Emotional Rumination Research Articles

Multilevel Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling of Daily Diary Coping Data: Modeling Trait and State Variation

This study used multilevel modeling of daily diary data to model within-person (state) and between-person (trait) components of coping variables. This application included the introduction of multilevel factor analysis (MFA) and a comparison of the predictive ability of these trait/state factors. Daily diary data were collected on a large (n = 366) multiethnic sample over the course of 5 days. Intraclass correlation coefficient for the derived factors suggested approximately equal amounts of variability in coping usage at the state and trait levels. MFAs showed that Problem-Focused Coping and Social Support emerged as stable factors at both the within-person and between-person levels. Other factors (Minimization, Emotional Rumination, Avoidance, Distraction) were specific to the within-person or between-person levels but not both. Multilevel structural equation modeling (MSEM) showed that the prediction of daily positive and negative affect differed as a function of outcome and level of coping factor. The Discussion section focuses primarily on a conceptual and methodological understanding of modeling state and trait coping using daily diary data with MFA and MSEM to examine covariation among coping variables and predicting outcomes of interest.

Negative Jealousy-Related Emotion Rumination as Consequences of Romantic Partner, Cross-Sex Friend, and Sibling Jealousy Expression

Negative jealousy-related emotion and rumination are examined as consequences of a close relational partner's jealousy expression. Specifically, relationship type (i.e., sibling relationships, cross-sex friendships, and dating partners) and three of Guerrero et al.'s (1995) forms of jealousy expression (i.e., distributive communication, integrative communication, and negative affect expression) are compared according to negative jealousy-related emotion and rumination following a hypothetical partner jealousy expression situation. Siblings and dating partners reported experiencing more intense negative emotion than cross-sex friends after partner jealousy expression. Further, participants reported ruminating more after their partners used distributive communication compared with integrative communication or negative affect expression to express jealousy. Emotional intensity did not vary according to type of jealousy expression and rumination did not vary with regard to relationship type. Practical and theoretical implications for the study of negative emotion, rumination, and partner jealousy expression are discussed.

Decomposing the construct of ambivalence over emotional expression in a Chinese cultural context

The present study examined the construct of ambivalence over emotional expression proposed by King and Emmons (1990) in the Chinese context, and identified a factor structure different from those proposed in previous Western studies. The results of this study provided discriminant validity for this newly extracted two‐factor structure of ambivalence, viz., Emotional Rumination and Emotional Suppression. Emotional Rumination was significantly predicted by the personality scales of introversion and inferiority, and the belief dimension of fate control, whereas Emotional Suppression was predicted by the personality scales of diversity, face, and harmony, and the belief dimension of social complexity. The different effects of Emotional Rumination and Emotional Suppression in predicting life satisfaction showed that emotional experience has its own specific characteristics in Chinese culture, and that responding to its emic characteristics will yield a more culturally responsive understanding of emotional experience and expression. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A factor-analytic study of cross-cultural differences in emotional rumination and emotional inhibition

Abstract The aim of the present study was to explore cross-cultural differences in emotion control, using the Emotion Control Questionnaire [ECQ — Roger, D., & Najarian, B. (1989). The construction and validation of a new scale for measuring emotional control. Personality and Individual Differences, 10 , 845–853]. The ECQ has been extensively validated on English samples, but rather than using the original published factor structure to derive mean scores, the study was based on comparisons between new factor analyses of ECQ data obtained from comparable samples of English, Spanish and Korean subjects. Consistent differences emerged, suggesting that the Korean subjects in particular differed in the way they construed emotional behaviour. Subsequent confirmatory factor analyses suggested that a two-factor model comprising emotional inhibition and emotional rumination offered the best fit for the data across all three samples, and new scales based on these findings are proposed.

The relationship between emotional rumination and cortisol secretion under stress

This study investigated the relationship between emotional rumination and cortisol secretion during stress. Subjects were 51 student nurses undergoing a written examination as part of their training and urinary-free cortisol was assayed from samples taken immediately after the examination and again three weeks later. Cortisol difference scores were obtained, expressed as a function of creatinine, assayed simultaneously, and baseline cortisol levels. Subjects completed the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) and the Emotion Control Questionnaire (ECQ) and results showed that cortisol differences were associated with the rehearsal (or rumination) scale from the ECQ and to a lesser extent ECQ emotional inhibition and EPI neuroticism.

The development and evaluation of an emotion control training programme for sex offenders

Purpose. This study was aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of an emotion control training programme for sex offenders.Methods. A pilot study was conducted using a sample of 18 inmates from HMP Wakefield, all of whom completed the Emotion Control Questionnaire (ECQ; Roger & Najarian, 1989) and the Coping Styles Questionnaire (CSQ; Roger, Jarvis & Najarian, 1993) before and after training. The main study included 52 inmates from the same institution. To avoid singling out sex offenders, participants either volunteered themselves or were referred by prison staff, and the sample included 29 sex offenders and 23 murderers. Participants were assessed before training, immediately afterwards and again six weeks later, and behaviour ratings by prison staff were included in the main study in addition to the emotion control and coping scales.Results. Results from the pilot study showed significant increases in adaptive coping and a reduction in impulsiveness following training. Results from the main study showed significantly less emotional rumination and inhibition and more adaptive coping immediately after the training, and there were also significant changes amongst selected behaviour rating dimensions.Conclusions. The results confirmed that the training programme was effective in modifying both attitudes and behaviour amongst sex offenders, and that effects were replicated for a group of inmates with other offences who were included in the sample.

The role of emotion control and emotional rumination in stress management training

The present paper reports on three outcome studies evaluating the effectiveness of a new stress management training program. In contrast to conventional stress management, which tends to emphasize life-events, the symptoms of stress and relaxation, the new program is based on emotional rumination, emotion control, and attention control. The training developed from a series of experimental studies on the role of emotional inhibition and rumination in prolonging physiological recovery from stress, and the findings reported here were obtained from a series of applied studies involving police officers from a police force in the North of England. The first two studies employed both self-reported and objective measures of change to demonstrate that the training produced significant increases in job satisfaction and reduced absenteeism, while the results of the final study showed that the benefits of the program were enhanced by follow-up training.