Emotional Exhaustion Scale Research Articles

A study on adaptive performance, work-related psychological health and demographics in Episcopal Church bishops

PurposeThe purpose of this research study was to explore the relationship between adaptive performance and work-related indicators of psychological well-being among ‘The Episcopal Church bishops.’Design/methodology/approachHierarchical regression models were used in this research study to explore the relationship between adaptive performance and work-related psychological health.FindingsThere was a positive correlation between adaptive performance and work-related psychological health. Demographic factors did not correlate to adaptive performance. However, a negative correlation was observed between the years ordained as a bishop and the interpersonal adaptability dimension of adaptive performance.Research limitations/implicationsManaging work stress has been revealed as an integral part of adaptive performance and satisfaction in ministry. Interpersonal adaptability and reactivity could be understood, then, as useful vehicles for increasing the capacity of bishops to manage work stress. In this research, the authors applied the Scale for Individual Adaptive Performance and the two scales Scale of Satisfaction in Ministry and Scale of Emotional Exhaustion in Ministry .Practical implicationsThe results provided insights into the behaviors necessary for adequate development of bishops in their role. The religious landscape was becoming more challenging from a revenue generation perspective. The resultant complexity and the financial strain would necessitate the need for development of different models of ministry for long-term sustainability. This could further necessitate a different set of knowledge creation related to a set of behavioral capacities like those of adaptive performance. Such insights would assist in the promotion and development of greater work-related psychological health in bishops while deepening their ability to deal with complex and uncertain environments. Furthermore, this would increase satisfaction in ministry through improved workplace management skills.Originality/valuePresently, very few studies empirically established the developmental needs of bishops as they entered, learned and grew into their leadership roles. Such insights would allow the formation programs for new bishops to be grounded in empirical data. Furthermore, this research study examined a largely unexplored population. This would provide a basis for a larger research agenda related to adaptive performance in judicatory leaders and their work-related psychological health. Consequently, it is posited that improved psychological health would result in better workplace learning.

Burnout Prevalence in Special Education Teachers, and the Positive Role of ICTs

The aim of this study was to investigate special education teacher`s level of burnout. In particular, it sought to examine the role their personal characteristics play in the occurrence of the syndrome. A quantitative research design was used to describe the association between the variables The data was collected using the Maslach Burnout Inventory for Education (M.B.I.-E.S.) consisted of three dimensions: Emotional exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Personal accomplishment. The sample consisted of 202 Special Education (S.E) teachers who completed the M.B.I.-E.S. The results of this research showed that: a) the sample experiences burnout and special attention is required for the scale of emotional exhaustion b) age, school settings , specialty, and the total previous service with or without students with special educational needs (S.E.N.) were significantly correlated and affected burnout dimensions

Facilitate or Diminish? Mechanisms of Perceived Organizational Support on Employee Experience of New Generation Employees.

The new generation of employees has emerged as a major force in the labor market, and their employee experience has become a significant factor in transforming the employment relationship. The objective of this study is to see if perceived organizational support influences the employee experience of the new generation of employees. Also, considering that the underlying mechanisms between the two are unclear, this study explores the mediating role of proactive personality and the moderating role of emotional exhaustion. This study used the Perceived Organizational Support Scale, Employee Experience Scale, Proactive Personality Scale, and Emotional Exhaustion Scale to survey 550 new-generation employees in China. The results showed that: perceived organizational support facilitated the level of employee experience of new generation employees; proactive personality partially mediated the relationship between perceived organizational support and employee experience. In addition, emotional exhaustion moderated the relationship between perceived organizational support and proactive personality. This study reveals the mechanisms of organizational and individual factors on the employee experience of new generation employees, explores the growth path of employee experience of new generation employees, and provides insights into the management practice work of business leaders.

Exploring early educator burnout and process quality in a statewide sample

Building on literature linking educators' psychosocial well-being to early education and care quality, this study analyzed early educators' (N = 648) reports of burnout across a range of group-based care types in one state and examined the relation of burnout to setting quality. Confirmatory factor analysis showed the burnout measure, a self-reported emotional exhaustion scale, had a one-factor structure and adequate internal consistency among educators working in a range of early education and care settings. Measured by the scale, educators on average reported infrequent feelings of burnout. There were small but statistically significant differences in burnout scores by setting type, with Head Start educators on average reporting modestly more frequent burnout symptoms than educators in community-based centers (β=0.29,b = 0.30, SE = 0.13, p = 0.014) or family childcare settings (β=0.57,b = 0.60, SE = 0.14, p < 0.001). Only one significant association was observed between educators' self-reported burnout scores and setting quality after accounting for educator and setting characteristics: a negative association with child involvement (β = − 0.09,b = −0.04, SE = 0.02, p = 0.03). These findings contribute to the field's understanding of burnout as a component of educator well-being and provide initial insight about targeting supports to improve educator well-being.

Symptoms of work-related burnout revealed in the process of remote working and resilience

The term remote working is one of the forms of doing some kind of work, which allows both the employee and the employer to work from a convenient location using internet technologies. The mentioned method of work has become quite demanding and relevant in the conditions of the COVID 19 pandemic, especially in the educational field. Which is accompanied by its positive and negative characteristics. The goal of our study was: to reveal the symptoms of work-related burnout of teachers in the process of remote learning and to determine the relationship between these symptoms and the resilience. The following research methods have been selected in accordance with the goal, : to detect emotional burnout, we used C. Maslach and M. Leiter instrument. According to these authors, burnout is the result of irrelevance between person and work. As this irrelevance increases, the likelihood of burnout syndrome formation increases. The instrument mentioned above consists of three scales: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, reduction of personal achievements.In order to study the resilience, we selected the instrument developed by S.R.MADDI, which contains three components: involvement, control and risk-taking. Based on the empirical research, it was found that among the emotional burnout scales for teachers, the highest score was found on the reduction scale. Which reflects the level of satisfaction with oneself as a professional. A relatively low score was found on the emotional exhaustion scale, and the lowest score was found on the scale of depersonalization. That is, emotional indifference is the least characteristic of teachers; The results obtained on the resilience scale were distributed as follows: the highest score was obtained on the scale of control, the average score was on the scale of involvement, and the lowest score was on the scale of risk-taking. Correlation analysis between resilience and professional burnout variables gave us a very interesting picture. In particular, all three scales of resilience are in positive correlation with a scale of work-related burnout, such as depersonalization, which means that the more arrogant behavior, professional slang, and use of labels are expressed with the teacher, the higher is: 1. Professional involvement, i.e. enjoying one's work , 2. Control, that is, the belief that the struggle allows us to make influence on what happens, even if this influence is not absolute and success guaranteed, 3. Risk-taking, that is, the belief that everything that happens to him/her based on positive or negative experiences contributes to his/her development. A negative correlation was confirmed with all three scales of resilience and with such a scale of work-related burnout as exhaustion, which means that in the case of increased psychological exhaustion, when the teacher loses the interest and positive feelings of&nbsp;&nbsp; surrounding people, at this time the belief that the struggle allows us to make an influence on what happens (control) is low. The level of involvement is also low, which creates a feeling of being rejected. And finally - in the case of a high rate of burnout, the willingness to take risks is low, that is, the teacher is less likely to believe that everything that happens to him/her contributes to his/her development. Based on the research, it was determined that the components of resilience: involvement, control and risk-taking significantly hinder the development of teachers' work-related burnout.

Emotional Exhaustion Variables in Trainee Teachers during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

emotional exhaustion among trainee teachers is a relevant topic since it could have repercussions regarding the lives of their future pupils. Our objective was to determine the degree of trainee teachers' emotional exhaustion and associated variables during the COVID-19 pandemic. the design was cross-sectional and descriptive. Questionnaires with sociodemographic variables, perceptions of mental health, and the Emotional Exhaustion Scale (ECE) (α = 0.890; ω = 0.893) validated for the Chilean context were answered by 204 trainee teachers. The results were analyzed using SPSS software version 25 and the Emotional Exhaustion Interpretation Table (EES-Int). the results show that 92.2% of the trainee teachers presented a worsening in their mental health, stress (66.2%), irritability (38.2%), anxiety (37.7%), and depressive symptoms (32.8%). Online classes (73.04%) and the pandemic (67.6%) were the main influencing factors. Education students who perceived their mental health had worsened became 6.63 times more likely to develop emotional exhaustion [AOR = 6.63; 95% CI: 1.78, 24.69]. In addition, education students with a high perception of academic stress were 7.45 more likely to develop emotional exhaustion [AOR = 7.45; 95% CI: 1.98, 28.09]. we can conclude that trainee teachers have high levels of emotional exhaustion and their perception of their mental health and the academic stress they are being subjected to during the COVID-19 pandemic may lead them to present symptoms of frequent or permanent problems with concentration, attention, recall of information, dissatisfaction with their performance, and frequent learning difficulties. From the affective dimension, they present frequent or permanent anxiety, restlessness, irritability, indifference, low mood, and psychomatization. From the socio-interactional dimension, they present frequent or permanent social withdrawal, interpersonal problems, problems at work or school, and family and relationship problems. Increasing the sample to delve into emotional exhaustion by subject area is necessary. For future studies, research should be conducted on the causes of emotional exhaustion by subject area and the coping strategies of trainee teachers to understand differences and provide input on emotional support in practice.

“A cross-sectional study of burnout among Australian general practice registrars”

Objective(s)To identify if gender and parenting factors are associated with burnout in Australian general practice (GP) registrars.DesignCross sectional study. The main outcome measure was the Maslach Burnout Inventory, included as part of the GPRA (General Practice Registrars Australia) biannual online survey.Participants: GP registrars, 2019 cohort, undertaking fellowship training in Australia.ResultsIn 2019 a total of 366 GP registrars completed the online survey. Over 75% of registrars experienced moderate to high levels of burnout (emotional exhaustion scale). Several demographic factors were associated with an increased risk for reporting higher levels of burnout. Increasing age was associated with lower levels of personal accomplishment (P-value < 0.01), being female was associated with higher levels of emotional exhaustion (p-value < 0.001) and increasing numbers of children were associated with lower levels of burnout, independent of hours worked (p-value < 0.001).ConclusionThis study suggests that being a parent is associated with a reduced risk of burnout, irrespective of hours worked. However, being female and increased age were associated with increased levels of burnout. With increasing numbers of females entering medical training, and the decreasing desirability of general practice training, this paper reviews the complexities around parenting during training and associations with burnout. There is a need to examine this interaction further to understand the causation for these findings, and to ensure appropriate policies, opportunities and workplace supports are developed to ensure GP training is optimised to attract and support the next generation.

特质正念对幼儿教师人际冲突的影响：嫉妒和情绪耗竭的中介作用

目的：考察特质正念、人际冲突、嫉妒与幼儿教师情绪耗竭的关系及内在作用机制。方法：采用正念问卷、嫉妒问卷、情绪耗竭及人际冲突问卷对75名幼儿教师进行调查。结果：1. 特质正念对人际冲突的直接影响不显著。2. 特质正念与情绪衰竭、人际冲突呈显著正相关；3. 特质正念主要通过一种间接效应对幼儿教师人际冲突产生影响，即情绪衰竭的单独中介作用。结论：特质正念可以通过情绪衰竭的独立中介作用预测幼儿教师的人际冲突。但是特质正念无法通过嫉妒的独立中介作用以及嫉妒、情绪衰竭的链式中介作用来预测教师人际冲突。 75 preschool teachers were studied using the interpersonal conflict work scale, envy scale, emotional exhaustion scale, and mindfulness scale to investigate the relationship and internal mechanism between trait mindfulness, interpersonal conflict, envy, and emotional exhaustion. The findings revealed that the direct effect of trait mindfulness on interpersonal conflict was not statistically significant. However, trait mindfulness was associated with emotional exhaustion and interpersonal conflict. And trait mindfulness influenced the interpersonal conflict of preschool teachers primarily through the independent mediating effect of emotional exhaustion. As a result, trait mindfulness could predict preschool teachers’ interpersonal conflict via the independent mediating effect of emotional exhaustion. However, trait mindfulness did not predict preschool teachers’ interpersonal conflict via the independent mediating effect of envy or the chain mediating effect of envy and emotional exhaustion.

Emotional exhaustion in nursing students. A multicenter study.

To know emotional exhaustion in nursing students from four universities. Cross-sectional, correlational study, carried out in Chile and Spain (2017-2018), with 1,368 students answering a self-applied instrument (sociodemographic/academic variables and the Emotional Exhaustion scale). Analysis with Stata 15, according to variables: Chi2 tests, Wilcoxon rank sum test (Mann Whitney U test), analysis of variance and multiple regression; confidence level 95% and significance 5% (p < 0.05). Approved by the Ethics Committee, Universidad de Girona. Academic variables and perceived stress with Quite Much/Much classification: Exams, Problem-Based Learning, Laboratory/Simulation. Statistically significant differences in emotional exhaustion, according to sex, dependent people, workers, commuting time >30 minutes. Greater emotional exhaustion when taking courses for the second time and in academic activities where they declare perceived stress as Quite Much/Much (p < 0.005). All students present mean level of emotional exhaustion (>26 and <37 points). The variables sex and having dependents are relevant aspects. Stress perceived by methodologies is significantly related to levels of emotional exhaustion.

Patient Safety Culture: The Impact on Workplace Violence and Health Worker Burnout.

Patient and health care worker safety is an interconnected phenomenon. To date, few studies have examined the relationship between patient and worker safety, specifically with respect to work safety culture. Therefore, we examined patient safety culture, workplace violence (WPV), and burnout in health care workers to identify whether patient safety culture factors influence worker burnout and WPV. This cross-sectional study used secondary survey data sent to approximately 7,100 health care workers at a large academic medical center in the United States. Instruments included the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture, a WPV scale measuring physical and verbal violence perpetrated by patients or visitors, and the Emotional Exhaustion scale from the Maslach Burnout Inventory. These analyses included 3,312 (47%) hospital staff who directly interacted with patients. Over half of nurse (62%), physician (53%), and allied health professional respondents (52%) reported experiencing verbal violence from a patient, and 39% of nurses and 14% of physicians reported experiencing physical violence from a patient. Burnout levels for nurses (2.67 ± 1.02) and physicians (2.65 ± 0.93) were higher than the overall average for all staff (2.61 ± 1.0). Higher levels of worker-reported patient safety culture were associated with lower odds of WPV (0.47) and lower burnout scores among workers (B = -1.02). Teamwork across units, handoffs, and transitions were dimensions of patient safety culture that also influenced WPV and burnout. Our findings suggest that improvements in hospital strategies aimed at patient safety culture, including team cohesion with handoffs and transitions, could positively influence a reduction in WPV and burnout among health care workers.

Burnout levels of the intensive care unit team during extended COVID-19 outbreak and affecting factors

Introduction: This study aimed to determine how intensive care workers are affected by the pandemic period and the factors affecting burnout.&#x0D; Methods: 45assistants, 76nurses and 40specialists working in a tertiary intensive care unit(ICU) with 70 covid-beds participated in the study. Responses were collected through a website(www.surveymonkey.com).&#x0D; Results:&#x0D; The mean age of the respondents was 34.4±8.6 years, and the mean years of experience were 9.4±8.2. The general Emotional Exhaustion(EE), Depersonalization(DP), Reduced Personal Achievement(RPA) scores of the ICU workers were calculated as 20.7, 8.4 and 20.1 and the general arithmetic mean of the burnout scores was 49.1. It was found that the assistant doctors(AD) group had a statistically significantly higher risk in the EE and DP scales. (p=0,016 p&lt;0,001). It was found that the risk of EE was higher in AD Group without child.&#x0D; Considering the satisfaction correlation of the scales, The rate of dissatisfaction was found statistically significantly higher in the intensive care nurses(ICN) group than AD and specialist doctors(SD) groups (p&lt;0,001).&#x0D; Considering the factors affecting burnout, a statistically significant negative correlation was found between EE and ‘Appreciation at work during the pandemic period’ and ‘Adequacy of physical conditions’ in the SD group (p=0,005 p=0,044). There was a statistically significant negative correlation between RPA and being married in the AD group (p=0,023). A statistically significant negative correlation was found between DP and having a child in the ICN group (p=0,032).&#x0D; Conclusion: It is of importance to reveal the causes of burnout during the pandemic, and to make arrangements&#x0D; Keywords: COVID-19, Intensive Care Unit, Assistant Doctor, Specialist Doctor, Burnout Burnout

Emotional exhaustion and unhealthy eating among COVID-19 front-line healthcare workers during recuperation: A cross-sectional study.

ObjectiveThousands of healthcare workers on the frontlines who have been battling the COVID-19 pandemic could face emotional and mental health risks even after their critical pandemic work. This study examined the impact of affective rumination on emotional exhaustion and the spillover effect of affective rumination on unhealthy food consumption among healthcare workers during recuperation.MethodsA total of 418 frontline healthcare workers from 10 Chinese medical institutions were recruited through random cluster sampling. A linear mixed model in SPSS25.0 was performed for hierarchical regression to analyze the effect of affective rumination on unhealthy food consumption via emotional exhaustion. A conditional process analysis was employed to investigate the moderating role of family support in the mediating effect of emotional exhaustion.ResultsFront-line healthcare workers scored at a medium level on an emotional exhaustion scale (2.45 ± 0.88). Affective rumination mediated by emotional exhaustion had a significant positive predictive effect on unhealthy food consumption. The indirect effect accounted for ~43.9% of the total effect. Family support amplified the effect of emotional exhaustion on unhealthy food consumption (β = 0.092, p < 0.05).ConclusionAffective rumination could be a cause of emotional exhaustion and unhealthy food consumption. First-line healthcare workers could be screened for possible emotional exhaustion through the evaluation of affective rumination in order to provide them with targeted interventions. Family support did not prove to be beneficial in all cases as it enhanced the positive effect of emotional exhaustion on unhealthy eating in the current study. Therefore, family support should be carefully integrated in future interventions.

Purpose in Life as Protection Against Professional Burnout Among Catholic Priests and Religious in Italy: Testing the Insights of Logotherapy

Logotherapy, grounded in the insights of Viktor Frankl, suggests that meaning-making and the sense of purpose in life is central to healthy human functioning. This thesis was tested among a sample of 156 Catholic priests and religious sisters in Italy; their healthy human functioning was assessed through the two indices of positive affect (satisfaction in ministry) and negative affect (emotional exhaustion in ministry) proposed by the Francis Burnout Inventory. After controlling for personal factors (age and sex) and for psychological factors (emotionality and extraversion/introversion), the data demonstrated that higher scores on the Purpose in Life Scale were associated with both higher scores on the Satisfaction in Ministry Scale and lower scores on the Scale of Emotional Exhaustion in Ministry. These findings suggest that professional burnout and poor work-related psychological health among priests and religious sisters may, at least in part, be attributed to a poor sense of purpose in life. In light of this empirical evidence, therapeutic techniques developed by logotherapy may be relevant to addressing the problem of professional burnout and poor work-related psychological health among Catholic priests and religious sisters.

First-Year College Students' Mental Health in the Post-COVID-19 Era in Guangxi, China: A Study Demands-Resources Model Perspective.

The post-COVID-19 era means that the COVID-19 is basically under control; however, the risk of the pandemic still affects people's work, study, and life, physically and psychologically. In this era, due to the more challenges first-year college students face, more attention should be paid to their mental health. An emerging study demands-resources (SD-R) model can explain the influencing mechanism of college students' mental health. This model suggests that study demands increase the risk of student burnout, which results in mental health problems; meanwhile, study resources reduce student burnout and increase student engagement, thus improving mental health. Based on the SD-R model, this study explores the impacts of time pressure, emotional exhaustion, perceived social support, and student engagement on mental health and provides adequate measures to reduce the risk of mental health problems among first-year students. Time pressure, perceived social support, emotional exhaustion, student engagement, and mental health scales were used to investigate 537 first-year students at three universities in Guangxi, China, of whom 290 (54%) were female, and 247 (46%) were male, and the average age was 18.97 ± 1.01. Results indicated that: (1) Moderate scores on time pressure and emotional exhaustion and slightly-above-the-median scores on perceived social support, student engagement, and mental health were found among first-year students in the post-COVID-19 era. (2) Time pressure had a positive relationship with emotional exhaustion and a negative relationship with mental health. (3) Perceived social support was negatively correlated with emotional exhaustion but positively correlated with student engagement, and thus improved mental health. Results of this study with a sample of first-year college students in China support the hypotheses based on the SD-R model. These findings suggest that increasing perceived social support and student engagement while decreasing time pressure and emotional exhaustion may promote mental health among first-year college students.

Burnout among early career psychiatrists in Russia – results of a cross-sectional study

IntroductionDespite the long history of burnout studies, the problem of burnout among psychiatric specialists in Russia is insufficiently studied. The risk of burnout is the highest among psychiatrists in the first 10 years of their career.ObjectivesTo assess the prevalence and severity of burnout in early career psychiatrists (ECPs) in Russia.MethodsAn anonymous online survey of ECPs in Russia was conducted in July-August 2019 with a screening for burnout using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). The final sample consisted of 165 people (61.2% women; mean age 31.05±3.88). 95.2% of respondents lived in urban areas.ResultsA high level of burnout according to at least one of the MBI scales was revealed in 71.5% of ECPs: in 79 (78.2%) women and 39 (60.9%) men (χ2(1)=5.74; p=0.017). Mean values of the MBI Emotional Exhaustion scale corresponded to 23.33±8.97 and 17.97±8.49 (U=1999.5; p=0.003), the MBI Depersonalization scale – 10.46±4.81 and 9.16±4.22 (U=2598.5; p=0.083), and the MBI Personal Accomplishment scale – 33.02±5.98 and 35.32±5.75 (U=2409.5; p=0.026) for women and men, respectively. The following risk factors for professional burnout were identified: female sex (OR=3.54 [95% CI: 1.96; 6.39], p&lt;0.001), overlapping of several working positions (OR=2.44 [95% CI: 1.36; 4.37], p=0.003), difficulties in work due to changes in documentation requirements introduced since the start of career (OR=2.32 [95% CI: 1.31; 4.11], p=0.004).ConclusionsA high frequency of burnout among ECPs in Russia was revealed which suggests the urgent need for studies assessing the ways to prevent burnout in psychiatrists in Russia.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Trends in burnout and psychological distress in hospital staff over 12 months of the COVID-19 pandemic: a prospective longitudinal survey

BackgroundThe mental health effects of healthcare work during the COVID-19 pandemic have been substantial, but it is not known how long they will persist. This study aimed to determine if hospital workers’ burnout and psychological distress increased monotonically over 1 year, during which waves of case numbers and hospitalizations waxed and waned, or followed some other pattern.MethodsA prospective longitudinal survey was conducted at four time-points over 1 year in a cohort of 538 hospital workers and learners, which included validated measures of burnout (emotional exhaustion scale of Maslach Burnout Inventory) and psychological distress (K6). Repeated measures ANOVA tested changes over time and differences between subjects by occupational role, age and ethnic group. The direction and magnitude of changes over time were investigated by plotting rates of high scores (using cut-offs) at each time-point compared to case rates of COVID-19 in the city in which the study took place.ResultsThere were significant effects of occupational role (F = 11.2, p < .001) and age (F = 12.8, p < .001) on emotional exhaustion. The rate of high burnout was highest in nurses, followed by other healthcare professionals, other clinical staff, and lowest in non-clinical staff. Peak rates of high burnout occurred at the second or third measurement point for each occupational group, with lower rates at the fourth measurement point. Similarly to the results for emotional exhaustion, rates of high psychological distress peaked at the spring 2021 measurement point for most occupational groups and were higher in nurses than in other healthcare professionals.ConclusionsNeither emotional exhaustion nor psychological distress was rising monotonically. Burnout and psychological distress were consistently related to occupational role and were highest in nurses. Although emotional exhaustion improved as the case rate of COVID-19 decreased, rates of high emotional exhaustion in nurses and other healthcare professionals remained higher than was typically measured in hospital-based healthcare workers prior to the pandemic. Ongoing monitoring of healthcare workers’ mental health is warranted. Organizational and individual interventions to support healthcare workers continue to be important.

Psychometric analysis of the Escala de Cansancio Emocional in Ecuadorian college students during the COVID-19 outbreak

Academic emotional exhaustion is the first stage of academic burnout syndrome, and it is necessary to evaluate it and intervene early since the consequences are significant for people. The objective of this research is to perform a psychometric analysis of the Emotional Exhaustion Scale (Escala de Cansancio Emocional, ECE) to evaluate its internal structure, measurement invariance, and internal consistency reliability, in a sample of Ecuadorian college students in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Four hundred and fifty-three college students from Ecuador participated (76.21 % women) between the ages of 17 and 35 (M = 22.76 years). Results show that the one-dimensional structure has statistical support, is invariant concerning sex, and shows adequate internal consistency reliability. It is concluded that the ECE has adequate psychometric properties that allow its use in Ecuadorian college students.

An Investigation Into Chinese EFL Teachers’ Self-Efficacy and Stress as Predictors of Engagement and Emotional Exhaustion

Given the role of stress and self-efficacy on educators in the process of language learning and teaching, it is postulated that further elements such as teachers’ emotional exhaustion and work engagement had a remarkable role in the educational process both for teachers and learners; however, the predictor role of self-efficacy and stress remains uninvestigated and much ambiguity still exists about the relation between. A total of 295 male and female Chinese EFL teachers who were teaching English in 21 provinces kindly accepted to attend this study. They were asked to fill out four questionnaires, including the teacher self-efficacy scale, work engagement scale, teacher stress scale, and teachers’ emotional exhaustion scale. For the first question of the study, Pearson coefficient of correlation was used while for the second one, a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was run. The results of the study demonstrated a positive relationship between teachers’ work engagement and self-efficacy, while a negative correlation exists between overall work engagement and stress, emotional exhaustion and work engagement, and emotional exhaustion and work engagement. Moreover, there is no significant correlation between self-efficacy and stress. The findings of the study also signified that both self-efficacy and stress meaningfully predict students’ emotional exhaustion and work engagement. In conclusion, some implications and suggestions have been presented for language teaching stakeholders in language learning situations.

Meta-regression analyses of relationships between burnout and depression with sampling and measurement methodological moderators.

Despite 35 years of study, burnout researchers have failed to reach a consensus about whether burnout is distinct from depression. This review compiled reports containing zero-order correlations between scores on burnout, depression, and other measures of negative affect (NA) based on (a) reviews published by Kahill (1988), Glass and McKnight (1996), and Bianchi et al. (2015b), and (b) a search of PsycInfo using "depression" and "burnout" as search terms to find relevant studies published after 2014. The resulting data set contained 69 studies with 196 burnout-depression correlations based on 46,191 participants. We found an overall effect size of .492 between scores on burnout and depression measures (essentially equivalent to the .52 value reported in Koutsimani et al.'s, 2019, review) and an effect size of .546 between the Maslach Burnout Inventory emotional exhaustion scale and depression. Similarly, a correlation of .53 between burnout and NA measures is similar in size to the .46 correlation found by Koutsimani et al. Moderator analyses indicated that a larger burnout-depression correlation was associated with a higher proportion of female participants in a study, older participants, participants who had worked longer, and burnout measures with higher reliability estimates. The effects of age and years employed on the burnout-depression relationship suggest that repeated and negative work experiences are required for burnout to develop to the extent that its effects overlap with symptoms of depression. Conceptualizing the empirical relation between burnout and depression as a single point estimate may miss the more complex empirical picture. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Characteristics and determinants of professional burnout among early career psychiatrists in Russia — results of a cross-sectional study

The aim of the present study was to examine the characteristics of early career psychiatrists’ (ECP) work in Russia and to assess the prevalence and severity of burnout in them. Material and methods. The Early Career Psychiatrists Council of the Russian Society of Psychiatrists conducted an anonymous online survey of ECP in Russia in July-August 2019, consisted of a structured survey and screening for professional burnout using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). The final sample consisted of 165 people. Results. A high level of burnout according to at least one of the MBI scales was revealed in 79 (78.2%) women and 39 (60.9%) men (p=0.017). Mean values of the MBI Emotional Exhaustion scale corresponded to 23.33±8.97 and 17.97±8.49 (p=0.003), the MBI Depersonalization scale — 10.46±4.81 and 9.16±4.22 (p=0.083), and the MBI Personal Accomplishment scale — 33.02±5.98 and 35.32±5.75 (p=0.026) for women and men, respectively. The following risk factors for professional burnout were identified: female sex, overlapping of several working positions, difficulties in work due to changes in documentation requirements introduced since the start of professional career. Protective factors of burnout development were: work in private clinic, satisfaction with work atmosphere, subjective estimation of quality of life as above average or as good as possible. Conclusion. Burnout was established in 71.5% of ECP in Russia, which corresponds to one of the highest burnout rates in psychiatrists according to international and national studies. Further research is needed to assess the prevalence and severity and ways to prevent burnout in psychiatrists in Russia.