Emotional Exhaustion Scale Research Articles

The Mediating Role of Resilience in the Effect of Perception of Safety Against Violence on Emotional Exhaustion

Violence against healthcare workers has become a significant problem in Turkey and around the world. Violence in the health sector puts healthcare professionals in a difficult situation physically, psychologically, and socially and can cause emotional burnout. This study aims to investigate the mediating role of psychological resilience in the effect of the perception of safety against violence on emotional exhaustion in nurses. A cross-sectional quantitative research design was used in the study, using the perception of safety against violence, psychological resilience, and emotional exhaustion scales. The universe of the research consists of nurses working in public hospitals in Turkey. An online survey form created in Google Forms was sent to nurses who agreed to participate in the study voluntarily. Research data were obtained from 298 nurses. Research hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling. According to the research results, perception of safety against violence and psychological resilience among nurses have a statistically significant and negative effect on emotional exhaustion. In addition, psychological resilience has a partial mediating effect on the effect of perceived safety against violence on emotional exhaustion. As a result, nurses' perception of safety and psychological resilience against violence should be improved to prevent and reduce emotional exhaustion.

Teachers’ basic psychological needs, (de)motivating styles and professional well-being

In this study we adopt the lens of self-determination theory to examine the interplay between teachers’ basic psychological needs, behaviors, and well-being. We investigate teachers’ classroom behavior in the form of their (de)motivating styles as mediators between their need satisfaction/frustration and levels of their emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction. A total of 365 Croatian teachers completed an online survey filling out the Situations-in-School Questionnaire, Basic psychological need satisfaction and frustration scale, Short Index of Job Satisfaction and Emotional exhaustion scale. In line with the bright pathway, results showed that teachers with higher need satisfaction used more autonomy-supportive and structuring motivating styles and were more satisfied with their job. Teachers who used autonomy-supportive style were also more satisfied with their job, and this style partially mediated the relationship between need satisfaction and job satisfaction. In line with the dark pathway, teachers whose basic needs were more frustrated used more controlling and chaotic demotivating styles and reported higher levels of emotional exhaustion. Control and chaos as demotivating styles were not significant mediators between need frustration and emotional exhaustion, while teachers who used higher levels of the chaotic style reported lower levels of emotional exhaustion.

The effect of toxic leadership on workplace deviance: the mediating effect of emotional exhaustion, and the moderating effect of organizational cynicism

BackgroundToxic leadership is abusive, destructive, and detrimental to nurses, can decrease nurse morale, increase stress levels, diminish organizational performance, and cause employee emotional exhaustion. Emotional exhaustion, a key component of burnout, has been linked to decreased job performance and increased likelihood of engaging in deviant behaviors at work. Organizational cynicism, as a negative attitude or distrust towards the organization and its leadership, may exacerbate the relationship between toxic leadership and workplace deviance. This study aims to explore how toxic leadership, workplace deviance, emotional exhaustion, and organizational cynicism are interrelated in the nursing profession.MethodA multicenter descriptive, cross-sectional research design was conducted at three university hospitals affiliated with three Egyptian governorates: Zagazig, El-Fayoum, and Alexandria. Two hundred forty-three nurses completed the Personal and Job-related Data Questionnaire, Toxic Leadership Scale, Emotional Exhaustion Scale, Workplace Deviance Scale, and Organizational Cynicism Scale. Mediation analysis using SPSS PROCESS revealed that emotional exhaustion indirectly influences the relationship between toxic leadership and workplace deviance, while hierarchical multiple regression showed that organizational cynicism moderates this relationship, with linear regression confirming the predictive impact of these variables on workplace deviance.ResultsToxic leadership exhibits a substantial positive influence on workplace deviance (B = 16.132, p < 0.001), as does emotional exhaustion (B = 8.760, p < 0.001) and organizational cynicism (B = 5.376, p = 0.036). Furthermore, the interaction terms of toxic leadership, organizational cynicism, and emotional exhaustion are significant (B = -3.012, p = 0.036). The negative coefficient of the interaction term implies a mitigating impact, indicating that the combined presence of high toxic leadership, high emotional exhaustion, and high organizational cynicism may counterintuitively reduce workplace deviance (t = -2.110).ConclusionThese results suggest that while toxic leadership, emotional exhaustion, and organizational cynicism each independently increase workplace deviance, their combined presence may unexpectedly reduce deviant behaviors.Implication for nursingThese results highlight the significance of tackling toxic leadership practices and cultivating a positive organizational culture to enhance a healthier work environment and reduce instances of workplace deviance. Healthcare settings should prioritize interventions to improve leadership practices, enhance employee well-being, and cultivate a supportive organizational climate.

Influence path of work-family conflict on primary care physicians' resignation intention: Data from a Chinese cross-sectional survey.

Primary care physicians and their teams are the leading force in constructing primary medical services, undertaking the critical responsibility of residents' essential health, and also related to realizing the national health goal. However, primary care physicians generally have a high turnover rate due to problems such as high work pressure, low salary levels, and limited career development. Therefore, exploring primary care physicians' resignation intentions plays a vital role in promoting the construction of primary care physicians' health service system. This study explores the factors influencing the resignation intentions of primary care physicians, specifically examining the roles of work-family conflict, job satisfaction, professional identity, and emotional exhaustion. By understanding these dynamics, the research aims to inform strategies that can enhance the stability and effectiveness of primary care services, ultimately contributing to the improvement of public health infrastructure and achieving national health goals. This investigation will utilize structural equation modeling to analyze the interrelationships among the identified variables, thereby providing a comprehensive framework for addressing the high turnover rates among primary care physicians. This study uses the work-family conflict, job satisfaction, professional identity, and emotional exhaustion scales. The data comes from a cross-sectional survey in Zhejiang Province, China, in 2022. Using SPSS 27 and Mplus8.3 software to analyze 1205 primary care physicians and their team members, the selected cases all answered the relevant questions of resignation intention. The potential relationship among work-family conflict, job satisfaction, professional identity, emotional exhaustion, and family doctor resignation intention was explored by constructing structural equations. Work-family conflict can directly and positively affect primary care physicians' resignation intention (β = -0.546, p < 0.001). The results of the mediation model found that job satisfaction, professional identity, and emotional exhaustion were significantly related to work-family conflict, and primary care physicians' resignation intention has a significant mediating effect. It mainly includes six intermediary approaches: one is through the independent intermediary effect of job satisfaction; the second is through the independent intermediary effect of professional identity; the third is through the chain intermediary effect between Job satisfaction and professional identity; the fourth is through the intermediary effect of Job satisfaction and emotional exhaustion chain intermediary; fifth is through the chain intermediary of professional identity and emotional exhaustion; sixth is through the complex chain intermediary of job satisfaction, professional identity, and emotional exhaustion. Primary care physicians have a high score in resignation intention, which deserves continuous attention. Relevant department can help primary care physicians balance work and family roles, provide them with appropriate resources and rewards, as well as a good working environment and career development opportunities, to improve their job satisfaction and professional identity and reduce emotional exhaustion, thereby reducing the risk of resignation intention.

Chinese Rural Kindergarten Teachers' Work-Family Conflict and Their Turnover Intention: The Role of Emotional Exhaustion and Professional Identity.

The loss of rural kindergarten teachers has become a common social concern in China, which is of great importance to the development of preschool education. This study conducted a survey of 2944 kindergarten teachers in mainland China, to explore the relationship between work-family conflict and turnover intention, the mediating effect of emotional exhaustion, and the moderating effect of professional identity. The study used the work-family conflict questionnaire, the emotional exhaustion scale, the turnover intention questionnaire, and the professional identity questionnaire. The results showed that (1) work-family conflict significantly predicted turnover intention; (2) emotional exhaustion played a mediating role between work-family conflict and turnover intention; and (3) professional identity moderated the latter half path of the mediation model, that is, strong professional identity alleviated the indirect predicting effect of work-family conflict on turnover intention through emotional exhaustion. The results clarified the influencing mechanism of work-family conflict on turnover intention, which could help improve rural preschool teachers' positive emotions and reducing turnover.

Abusive supervision and nursing students’ intention to leave the nursing profession: a moderated mediation model of emotional exhaustion and the nurse-patient relationship

BackgroundExploration of the relationship between nursing students’ abusive supervision and their future intention to leave the nursing profession before completing the final clinical practicum is critical to the issue of nursing staff shortages and how to alleviate them. In order to further dissect the factors influencing turnover intention among student nurses in clinical practice, our study used the conservation of resources theory and job demands-resources model to explain the specific pathways that influence student nurses’ intention to leave the nursing profession, with particular focus on nursing students’ personality traits and certain organizational factors.MethodThis study followed a cross-sectional design. Between March and May 2022, a convenience sampling method was used to select 531 nursing students from two medical universities in Fuzhou. The Abusive Supervision, Emotional Exhaustion, Nurse-Patient Relationship, and Turnover Intention Scales were employed to collect data. The PROCESS macro (Models 4 and 7) for SPSS 25.0 by Hayes and 5,000 bootstrap samples were used to examine the moderation and mediation impacts.ResultsAbusive supervision was found to significantly positively predict nursing students’ intention to leave the nursing profession. Emotional exhaustion significantly mediated the relationship between abusive supervision and an intention to leave the nursing profession. The moderating effect of the nurse-patient relationship in the mediation model was also found to be significant.ConclusionsAbusive supervision by clinical teaching staff is a work-related stressor that leads to emotional exhaustion, consequently decreasing nursing students’ future intention to work as a nurse. A nurse-patient relationship based on trust could buffer the negative effect of abusive supervision on emotional exhaustion. Healthcare organizations and nurse educators should implement programs that educate and train individuals about abusive supervision, emotion regulation, and positive nurse-patient relationships; this would serve to decrease nursing students’ intention to leave the nursing profession. This study provides relevant implications for helping nursing instructors develop effective intervention strategies to retain talented nursing personnel.

Depression and Smartphone Addiction Among College Students: The Mediating Effect of Emotional Exhaustion.

Multiple studies claim that depression was a triggering factor for smartphone addiction among college students. But we still know very little about the underlying mechanisms of smartphone addiction. The aim was to shed light on the underlying mechanisms of smartphone addiction from the perspective of depression and emotional exhaustion, to provide alternative paths for university administrators to address smartphone addiction among college students. A total of 2764 Chinese college students participated in the survey. They independently filled out self-assessment questionnaires including the Cell Phone Addiction Scale, Beck Depression Inventory II, and Emotional Exhaustion Scale. Subsequently, mediation analysis was conducted using the PROCESS macro developed by Hayes (v 4.0; Model 4). Statistical analysis showed that depression was positively correlated with emotional exhaustion and smartphone addiction, emotional exhaustion was positively correlated with smartphone addiction, all of which were statistically significant. In addition, the effect of depression on smartphone addiction among college students was partially mediated by emotional exhaustion. The impact of depression and emotional exhaustion on smartphone addiction had been preliminarily explored, which had certain value for further understanding of smartphone addiction among college students. This study could provide references for universities to develop intervention measures for smartphone addiction.

Emotional Exhaustion Scale (ECE): Psychometric Properties in a Sample of Portuguese University Students.

Academic emotional exhaustion is the first stage of academic burnout syndrome, and it is necessary to assess it and intervene early, as the consequences can lead to harmful effects on psychological well-being. The main objectives of this study were to explore the psychometric properties of the Emotional Exhaustion Scale (ECE); to assess the association with suffering and positive well-being, using the MHI-5 Inventory; and to provide information on its validity and to compare it with these constructs. A total sample of 526 university students (81% female and 19% male) aged between 17 and 62 (M = 21.42 years and SD = 5.78) took part in this study. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were carried out. In the internal consistency assessment, the ECE was 0.89 and the MHI-5 was 0.81 (Cronbach's alpha). Exploratory factor analysis was carried out with Varimax rotation and confirmatory analysis, obtaining the factor that explains 50.5% of the variance. The results indicated that the ECE has adequate psychometric properties for use with higher education students in Portugal. Its use by mental health professionals in higher education institutions could be very relevant for screening for emotional exhaustion and thus preventing possible serious pathologies.

The connection between professional burnout of medical workers and the specific working conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia

IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic has certainly become a stressful event for medical workers, so the aim of this research was to study the pandemic-specific working conditions that may be associated with the professional burnout of medical workers in Russia.ObjectivesTo study the pandemic-specific working conditions that may be associated with the professional burnout of medical workers in Russia.MethodsThe Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was used to measure the level of professional burnout. It was filled out by medical workers from January 2021 to November 2022.The sample consisted of 314 medical workers (57 men and 255 women), whose average age was 36.97±11.93. According to the level of education, the sample included specialists with secondary general education (4.14%), with secondary special education (19.4%), with incomplete higher education (11.46%), with higher education (59.87%) and PhD (5.1%). 35 people (11%) of the surveyed medical workers worked in the red zone.ResultsWorking in the red zone is significantly associated with Emotional Exhaustion (p=0.002) and Depersonalization (p=0.002), but not with a Reduction in Professionalism. The working conditions of medical workers who were significantly associated simultaneously with Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization and Reduction of professionalism (respectively): (1) Lack of confidence in support from the health system and the state in case of illness (r=0.170, p=0.002; r=0.202, p=0.000; r=-0.171, 0. 002); (2) Inability to meet the usual personal needs (daily routine, nutrition, communication with loved ones) as employment increases at work (r=0.200, p=0.000; r=0.154, p=0.006; r=-0.186, 0. 001); (3) Lack of confidence in their own professional competence in the fight against COVID-19 due to lack of knowledge about COVID-19 (r=0.202, p=0.000; r=0.148, p=0.009; r=-0.211, 0. 000); (4) Lack of confidence in their own effectiveness in the fight against COVID-19 due to the increase in the volume of work and the expansion of the scope of professional responsibilities (r=0.234, p=0.000; r=0.152, p=0.007; r=-0.177, 0. 002); (5) Lack of access to up-to-date information about COVID-19 (r=0.190, p=0.001; r=0.158, p=0.005; r=-0.140, 0. 013).The Emotional Exhaustion scale is also associated with the fear of getting infected and getting sick with COVID-19 (r=0.125; p=0.026), as well as the lack of quick access to testing when COVID-19 symptoms appear (r=0.169; p=0.003).ConclusionsThus, not only work in the red zone, but also many specific working conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic can become a provocateur factor for the deterioration of the emotional state of medical workers.Disclosure: Research is supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project No. 21-18-00624.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Emotional fatigue, academic engagement, and satisfaction with studies during the return to post-pandemic university attendance

IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic has significantly transformed various sectors, including higher education, exposing structural weaknesses and fostering the adoption of innovative teaching methods. This situation has created the need to understand how these changes have affected the academic satisfaction, academic engagement, and mental well-being of university students during the return to in-person education at universities.MethodsIn this explanatory study, 1,321 Peruvian university students (52.1% women) aged between 18 and 35 years old (M = 20.16, SD = 3.04) participated. Participants were selected through a non-probabilistic convenience sampling method, recruited from the 3 regions of Peru (88.7% from the highlands, 76.2% from private universities), from faculties such as business sciences, humanities and education, engineering, and health sciences. Data were collected using the Emotional Exhaustion Scale (EES), the Brief Scale of Satisfaction with Studies (BSSS), and the Academic Engagement Scale (UWES S9).ResultsThe model relating the study variables showed an adequate fit: χ2(4) = 31.5, p &amp;lt; 0.001, CFI = 0.986, RMSEA = 0.072, SRMR = 0.017. The hypotheses were supported, showing the effect on satisfaction with studies both from emotional exhaustion, β = −0.11, p &amp;lt; 0.001, and from academic engagement, β = 0.61, p &amp;lt; 0.001. Additionally, a 43% variance was explained in satisfaction with studies.ConclusionThis study evidence that, in the post-pandemic context, emotional exhaustion is a negative predictor of academic satisfaction, while academic engagement is positively associated with it. These findings suggest the need for educational strategies that mitigate emotional exhaustion and promote academic engagement to improve student satisfaction and well-being in the new educational normality.

Healthcare workers’ safety and emotional exhaustion: Exploring the impact of violence and trust in emergency departments

Background In the challenging and often high-stress environment of emergency departments (EDs), healthcare workers (HCWs) frequently encounter a concerning issue of workplace violence (WPV). This study delves into the effects of WPV management and safety on the emotional well-being of ED HCWs. Methods Data collected between 15 March 2023 and 15 May 2023 from 186 HCWs across Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, and Adult EDs are analyzed. The survey includes the Safety and Confidence Scale (SCS) to gauge HCWs' perceptions of violence and the Job-Related Emotional Exhaustion Scale (JREES). Results Key findings highlight the prevalence of various forms of WPV in the ED, such as verbal violence (77.4%), threats, and insults (68.8%), with patients and their relatives identified as the primary perpetrators. Male HCWs scored significantly higher on the Violence Management and Safety (VMS) scale compared to their female counterparts. Conclusions In summary, within the demanding ED setting, this study sheds light on the profound impact of WPV on HCWs' emotional exhaustion and their overall sense of safety. It underscores the urgent need to build trust and bolster support mechanisms to alleviate emotional exhaustion among HCWs. Addressing WPV in the ED is paramount for the mental well-being of healthcare workers, particularly when faced with violence from patients and their families.

MENTAL HEALTH SUPPORT FOR HIGHER EDUCATION STAFF IN TIMES OF CRISIS

The COVID-19 pandemic affected the mental health of higher education staff. Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of higher education staff. Materials and methods: The survey subjects were 165 university teachers of the Medical University in Varna. The following tools were used: a questionnaire to explore some aspects of the respondent's quality of life before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, HADS and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Descriptive statistical methods, a t-test, correlation analysis, χ2 test and a multiple linear regression model were applied. SPSS version v.24.0 was used to process the survey data. The survey took place between October and December 2022. Results: The mean value on the anxiety scale was 5.61, SD = 4.027 and 3.62, SD = 3.39 on the depression scale. The mean score on the emotional exhaustion scale (ЕЕ) was 27.67. The mean in the depersonalization scale was 9.10, SD = 5.494. The personal accomplishment mean value was 44.78, SD = 8.006. The results from HADS depression and HADS anxiety showed a statistical significance for predicting the scores on the EE scale (β = 1.158, p = 0.0001 and β = 0.573, p = 0.021). The levels of stress before and during the pandemic had a statistically significant weak correlation with the EE scale. Conclusions: activities for general and selective prevention of occupational stress and burnout, based on stress-coping strategies, can be introduced in higher education.

Workplace Ostracism and Emotional Exhaustion Among Private and Public Sector Female Bank Employees

Background: Workplace ostracism is a prevalent issue in organizational environments, impacting employees' mental health and job performance. Previous studies have established a link between workplace ostracism and emotional exhaustion, particularly in gender-influenced contexts. This study aims to explore this relationship among female bank employees in the private and public sectors, considering various demographic variables. Objective: The primary objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between workplace ostracism and emotional exhaustion among female bank employees. It also sought to examine how demographic factors such as age, education, marital status, employment sector, and job experience correlate with these variables. Methods: A cross-sectional and correlational design was adopted. The study sample comprised 180 female bank employees from Islamabad and Rawalpindi, aged 25-64 years with at least one year of work experience. Purposive sampling was utilized to select participants from both private and public sectors. The Workplace Ostracism Scale and the Emotional Exhaustion Scale of the Maslach Burnout Inventory were employed for data collection. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and t-tests were conducted using SPSS software. Results: The findings revealed a significant positive correlation between workplace ostracism and emotional exhaustion (r = .62, p &lt; .01). Public sector employees reported higher emotional exhaustion (M = 23.73, SD = 17.45) compared to private sector employees (M = 17.58, SD = 12.77). Graduates reported higher levels of both workplace ostracism (M = 25.63, SD = 15.14) and emotional exhaustion (M = 22.20, SD = 16.49) than undergraduates. Married participants experienced more workplace ostracism and emotional exhaustion than unmarried ones. Conclusion: The study confirms a positive relationship between workplace ostracism and emotional exhaustion among female bank employees, influenced by educational level, marital status, and employment sector. The findings highlight the need for tailored organizational strategies to address these issues, particularly in the public banking sector.

Job burnout among polish nurses - influence of mobbing and coping with stress

Mobbing behaviours at workplaces and occupational burnout have negative impacts on the working and private lives. Mobbing, irrespective of its intensity, represents one of the most significant stressors and often leads to an irreversible psycho-deterioration of an individual. Overcoming a stressful situation at work requires specifying the methods for coping with stress resulting in job burnout. Job burnout is a complex syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment. The aim of these study was to analyze interrelationships between mobbing, coping with stress and job burnout among nurses.The study included 86 nurses of various specialties, who gave their consent to participate in the project, were examined. The average age of the nurses was 37.7 years, and the average job seniority was 12.6 years. The study were conducted in 2019-2020 in hospitals of Southern Poland. and was based on the following instruments: Sociodemographic survey, The Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ), COPE Inventory and Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI).The presented studies showed a statistically significant and consistent relationship between the intensity of perceived mobbing in nurses and the results obtained on the scale of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. A relationship was found between the preference for some specific stress management strategies and job burnout level, also after adjustment for the mobbing intensity, age and seniority of the respondents, thus empirically confirming a multifaceted nature of the unfavorable phenomena related to the work of a nurse.It was found that there is interrelationships between mobbing, coping with stress and job burnout among nurses.

Psychometric Properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in Peruvian University Students

Changes that occurred in people’s lives due to the COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected the mental health of the universities, where an increase in symptoms of depression was reported since the beginning of the pandemic, so its evaluation is essential in this context. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) in Peruvian university students. A total of 409 university students between 16 and 45 years of age participated (female = 72.9%; Mage = 22.15; SDage = 3.75). The PHQ-9 and the Emotional Exhaustion Scale (EES) were used. A series of confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to evaluate structures suggested by previous studies, namely a one factor model, a two correlated factor model and a bi-factor model. We found evidence of a one-dimensional structure, both from factor analysis and item response theory, and a positive association with academic emotional exhaustion. Moreover, construct reliability and score reliability reached high magnitudes. Therefore, the PHQ-9 is an instrument with adequate psychometric properties to be used as a measure of depression in university students in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Post-pandemic psychosocial variables affecting academic dropout in a sample of Chilean higher-education students

IntroductionUniversity dropouts are a problem in the Chilean higher education system, which causes psychosocial and economic damage and requires further studies to understand it comprehensively. This study aimed to determine the psychosocial variables influencing the risk of dropping out of the higher education system in a sample of Chilean university students post-pandemic.MethodsWith a sample of 655 students from the Chilean higher education system and with a cross-sectional study design taken in November 2022, a questionnaire was applied with sociodemographic and other variables of interest, the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale DASS-21, the EAC-19 Coronavirus Affect Scale, the ECE Emotional Exhaustion Scale; the Okasha Suicide Scale, and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). We performed descriptive, bivariate, and multiple logistic regression analyses through SPSS version 25. Variables with a value of p &amp;lt;0.05 in the final model were declared statistically significant. Odds ratios (OR) were adjusted to 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), which were used to determine the independent predictor variables.ResultsSignificant variables for the risk of dropping out of higher education were: failing four or more courses [AOR = 3.434; 95% CI: 1.272, 9.269], having depressive symptoms [AOR = 1.857; 95% CI: 1.214, 2.839], having suicidal ideation and thoughts [AOR = 2.169; 95% CI: 1.509, 3.118], having clinical insomnia [AOR = 2.024; 95% CI: 1.400, 2.927], low parental support [AOR = 1.459; 95% CI: 1.029, 2.069], impaired performance during the pandemic [AOR = 1.882; 95% CI: 1.317, 2.690], and impaired socioeconomic status during the pandemic [AOR = 1.649; 95% CI: 1.153, 2.357].ConclusionChilean higher education institutions should pay attention to the risk factors resulting from this research, such as students with more than four failed courses during their career, depressive symptoms, suicidal thoughts, clinical insomnia, low parental support, and affectation in performance and socioeconomic level during the pandemic, which could contribute to improving academic retention indicators.

Assessment of Occupational Burnout And Its Determinants, Causes of Occupational Stress, And Its Coping Strategies Among Nurses Working In The Psychiatric Wards: A mixed-method study

Aims: This study assessed occupational burnout and its determinants, causes of occupational stress, and its coping strategies amongst 13 nurses working in the psychiatry wards in India. Methods: This was a longitudinal mixed-method study. The qualitative component comprised interviewing each participant under the steps of “free listing” and “pile sorting” to assess the causes of occupational stress and its coping strategies. The occupational burnout experiences were assessed using the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Results: Low-level depersonalization scores were present among six (46.1%) participants. Scores under this component of burnout were negatively correlated with years of work experience in providing nursing care for admitted psychiatric patients (rs = -0.548, p=0.05). Median scores of the emotional exhaustion scale (p=0.047) and of the depersonalization scale (p=0.016) were significantly higher among participants working at the government hospital. The major cause of occupational stress was poor infrastructure and treatment facilities with a salience score of 0.154. The most adopted strategies to tide over occupational stress were reading books and meditation with a salience score of 0.128 and 0.109 respectively. Conclusion: Extended work experience of participants was associated with their better ability to understand and empathize more with the patients as reflected by the low depersonalization scores. Two components of occupational burnout were found to be higher among nurses working in the government hospital. Organizational relationships were a more common cause of occupational stress than client-related matters among the participants. Recreational activities were the most common coping strategies adopted by the participants to deal with stress.

Associations among Challenge Stress, Hindrance Stress, and Employees' Innovative Work Behavior: Mediation Effects of Thriving at Work and Emotional Exhaustion

ABSTRACTEmployees' innovative work behavior (IWB) is one of the key factors in improving organizational competitiveness. Previous studies show that challenge and hindrance stress can impact employees' IWB, but our understanding of the exact mechanism underlying the impact is still limited. The present study employed four scales (Challenge and Hindrance Stress Scale, Thriving at Work Scale, Chinese Emotional Exhaustion Scale, and Employee Innovative Behavior Scale) to collect questionnaire data from 789 employees in diverse organizations via an online platform. A two‐path mediation model was constructed. The results show that: (a) challenge stress positively predicted thriving at work and IWB; (b) thriving at work played a partial mediation effect between challenge stress and IWB; (c) hindrance stress negatively predicted thriving at work and positively predicted emotional exhaustion; and (4) hindrance stress did not directly impact IWB while thriving at work and emotional exhaustion were main mediators in the relationship between hindrance stress and IWB. These findings suggest that employees should sensibly cope with different work stresses, while managers should plan work tasks scientifically and give employees adequate opportunities to learn and rest in order to keep them in a positive state to solve problems and work creatively.

The role of bidirectional associations between depression, anxiety, and emotional exhaustion on turnover intention among nurses: a multicenter cross-sectional study in China

BackgroundA high turnover rate in nursing has become a global concern. Mental health issues may increase the turnover intention of nurses and lead to turnover behaviors. However, very little is known about the role of bidirectional associations between emotional exhaustion and depression/anxiety on turnover intention. This study aimed to examine the associations among depression, anxiety, emotional exhaustion and turnover intention, and to test the role of bidirectional associations between depression, anxiety, and emotional exhaustion on turnover intention among nurses.MethodsAn online multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted in Hunan Province, China, from December 2021 to February 2022. The questionnaire collected data from the Turnover Intention Scale, the Emotional Exhaustion Scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire-2, and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-2, as well as sociodemographic information. Data analysis was performed by univariate analysis, Pearson correlation analysis, multiple linear regression analysis, and structural equation modeling.ResultsThe average turnover intention score among Chinese nurses was 14.34 ± 3.75. The prevalence of depression and anxiety was 25.9% and 22.3%, respectively. Depression (r = 0.378, P < 0.001), anxiety (r = 0.391, P < 0.001), and emotional exhaustion (r = 0.532, P < 0.001) were positively associated with turnover intention. Emotional exhaustion partially mediated the associations between depression/anxiety and turnover intention, with both mediating effects accounting for 60.7%. The mediating ratios of depression/anxiety on the associations between emotional exhaustion and turnover intentions were 17.6% and 16.5%, respectively.ConclusionsDepression, anxiety, and emotional exhaustion showed significant positive effects on turnover intention among nurses. Emotional exhaustion played a partial mediation role between depression/anxiety and turnover intention, while depression/anxiety played no significant mediation role between emotional exhaustion and turnover intention.

Effect of emotional exhaustion on satisfaction with studies and academic procrastination among Peruvian university students

ObjectiveTo examine the effect of emotional exhaustion on satisfaction with studies and academic procrastination among Peruvian university students.MethodsAn explanatory study was conducted with 1,011 Peruvian university students (60.2% women and 39.8% men). The Brief Satisfaction with Studies Scale (EBSE), Emotional Exhaustion Scale (ECE), and the Academic Procrastination Scale (EPA) were used to measure the variables.ResultsThe results revealed that the explanatory model had an acceptable fit, χ2(1) = 7.7, p = 0.006, CFI = 0.982, RMSEA = 0.081, SRMR = 0.021. These findings provide evidence that emotional exhaustion negatively affects satisfaction with studies (β = −0.30, p &amp;lt; 0.001) and positively influences academic procrastination (β = 0.15, p &amp;lt; 0.001).ConclusionEmotional exhaustion is decisive in satisfaction with studies and academic procrastination.