Emotional Exhaustion Subscale Research Articles

The burden of attempted suicide: The attitude of emergency services workers

IntroductionThe great global burden of suicide requires specific preventive strategies focused on emergency services (ES) workers, providing first aid after attempted suicide.ObjectivesTo investigate the approach of ES workers toward attempted suicides, and to assess work-related stress and teamwork attitude as variables likely to influence suicide risk perception.MethodsA total of 265 ES workers (73 medical doctors, 130 nurses, 62 health and social care workers) from 3 hospitals in the area of Modena (Northern Italy) were involved. In a group setting, titles from local newspapers reporting about suicides were read, and ES workers were asked to fill in 3 psychometric scale questionnaires (SUIATT, MBI and SAQ).ResultsThe questionnaires returned were 88 (33%), 47% (n = 42) were filled by women, median age was 40 years. Doctors group had the highest response rate (60%). Burnout levels were intermediate at the Emotional Exhaustion subscale, severe at the Depersonalization subscale and mild at the Professional Efficacy subscale. Eighteen percent recorded a good team perception, 33% had a good perception of their work conditions. SUIATT subscales showed a restrictive attitude toward suicide, regardless of hospital and task.DiscussionNo associations emerged among SUIATT, MBI and SAQ subscales; male sex alone correlated to the SUIATT factor “rationality/mental alteration”, suggesting more “tolerance” of suicidal behaviour.ConclusionsIt is crucial to raise awareness among ES workers on this issue, since those workers considering suicide as “more acceptable” are more likely to recognise its signs.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Prevalence of Burnout among Resident Physicians in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Iran

INTRODUCTION: Burnout is a state of mental and physical exhaustion which is developed under high levels of work-related stress. Burnout during residency training has gained significant attention since it leaves negative impacts on job performance and patient care. This study aimed at investigating the rate of burnout among residents in different medical fields.METHOD: A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out in 170 medical residents in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 2012. Data was collected using a demographic questionnaire and Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI).RESULTS: Overall 52% of residents met burnout criteria ranging from 33% to 73% in different fields. There was a significant difference between specialties regarding emotional exhaustion subscale. (p=0.022). There was also a significant relationship between age and emotional exhaustion, in fact younger residents reported higher emotional exhaustion. (p=0.004)CONCLUSIONS: There was a considerable degree of burnout among residents and we found a relationship between educational field and emotional exhaustion. The highest degree of burnout was observed in Gynecology residents, and highest degree of emotional exhaustion was reported between younger residents.

Are burnout prevention programs for hospital physicians needed?

Burnout, whether as a brief episode or more protracted, affects all aspects of a physician's life. Given the critical role of physicians in society, efforts to monitor, preserve, and enhance physician health are beneficial also to their patients. We investigated the patterns of burnout in physicians. Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), in the General Survey version, was handed out to interested physicians of a Canadian general hospital in a Grand Rounds lecture on "well-being of physicians." They were to complete the MBI on an anonymous basis. Fifty-five adequately completed questionnaires were received. Our physicians obtained significantly higher (p<0.01) average score on Emotional Exhaustion subscale of MBI (14.0, SD=7.5) and on the Cynicism subscale of the MBI than average scores from combined 9 occupational samples listed in Maslach's manual: our physicians reported more intense emotional depletion and endorsed more items suggestive of cynicism. However, their average Professional Efficacy score (27.6, SD=6.3) did not significantly differ from Maslach's combined average for this subscale. The physicians' Professional Efficacy scores were not significantly related to those of Emotional Exhaustion and of Cynicism (Pearson coefficients, p>0.05). This suggests that improving professional medical skills (and thus a sense of efficiency) alone cannot prevent physicians from burnout. An implementation of other preventive strategies such as those based on mindfulness or on cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is necessary.

Common Genetic Variation Near Melatonin Receptor 1A Gene Linked to Job-Related Exhaustion in Shift Workers.

Study Objectives:Tolerance to shift work varies; only some shift workers suffer from disturbed sleep, fatigue, and job-related exhaustion. Our aim was to explore molecular genetic risk factors for intolerance to shift work.Methods:We assessed intolerance to shift work with job-related exhaustion symptoms in shift workers using the emotional exhaustion subscale of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey, and carried out a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using Illumina’s Human610-Quad BeadChip (n = 176). The most significant findings were further studied in three groups of Finnish shift workers (n = 577). We assessed methylation in blood cells with the Illumina HumanMethylation450K BeadChip, and examined gene expression levels in the publicly available eGWAS Mayo data.Results:The second strongest signal identified in the GWAS (p = 2.3 × 10E-6) was replicated in two of the replication studies with p < .05 (p = 2.0 × 10E-4 when combining the replication studies) and indicated an association of job-related exhaustion in shift workers with rs12506228, located downstream of the melatonin receptor 1A gene (MTNR1A). The risk allele was also associated with reduced in silico gene expression levels of MTNR1A in brain tissue and suggestively associated with changes in DNA methylation in the 5' regulatory region of MTNR1A.Conclusions:These findings suggest that a variant near MTNR1A may be associated with job-related exhaustion in shift workers. The risk variant may exert its effect via epigenetic mechanisms, potentially leading to reduced melatonin signaling in the brain. These results could indicate a link between melatonin signaling, a key circadian regulatory mechanism, and tolerance to shift work.

The Toxicity of Self-Blame: Sex Differences in Burnout and Coping in Internal Medicine Trainees

Burnout is a significant problem facing internal medicine residents contributing to increased risk of depression and suicidal ideation. Coping mechanisms and burnout may differ based on sex. The study was a retrospective cross-sectional study of reported burnout and coping mechanisms used by internal medicine residents in June 2014 at a large academic center and its community affiliate. Two hundred eighty-five postgraduate year (PGY)-1, 2, 3, and 4 and incoming PGY-1 residents were surveyed. The Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey and Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced were given to measure levels of burnout and frequency of use of coping mechanisms. Percentages of residents who met criteria for burnout and high levels on each of the subscales of emotional exhaustion, cynicism and professional efficacy, were calculated and stratified by sex. Chi-squared tests were used for statistical significance. Average frequency of use of each coping mechanism by sex was calculated with statistical significance determined by two sided t-tests. There was a 69% completion rate (198/285) with 100 men and 98 women. Woman had higher levels of burnout (30% vs. 15%, p = 0.014) and emotional exhaustion (22% vs. 9%, p = 0.005). Women used the adaptive coping mechanisms of emotional support (p = 0.001) and instrumental support (p = 0.018) more frequently but also used the maladaptive coping mechanism of self-blame more frequently (p = 0.022). Greater use of self-blame as a coping mechanism may be a major factor in the higher rates of burnout and emotional exhaustion in women resident physicians as compared to men. Educators must pay attention to use of self-blame by female residents and as it may be a red flag for resident distress.

Narrative Medicine Workshops for Obstetrics and Gynecology Residents and Association With Burnout Measures.

To determine whether a workshop Narrative Medicine curriculum can improve burnout among obstetrics and gynecology residents. A Narrative Medicine curriculum was conducted at three obstetrics and gynecology training programs. An explanatory research design examined correlation between Narrative Medicine attendance and changes in survey responses. Residents completed a pretest and 1-year posttest survey that included validated measures of burnout and empathy. A within-participants design used baseline pretest scores as an internal control and measured changes in individual scores. The primary outcome of the study was change in burnout rates. Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to analyze the data. A total of 66 residents at three institutions participated in the Narrative Medicine curriculum. Of those, 54 (81%) enrolled in the study by completing any part of the surveys, and 43 (80%) of those enrolled had complete data for analysis. Burnout was high on all Maslach Burnout Inventory subscales and increased over 1 year. Participants with high Narrative Medicine attendance had decreased burnout on the Emotional Exhaustion subscale (-4.1 [±8.1]) points compared with an increase of 0.5 (±6.0) for low-attendance participants (U=134, P=.02, d=0.65). Lower self-care ratings were associated with improved Personal Accomplishment (+0.5 [±5.0]) compared with +2.0 (±2.7), U=84, P=.01]. Other characteristics did not significantly correlate with burnout or empathy. Burnout was high and worsened over time among obstetrics and gynecology residents in these three programs. Higher attendance at Narrative Medicine workshops was associated with improved Emotional Exhaustion.

Relationship Between Self-Efficacy and Burnout Among Nurses in Behbahan City, Iran

Background: Burnout is a leading cause of physical and psychological injuries and evaluating the relationship between the self-efficacy and burnout of nurses could provide new knowledge on the organization of the subject. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between self-efficacy and burnout among nurses in Behbahan city, Iran, in 2014. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 151 nurses were randomly selected from 3 hospitals in Behbahan city proportionate to their staff number. Data were collected using the Maslach burnout and the Scherer self-efficacy questionnaires. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, t-test and Spearman correlation coefficient by SPSS software version 16. P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: From a total of 151 nurses, 39 cases were male and 112 were female. The mean age was 33.5 ± 8.7 years and the mean of self-efficacy was 60.89 ± 6.58. Most nurses had low burnout in the subscales of depersonalization (63.6%) and emotional exhaustion (64.2%); however, regarding lack of personal accomplishments most of them (65.6%) reported higher levels of burnout. The results also showed a significant and inverse difference between the self-efficacy and three dimensions of burnout, depersonalization (P < 0.001, r = -0.29), emotional exhaustion (P < 0.001, r = -0.49), and lack of personal accomplishments (P = 0.01, r = -0.26). Conclusions: The findings of the present study show that increasing self-efficacy among nurses can lead to a decrease in burnout in the subscales of depersonalization, emotional exhaustion, and lack of personal accomplishment. Adopting strategies for increasing the self-efficacy would help reduce the burnout and increase motivation and satisfaction among nurses.

LOCUS OF CONTROL IN GEORGIAN TEACHERS AND ITS RELATION TO TEACHER BURNOUT

The intensive reforms taking place in general education field in Georgia impose considerable stress to those engaged in teaching profession. This may gradually lead to the condition of professional burnout of teachers. According to the conducted research some teachers have experienced burnout while others did not. The purpose of the present research is to identify how the personal quality such as control of locus may have influenced the level of burnout in Georgian teachers. Two self-assessment instruments, Rotter Scale and Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), were used in this research to measure control of locus type and level of burnout among Georgian teachers. Two questionnaires were distributed among 407 teachers at Public schools of Georgia. After dismissing inaccurately filled out questionnaires the analysis was conducted based on the data received from 373 questionnaires. The research findings revealed that Georgian teachers with internal locus of control are less likely to become professional burnout victims. Significant correlations proved to exist between locus of control orientation and teacher burnout on Emotional Exhaustion (EE) and Personal Achievements (PA) subscales of MBI. The article explores the opportunities to change locus of control from external to internal as a part of teacher professional development activities guided by school Principals and through redesigning of teacher preparation programs in order to make teachers more resistant to professional burnout. Key words: teacher burnout, locus of control, teacher preparation programs.

An Investigation of the Relationship Between Nurses' Views on Spirituality and Spiritual Care and Their Level of Burnout.

This study aims to evaluate the relationship between nurses' views on spirituality and spiritual care and their level of burnout. This cross-sectional study used a convenience sample that comprised 118 nurses from one state hospital in eastern Turkey. The data were collected through questionnaires that were filled by the nurses individually, using a sociodemographic characteristics form, the Spirituality and Spiritual Care Rating Scale, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. A statistically significant relationship was found between subscale scores of Maslach Burnout Inventory and total score of Spirituality and Spiritual Care Rating Scale. With the increase in nurses' spiritual care mean scores, there was an increase in the mean scores of the Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Personal Accomplishment subscales. Nurses' burnout levels increased with the increase in their spirituality and spiritual care mean scores. This situation can be associated with the fact that providing spiritual care increases nurses' workload. Therefore, similar studies are recommended to be conducted with wider groups of participants.

National Survey of Burnout among US General Surgery Residents

Burnout is a complex syndrome of emotional distress that can disproportionately affect individuals who work in health care professions. For a national survey of burnout in US general surgery residents, we asked all ACGME-accredited general surgery program directors to email their general surgery residents an invitation to complete an anonymous, online survey. Burnout was assessed with the Maslach Burnout Inventory; total scores for Emotional Exhaustion (EE), Depersonalization (DP), and Personal Accomplishment (PA) subscales were calculated. Burnout was defined as having a score in the highest tertile for EE or DP or lowest tertile for PA. Chi-square tests and one-way ANOVA were used to test associations between burnout tertiles for each subscale and various resident and training-program characteristics as appropriate. From April to December 2014, six hundred and sixty-five residents actively engaged in clinical training had data for analysis; 69% met the criterion for burnout on at least one subscale. Higher burnout on each subscale was reported by residents planning private practice careers compared with academic careers. A greater proportion of women than men reported burnout on EE and PA. Higher burnout on EE and DP was associated with greater work hours per week. Having a structured mentoring program was associated with lower burnout on each subscale. The high rates of burnout among general surgery residents are concerning, given the potential impact of burnout on the quality of patient care. Efforts to identify at-risk populations and to design targeted interventions to mitigate burnout in surgical trainees are warranted.

Bir Hastanede Çalışan Yoğun Bakım Hemşirelerinde Tükenmişlik Düzeyinin Belirlenmesi

Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the level of burnout among the intensive care nurses working in a hospital and some of the related factors. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 90 nurses working in the intensive care unit of a hospital in June 2012. The data were collected with a questionnaire including a series of questions investigating the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. The data were subjected to percentage analysis, one-way ANOVA, post hoc tests (Tukey’s HSD test) and independent-samples t-test by using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) software, version 16.0. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Of the nurses, 93.3% were female and 60% aged between 30 and 39 years. It was observed that the nurses who had worked for 6 to 10 years scored statistically significantly higher on the feeling of reduced personal accomplishment subscale than the nurses who had worked for 1 to 5 years (p=0.04). The nurses who worked in shifts compared to those who worked in the daytime, the nurses who were thinking about changing their jobs compared to those who were not, and the nurses who were satisfied with their careers compared to those who were not scored statistically significantly higher on the emotional exhaustion subscale (p=0.02, p<0.01, p<0.01, respectively). Discussion and Conclusion: Marital status, the amount of monthly income, the number of working years, shift working, and thinking about changing jobs were determined as important factors affecting the level of burnout among intensive care nurses.

Higher burnout scores in paediatric residents are associated with increased brain activity during attentional functional magnetic resonance imaging task.

Burnout syndrome is common in healthcare workers. We evaluated its prevalence in paediatric residents and investigated its influence on cerebral function correlations, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), when they carried out an attentional paradigm. This cross-sectional descriptive study involved 28 residents from the Department of Paediatrics at the University of São Paulo. The functional MRI was carried out while the residents completed the Stroop colour word task paradigm to investigate their attentional task performance. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was applied, and stress was assessed using the Lipp Inventory of Stress Symptoms for Adults and by a visual analogue mood scale. The MBI subscales of depersonalisation and emotional exhaustion indicated that 53.1% of the residents had moderate or high burnout syndrome. The whole-brain multivariate analysis showed positive correlations between the blood oxygenation level dependent effect and the MBI depersonalisation and emotional exhaustion indices in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which controls for anxiety. Increased brain activation during an attention task, measured using functional MRI, was associated with higher burnout scores in paediatric residents. This study provides a biological basis for the implementation of measures to reduce burnout syndrome at the start of residency training programmes.

Burnout and neurotic symptoms among medical students

IntroductionMedical studies are considered one of the most stressful majors and the medical profession is one of the most at risk of burnout. Some studies indicate the presence of symptoms of burnout already in the early stages of career, or even before it started, i.e. during studies preparing for the profession. Medical studies may be such a case and it can affect the mental health deterioration and cause the occurrence of both burnout and neurotic symptoms.ObjectivesAssessment of the impact of the course of studies on mental health of students and the risk of rapid burnout.AimEstimation of the prevalence and severity of burnout and neurotic symptoms among medical student depending on the year of study.MethodsSeven hundred and eighty-one medical students participated in the study. We used translated version of Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey and Polish questionnaire – Symptom checklist S-III – for neurotic symptoms assessment.ResultsThere was no significant difference in MBI-SS subscales and symptoms checklist between first and last year of studies. Difference turned out to be significant when 1st and 6th year students with 3rd year – in Symptom checklist (P &lt; 0.01 and P &lt; 0.05, respectively), MBI-SS emotional exhaustion subscale (P &lt; 0.01 for both) and depersonalization subscale (P &lt; 0.01, significant only when compared with 1st year students).ConclusionsStudy revealed interesting pattern of burnout and neurotic symptoms, with theirs greatest severity at the beginning and the end of studies.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Factors associated with burnout among residents in a developing country.

IntroductionRecent literature has focused on burnout as a specific job related distress syndrome among physicians and residents having adverse effects on patient care. Local data on burnout is lacking.Materials & methodsAn online self-administered questionnaire was sent via email to all residents (325) at our institute with and a response rate of 110 (34%) was achieved. Out of these 82 residents consented and completely filled the questionnaires and were included in the analysis. The questionnaire comprised of demographic variables, the Maslach burnout inventory and occupational risk factors.ResultsHigh levels of burnout on at least one subscale were reported by 61(74.4%) residents, in 2 components by 34(41.5%) whereas an alarming 10(12.2%) residents scored high on all three subscales. Among the individual subscales emotional exhaustion was most frequent in 49(59.8%). Among the departments Radiology reported the highest levels (100%) of burnout and low levels were reported by Pediatrics (45%). There was no difference between burnout levels among junior and senior residents. Dissatisfaction with workload, length of work hours, relationship with co-workers and lack of autonomy were significantly associated with high level of burnout.ConclusionHigh levels of burnout are prevalent among trainee doctors in our part of the world which are comparable with international literature. Efforts to improve the work environment of residents may significantly reduce levels of burnout.

Burnout among young physicians and its association with physicians' wishes to leave: results of a survey in Saxony, Germany.

BackgroundConcerns about burnout, and its consequences, among German physicians are rising. However, data on burnout among German physicians are scarce. Also, a suspected association between burnout and German physicians’ wishes to leave remains to be studied. Therefore, the extent of burnout, and the association between burnout and wishes to leave clinical practice or to go abroad for clinical work was studied in a sample of young physicians in Saxony.MethodsIn a cross-sectional survey, all physicians ≤40 years and registered with the State Chamber of Physicians of Saxony, Germany (n = 5956) received a paper-pencil questionnaire inquiring about socio-demographics, job satisfaction, and wishes to leave clinical practice or to go abroad for clinical work. Response rate was 40 % (n = 2357). Burnout was measured with the German version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey (MBI) consisting of the subscales emotional exhaustion (feeling emotionally drained), depersonalization (feelings of cynicsm) and personal accomplishment (feelings of personal achievement in job). Variables associated with burnout, and the association between burnout and wishes to leave were assessed in multivariate logistic regression analyses.ResultsFor emotional exhaustion participants reached a mean of 21.3 [standard deviation = 9.74], for depersonalization a mean of 9.9 [5.92], and for personal accomplishment a mean of 36.3 [6.77]. Men exhibited significantly higher depersonalization than women (11.3 [6.11] versus 9 [5.62], p < 0.001). Eleven percent of participants showed a high degree of burnout on all subscales, while 35 % did not show a high degree of burnout on any subscale. Confirming that one would become a physician again, and higher satisfaction with the components “work environment” and “humaneness”, were associated with a lower chance for a high degree of burnout on all subscales. Higher emotional exhaustion and lower personal accomplishment were associated with an increased chance of wishing to leave clinical practice. Higher emotional exhaustion and higher depersonalization were associated with an increased chance of wishing to go abroad for clinical work.ConclusionsPreventing physician burnout may not only benefit the affected individual. It may also benefit the health care system by potentially preventing physicians from leaving clinical practice or from going abroad for clinical work.

The syndrome of burnout among Iranian university professors teaching TEFL

This study aimed at finding out whether the role of a teacher in a classroom influences the level of burnout s/he may experience. The teacher's role was investigated in the light of Goffman’s Footing theory, according to which the role is classified into three categories of animator, author, and principal. Goffman (1981) believed that an animator is a person who exactly repeats the ideas expressed by the others; an author paraphrases the statement, and the principal is a person who explains her/his original opinions. A total of 30 university professors teaching TEFL at BA and MA levels were chosen and filled Maslach’s Burnout Inventory to measure their level of burnout in terms of three subscales of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal achievement. In addition, a metaphor checklist was given to their students who were asked to select among 21 metaphors, the ones representing animator, author, and principal roles that appropriately described the role of each of the 30 professors. The findings indicated that burnout was lower in the professors who adopted the principal role and higher in those who took on the animator and author roles respectively. The results offer pedagogical implications for the university context.

Personal Characteristics and Burnout Syndrome among Teachers of Primary and Secondary Schools

Introduction: Burnout syndrome is more often seen in human (assisting) services professions which provide services to population. An interaction between external and internal factors has great importance in burnout syndrome occurrence. According to previous research, personal characteristics, especially neuroticism and extraversion, have a significant role in the development of burnout syndrome. The aim of study: This research will establish whether the personal characteristics and demographic variables have a predicting role for teachers’ burnout syndrome. Patients and methods: The research was designed as a cross-sectional study. The sample included 280 teachers. The socio-demographic questionnaire was used to investigate demographic characteristics. Personal characteristics were investigated by Zuckerman - Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ-50-CC), which included 50 items with binary format response in order to assess five dimensions of personality. Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) questionnaire was used to evaluate the burnout syndrome. Testing was conducted in accordance with ethical principles. Statistical analysis included descriptive analysis, analysis of variance and correlation analysis. Results: Results showed that teachers did not experience significant burnout syndrome at work; a certain number of teachers expressed moderate to high risk of job burnout in one out of three subscales; personal characteristics were predictors of burnout syndrome; neuroticism had a positive correlation with the dimension of emotional exhaustion, and sociability (extroversion-introversion) had negative. There was a statistically significant difference between marital status and age on one side and subscales of emotional exhaustion on the other. Conclusion: Results of this study indicate the necessity of taking certain preventive measures and the need to explore other predictors of burnout syndrome among teachers.

Burnout of Long-term Care Facility Employees: Relationship with Employees' Expressed Emotion Toward Patients

This study determined factors related to the burnout of long-term care facility employees, including employees' expressed emotion (EE) toward patients. A survey of 411 long-term care facility employees was conducted. Employee burnout was evaluated using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). EE levels were evaluated using the Nurse Attitude Scale (NAS). The percentage of high scorers on the MBI's three subscales of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and low personal accomplishment were as follows: emotional exhaustion, 197 people (51.6%); depersonalization, 122 people (31.4%); and low personal accomplishment, 301 people (83.8%). Results of multiple logistic regression analysis using presence of a high score on the MBI subscales as dependent variables confirmed significant relevant factors. For emotional exhaustion, this was criticism [odds ratio (OR): 1.74, p = 0.046], for depersonalization, male (OR: 1.99, p = 0.021), younger than 40 years (OR: 1.84, p = 0.038), and hostility (OR: 2.99, p < 0.001). Results indicate that employees' EE of criticism and hostility toward patients is related to burnout.

Comparative Study of Job Burnout Among Critical Care Nurses With Fixed and Rotating Shift Schedules

Background:Nurses, as health care providers, are insurmountably obliged to the practice of shift work. Literature has reported shift working as one of the inducing factors of burnout. Despite numerous studies in this area, there are inconsistencies on the relationship between shift working and burnout among nurses, especially in those who work in critical care settings.Objectives:The aim of this study was to compare the occupational burnout in critical care nurses with and without fixed shift schedules.Patients and Methods:In this comparative study, 130 nurses with rotating shift schedule and 130 nurses with fixed shift schedule from six university hospitals were selected using stratified random sampling. Maslach burnout inventory was used for data collection. Independent samples t-test, chi-square and one-way ANOVA tests were used to analyze the data.Results:Most of the participants were females (62.7%), aged between 22 - 29 years (38.5%), married (59.2%), and had a bachelor degree (86.9%). The mean score of emotional exhaustion was significantly higher in nurses with fixed shift schedules (P < 0.001). However, no significant difference was found between the mean scores of the two groups in the personal accomplishment and depersonalization subscales (P > 0.05). Moreover, no significant difference was found in burnout mean scores between nurses with fixed morning and fixed night shifts (P > 0.05). The means of the emotional exhaustion subscale were significantly different in nurses with different characteristics (P < 0.05) except the gender and working unit.Conclusions:As a result of this study, it was found that critical care nurses with fixed shift schedules display more burnout in emotional exhaustion dimension, compared to those working with rotating shift schedules.

Association of occupational burnout and type of personality in Iranian general practitioners.

Physicians experience high level of occupational burnout that exposes them to physical and mental exhaustion as well as job dissatisfaction. The association between different types of personality traits and occupational burnout among a group of Iranian general practitioners is assessed. One hundred general practitioners working in emergency wards of eight hospitals in Iran were studied. Occupational burnout was measured using the Maslach Burnout Inventory and type of personality was assessed using the Holland personality test. An average of 15.4% of personnel displayed high frequency in subscale of emotional exhaustion, 14.5% displayed high frequency in subscale of depersonalization, and 10.2% displayed high frequency in subscale of lack of personal accomplishment. Realistic personality was revealed in 2%, social types in 41%, investigative type in 35%, enterprising types in 6.0%, artistic type in 13% and conventional type of personality in 3.0% of them. The subjects with social personality experienced the lowest burnout. There were negative correlation between physician experiences and different subdivisions of burnout. A notable number of Iranian general practitioners suffered occupational burnout, especially emotional exhaustion. The majority of physicians had social or investigative personalities.