions. Neutral faces again showed an unexpected pattern, with masks increasing approachability.

The Emotion of Sadness in Modern Psychology and Classical Islamic Thought: The Example of Kindi

Psikolojinin önemli konularından olan duygu konusuyla ilgili geçmişten günümüze çok sayıda çalışma yapılmıştır. Yapılan çalışmaların çoğunluğunda duygular sınıflandırılmış ve üzüntü duygusu temel duygular arasında kabul edilmiştir. Duygu konusu, psikolojinin yanı sıra farklı disiplinlere mensup kişilerin de ilgisini çekmiştir. Bu noktada, ilk İslam filozofu olarak kabul edilen Ebû Yûsuf Ya’kub b. İshâk b. Es-Sabbâh el-Kindî de duygu konusu ve bilhassa üzüntü duygusuyla yakından ilgilenmiştir. Kindî, üzüntü duygusuyla ilgili müstakil bir eser dahi kaleme almıştır. Bu çalışmada üzüntü duygusunun Kindî’nin düşünce sistemindeki ve modern psikolojideki yeri karşılaştırmalı bir şekilde incelenmektedir. Çalışmanın yöntemi olarak nitel araştırma yöntemi seçilmiştir. Çalışmanın verileri doküman incelemesi tekniği kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Araştırmada durum çalışması deseni kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada öncelikle duygu konusu ve üzüntü duygusu psikolojik açıdan ele alınmaktadır. Akabinde Kindî’nin düşünce sisteminde duygu konusu ve üzüntü duygusu üzerinde durulmakta ve onun üzüntü duygusundan kurtulmak için önerdiği çözüm yollarına yer verilmektedir. Gerçekleştirilen inceleme sonucunda duyguların tasnifi, üzüntü duygusunun diğer duygular arasındaki konumu, üzüntünün sebepleri ve insan hayatına etkileri açısından modern psikolojinin verileri ile Kindî’nin görüşlerinin büyük oranda örtüştüğü tespit edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda, duygu konusunun ve üzüntü duygusunun Batı menşeli bir bilim dalı olan psikolojide ve ilk İslam filozofu olan Kindî’nin düşünce sisteminde oldukça benzer şekilde değerlendirildiği görülmektedir.

AN ANALYSIS OF METAPHOR USED IN ADELE’S SONG

This research aims to analyzed the types of metaphors and to analyzed the emotion of metaphor used in Adele's song. This research used the theory of Lakoff &amp; Johnson (2003) and the theory of Kövecses (2010). In conducting this research, the researchers used 12 titles of Adele’s songs randomly as data source. This research used qualitative research method and in data analysis the researchers were identified, classified and interpreted. The result of this research was found 33 metaphors which divided into three types, there are 15 structural metaphor, 8 orientation metaphor and 9 ontology metaphor which separated into 3 types there were 3 entity, 3 container and 3 personifications. Moreover, the researchers found eight types of metaphor emotion in Adele’s songs, there were 7 emotion of anger, 1 emotion of happiness, 17 emotion of sadness, 6 emotion of love, 1 emotion of pride, Base on the analysis, the most frequently metaphors in the Adele’s songs are structural metaphor and the emotion of metaphor mostly used the metaphor of sadness.

NOT HAVING THE FAMILY, INSURANCE, AND MONEY AND EXPERIENCING LOTS OF PAIN: FEARS ABOUT CANCER AMONG OLDER LATINO MEN

Abstract Cancer is the second leading cause of death among Latino men. A total of 44.1% of Latino males 60-years or older have a lifetime probability of developing invasive cancer with lower survival rates, even when accounting for age and stage distribution. Given the population growth is essential to examine older Latinos’ understanding of a cancer diagnosis. The study consisted of 200 surveys that included a qualitative component consisting of open-ended questions in Spanish. We separately analyzed the responses of the 57 immigrant Latino men to understand their perspective regarding cancer, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. The median age is 68 years and the length of stay in the US is 27 years. Utilizing a grounded theory approach and thematic analysis, codes were developed based on five priori interview themes: leaving people behind, worry and stress about payment, emotions of sadness and fear of uncertainty, struggle with acceptance, and faith as comfort.

Synchronization in functional brain networks of children suffering from ADHD based on Hindmarsh-Rose neuronal model

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the common psychological disorders in children, which causes improper recognition of others' emotions. These children often have very poor social interaction and a lack of self-confidence. Brain disorders are typically studied by investigating the functional connectivity of different areas in the brain networks of individuals and measuring synchronization. This study investigates synchronization in the simulated functional brain networks of 22 boys with ADHD and 22 healthy boys using electroencephalogram (EEG) signals during angry, happy, neutral, and sad emotions. In these simulated networks, a Hindmarsh-Rose neuronal model is considered for each network node. The edges' weights connecting these nodes represent the synchronization level between the EEG electrode pairs. By changing the coupling strength between the network nodes, different synchronization patterns in the ADHD and healthy brain networks can be observed in all four types of facial emotions. This study shows a higher synchronization, especially in happiness emotion in the frontal and occipital brain lobes of the ADHD group, responsible for human emotional and visual processing, respectively. Results also indicate the chimera phenomenon in both of the brain networks of ADHD and healthy individuals. However, this phenomenon occurs in the ADHD group at a lower coupling strength. These findings may represent a deficit in the brain's emotional and visual processing centers in the ADHD group, especially during the happy emotional stimuli.

The Impact of Friendship Environment on Adolescent Emotional Development

The Influence of The Friendship Environment On The Emotional Development Of Youth. The method used in this study is a qualitative research that is library research, using journals, and articles related to the influence of the friendship environment on the emotional development of adolescents. Emotions in each individual have a different emotional response. We can see this from how individuals express their emotional feelings, for example, when they feel sad, there are teenagers who show their sadness by crying bitterly, there are also those who only express sad emotions by being silent, gloomy, and making them not want to do anything. Based on the results of reviewing and analyzing journals related to the title, it can be concluded that the influence of the friendship environment on the emotional development of adolescents is very influential because during adolescence. Therefore, the influence of friendship will have a greater impact on the individual than the influence that comes from the family environment. So it is necessary to have an individual stand and also be good at choosing healthy friendships so that they can support each other's emotional development efficiently and continuously. In this journal, which is sourced from several journals that have been reviewed, there are still many shortcomings in each discussion, especially in the minimizing section so that there are no obstacles to the emotional development of adolescents themselves. Therefore, for further researchers who are interested in raising the theme of exuberance, it is hoped that this section will be more emphasized.

Situation of Physiotherapy Clinics in the Community of Madrid in Relation to the Concept of Sustainability: A Survey Study

Introduction: Nowadays, it is increasingly urgent to regulate the use of the natural resources of our planet. From the field of physiotherapy, it is necessary to address this issue to ensure that our centers comply as much as possible with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Objective: To analyze the current situation in physiotherapy clinics in the Community of Madrid so as to identify whether their managers are aware of the concept of sustainability and its levels of application. Material and Methods: A survey study was carried out with the collaboration of 52 physiotherapy clinics in the Community of Madrid (Spain) to collect relevant data on sustainability. The questions were designed by experts in physiotherapy and sustainability with the aim of obtaining as much information as possible, analyzing the knowledge of sustainability and part of the goals established in the 2030 agenda. The procedures were conducted following the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement and checklist, in addition to following the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain (CIPI/22.016). Results: A total of 35 questions were answered by 52 physiotherapy clinics in the Autonomous Community of Madrid (Spain) that completed the survey. In addition to the results of each question related to the concept of sustainability, significant differences were observed in the proportion of emotions detected with the NRC dictionary in the question about how waste is removed from the center (p = 0.002 and 0.008, respectively) with a higher proportion of positive feelings with emotions of joy, anticipation, confidence and surprise expressed by participants from clinics of less than 90 m2, while in those from clinics of more than 90 m2, negative feelings predominated with emotions of disgust, fear or sadness; in both cases, the effect of size was large and significant. Conclusions: Most of the physiotherapy clinics in the Community of Madrid that participated in the study are aware of the concept of sustainability. However, in practice, they do not sufficiently apply sustainability protocols in their clinics.

Developing an Emotion Recognition Tool for Tweets

This research in the domain of sentiment analysis aims to maintain high effectivity and applicability by not just understanding how the user feels, but by accurately quantifying their emotions. With the desired end product being a web application, the visualization that is received as an output aids the user in comparing the intensity of their emotions of anger, fear, joy and sadness demonstrated in the input tweets. This web application was built with the use of a dataset from the SEMEVAL-2018 competition. Training and testing of the dataset using 6 machine learning algorithms and their evaluation using performance metrics including R2, MAE, MSE and RMSE led us to arrive at the result that 'Support Vector Regressor' was the best performing algorithm for anger, sadness and fear while the Gradient Boosting algorithm performed best for joy. To that end, the web application uses the following algorithm for evaluating the respective emotions. In addition to developing a prediction model, the research also involved extensive data visualization an analysis that conveyed the most used words and hashtags when the user experiences each of the aforementioned emotions. To highlight the research's accomplishment- the author has been able to create a fairly accurate and relatively quick sentiment analysis model for public opinion.

Computer assisted identification of stress, anxiety, depression (SAD) in students: A state-of-the-art review.

Stress, depression, and anxiety are a person's physiological states that emerge from various body features such as speech, body language, eye contact, facial expression, etc. Physiological emotion is a part of human life and is associated with psychological activities. Sad emotion is relatable to negative thoughts and recognized in three stages containing stress, anxiety, and depression. These stages of Physiological emotion show various common and distinguished symptoms. The present study explores stress, depression, and anxiety symptoms in student life. The study reviews the psychological features generated through various body parts to identify psychological activities. Environmental factors, including a daily routine, greatly trigger psychological activities. The psychological disorder may affect mental and physical health adversely. The correct recognition of such disorder is expensive and time-consuming as it requires accurate datasets of symptoms. In the present study, an attempt has been made to investigate the effectiveness of computerized automated techniques that include machine learning algorithms for identifying stress, anxiety, and depression mental disorder. The proposed paper reviews the machine learning-based algorithms applied over datasets containing questionnaires, audio, video, etc., to recognize sad details. During the review process, the proposed study found that artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques are well recommended and widely utilized in most of the existing literature for measuring psychological disorders. The various machine learning-based algorithms are applied over datasets containing questionnaires, audio, video, etc., to recognize sad details. There has been continuous monitoring for the body symptoms established in the various existing literature to identify psychological states. The present review reveals the study of excellence and competence of machine learning techniques in detecting psychological disorders' stress, depression, and anxiety parameters. This paper shows a systematic review of some existing computer vision-based models with their merits and demerits.

Exclamatives as means of exhibiting emotions in Henry James’s Washington Square: Pragmatic aspect

Abstract The article aims to analyse exclamatives as means of expressing emotions in dialogical discourse through the Speech Acts Theory. In particular, it dwells upon the representation of the Universal Emotion by the sub-classes of speech acts on the material of Henry James’s Washington Square. For this purpose, a structural-semantic analysis, a speech acts analysis, an intentional analysis, and a statistical analysis were used in the research. The results established pragmatic regularities of using the exclamatives in the course of communication in the novel. Thus, emotions play an essential role in constructing the character’s individual features, each of them having his/her predominant emotion. In addition, the statistical analysis showed that the majority of the analysed exclamatives are used to express the emotions of anger, joy, and sadness, which are construed predominantly by expressive and representative speech acts.

허수경 시의 색채 이미지 연구

Black and white in Heo Soo-kyeong's poetry reveal unique color symbolism in a way of repetition and reversion. This aspect deepens and expands the emotion and the subject consciousness, which forms her own distinct poetic aesthetics. Furthermore, the black and white color images in her poems display an Assemblage effect, forming mixed and entangled aspects in one work. This is a new possibility created by a combination of disparate elements, a further level of thinking from the conventional wisdom that the two colors indicate an opposing single network of meanings in different works.&#x0D; In the case where the two color images are mixed and entangled in a single work, in Heo Soo-kyeong's poem, there appears two aspects of confrontation and coessentiality in the meaning of the subject consciousness. First of all, the two colors appear as opposing color images, which assumes the symbolism that schematizes the power structure of the strong and the weak. However, the meaning of these two colors can be interchangeable, not being fixed as an opposite between good and evil or strong and weak and, thereby presenting the poet's flexible way of thinking.&#x0D; On the other hand, in the case where the two color reveal coessential color images, they assume two aspects, negative coessentiality and positive coessentiality. In other words, both black and white reveal negative coessentiality by maximizing the emotion of sadness and depression, or positive coessentiality by aspiring after a world of purity and peace. This pattern deviates from the conventional wisdom that regards white and black as opposite colors, which is a point that reveals Heo Soo-kyeong's distinct sense of color.&#x0D; In this light, the color images of black and white forms deeper and richer semantic network when they appear to be mixed and entangled in one work than when used solely. This is the result of the poet's expanded creative imagination for the symbolism of color images, and it can be interpreted as the expression of multidimensional and fluid color aesthetics and securing new possibilities for color symbolism through the interaction of black and white.