Emotional Deficiency Research Articles

Clinical and Psychological Characteristics of Patients after First-Episode Psychosis with Cognitive, Emotional, and Volitional Deficiencies: Comparative Analysis

This research featured 139 patients (60 men, 79 women) after the first-episode psychosis. All patients demonstrated cognitive and/or emotional deficiency. The research objective was to compare clinical, sociodemographic, psychosocial, and individual characteristics. The expert clinical assessment revealed three groups. Group I included 29 patients with negative symptoms in the cognitive sphere; group II consisted of 46 people with negative symptoms in the emotional and volitional sphere; group III included 64 people with no pronounced deficiencies. The authors employed the method of clinical psychological interview and various pathopsychological non-standard methods to study the cognitive activity of the patients. The list of psychometric methods included the Beck’s Depression Inventory, a coping behavior questionnaire, a short version of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), and the Suicide Risk Assessment Scale. The data obtained were processed using SPSS v. 25.0 and Excel 2010. The three groups demonstrated the following statistically significant differences: diagnosis, critical attitude to one’s own condition, and continuity of psychiatric care (clinical characteristics); social adaptation problems (psychosocial characteristics); association and motivation (cognitive activity); suicidal risk (emotions, personality, and behavior). The MMPI and the coping behavior test also showed differences from the test norm, as well as between the groups. A comparative analysis of clinical and psychological characteristics in patients after the first-episode psychosis makes it possible to develop a correct psychorehabilitation program, prevent deficit symptoms, and improve social functioning.

Neuropsychocorrection of stress disorders

The article highlights a novel method of psychotherapy, which has a wide range of indications, including pre-nosological manifestations of emotional deficiency, depression, stress disorders of various origins and associated neurotic disorders, personality, behavioral, psychosomatic, and addictive disorders, food addiction (anorexia nervosa and bulimia), psychoactive substance dependence (alcoholism, drug addiction, substance abuse, smoking), psychological dependence in relation to individuals, as well as bad habits and any other disorders associated with psychogenic factors. We applied neuropsychocorrection as part of a complex of traditional resort treatment (study group) and observed patients in the control group who received only resort treatment. The main indicators when selecting individuals for the study were a high level of anxiety, low mood, emThe statistical data obtained as a result of the study based on the analysis of the dynamics of complaints after the course of neuropsychocorrection indicate a more pronounced stabilization of the psycho-emotional state, a decrease in emotional tension, normalization of sleep, a decrease in the level of anxiety, enhancement in interpersonal relationships, and improvement and stability of mood.otional tension, increased sensitivity to external stimuli, and somatization disorders.

Biopsychosocial Determinants of Problematic Pornography Use: A Systematic Review.

Although some studies have examined the determinants of problematic pornography use (PPU), few systematic comparisons of risk profiles have been conducted so far. Research on risk profiles can shed a bright light on our knowledge of both the early diagnosis and etiology of such highly prevalent disorders. Accordingly, the present study aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the determinants of PPU. Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and PsycINFO databases were systematically searched, and relevant English articles, including longitudinal and cross-sectional studies on risk factors published from January 2000 to February 2022 were reviewed. The determinants of PPU extracted from the investigated studies (n=66) were summarized and clustered into biological, psychological, and social categories. The findings indicated that ventral striatum activity is a consistent biological factor which plays a key role in the development of PPU, while there were other psychological factors influencing PPU as mentioned in several studies, including craving, low self-esteem, sexual arousal, coping styles, stress, frequent pornography watching, avoidance, negative beliefs, and emotional deficiency. In addition, the social factors affecting PPU have been reported to be male gender, age, religion, moral incompatibility, and loneliness. According to these results, the identified factors could be considered in preventive treatment. This systematic review provided a comprehensive overview of the biopsychosocial determinants of PPU by analyzing 66 articles mostly from Europe and North America. Most studies showed that ventral striatum activity, craving, self-esteem, stress, frequent pornography watching, gender, age, and religion are related to PPU.

The role of university teachers’ occupational activity in the burnout syndrome

Introduction. Burnout syndrome (BOS) is interpreted as career crisis. However, BOS is no classified as occupational or workplace-related illness, it is considered as phenomenon in the occupational context only. Aim - to assess the influence of professional activity of university teachers on the development of BOS. Materials and methods. Female teachers of three age groups (under 30 years, 30-49 years, and older 49 years) working at the North Kazakhstan University (NKU). This study employed questionnaire, physiological and statistical methods. Results. The most pronounced phase experienced by teachers is “Resistance” phase, followed by “Exhaustion” phase and then “Tension” phase. As for the age range, respondents of the first age group (under 30 years old) have expressed reaction of: “Tension” phase - 21.7%, “Resistance” - 34.7%, “Exhaustion” - 30.4%. “Resistance” response prevailed in two other age groups. A post-symptom analysis of the formed BOS phase showed the prevalence of the following symptoms in the “Resistance” phase: “R1. Inadequate emotional response”, “R4. Reduction of professional duties”, “R2. Emotional and moral disorientation” and “R3. Expansion of emotion saving. “T1.Experiencing traumatic events” symptom dominated in the “Tension” phase, followed by the symptoms of the “Exhaustion” phase - “E1. Emotional deficiency”, “E2. Emotional detachment” and “E3. Personal detachment (depersonalization)”. The dynamics of psychophysiological indicators based on the phases of the formation of BOS showed results similar to obtained from correlation analysis and analysis of variance. A post-symptom analysis of the formed BOS phase showed that the prevailing symptoms negatively affect the professional qualities of teachers. Teachers can be assumed to face increasing traumatic factors of professional activity, they cease to feel the difference between the emotion saving and inappropriate emotional response and, therefore, they try to minimize the responsibilities requiring emotional costs. Limitations. This study is limited to a selection of female teachers of the NKU, who develop BOS during their teaching activities, diagnosed according to the questionnaire of V.V. Boyko. Conclusion. It can be assumed that teachers’ professional activity causes the growth of BOS and can be classified as workplace illness, which entails the inability of an employee to perform his/her duties at a professional level.

The Effect of Loneliness and Conformity on Impulse Buying: Live Streaming

최근 들어 온라인 시장의 발전과 함께 외로움을 느끼는 소비자가 점점 늘어나고 있다. 그러나 지금까지의 많은 연구는 이러한 외로움이 소비활동에 미치는 영향에 대해서 많은 관심을 기울이지 않아왔다. 외로움이라고 하는 것은 정서적인 결핍으로 소비자는 이러한 결핍을 채우기 위한 욕구가 소비행동으로 이어지기도 한다. 본 연구에서는 소비자가 느끼는 외로움이 충동구매에 미치는 영향을 이해하고 쇼핑 채널의 조절효과를 이해하는데 있다. 특히 양방향 커뮤니케이션에 기반한 라이브 스트리밍은 외로움을 느끼는 소비자가 결핍을 채워주면서 기존의 채널에 비해 소비자의 충동구매를 높이는 결과로 이어졌다. 또한 동조효과가 이러한 소비자들의 충동구매를 매개하였다. 즉 정서적 결핍에서 비롯된 외로움은 다른 사람들과의 같아 지고 싶어하는 동조효과에 의해 충동구매로 이어지고 있음을 알 수 있다.Recently, with the development of the online market, the number of consumers who feel lonely is increasing. However, many studies so far have not paid much attention to the effect of loneliness on consumption activity. Loneliness is an emotional deficiency, and consumers’ desire to fill this deficiency sometimes leads to consumption behavior. The purpose of this study is to understand the effect of loneliness that consumers feel on impulse buying and to understand the moderating effect of shopping channels. In particular, live streaming based on two-way communication filled the lack of loneliness consumers, leading to higher impulse purchases compared to existing channels. Also, the conformity effect mediated these consumers impulse purchases. In other words, it can be seen that the loneliness resulting from emotional deficiency leads to impulse buying due to the conformity effect of wanting to be like other people.

Parental Parental Involvement and Professional Trends & Practices in Higher Education: An Islamic Module for Internship Progressiveness

Education is the most important phase in human life. It begins from teaching of parents to tutors and then institutions to society. Parents are the fore-most; oldest and ever-remaining character in learning and developmental process and modern research admitted that they have a very crucial role in human development. Capitalist behaviour camouflaged this crucial role to conceal the mistakes and emotional deficiency of educational management. Administration put a board “No parents beyond this point” to stop communication of parents with children and teachers. They invaded many practices in educational administrative circle to snub the parents so that they can draw more financial benefits in the name of modern and quality education. Modern researches and worthy teaching of Semitic religions are bluntly saying that involvement of parents is very productive and effective in not only general learning process but also in professional development.
 Parents, especially in Eastern countries, are sufficiently unaware with the practices of their involvement in Professional Development Process (PDP) of their children specifically in Higher education. Researches in Education developed many modules of parental involvement in educational spheres like Parent Teacher Association (PTA), Home School Project (HSP), Second Educators (SEs), Home Visiting Scheme (HVS), Home University Agreement (HUA) and Parents-Student Internship Project (P-SIP). This article discussed critically and annalistically the importance of P-SIP and its module to convey the wholesome picture of parental involvement in learning process for professional development in higher education. Resultantly, any institution can adopt this module to implement it into its system for a productive learning output.

The Quasi-paranoid Empathy of Healthcare Staff in a Generalized Covid-phobic Context in West Cameroon's Hospital Institutions

The present study raises the problem of empathy of caregivers vis-à-vis patients in a covid/post-covid context. It is based on the observation that health workers are increasingly in-vaded by excessive fear and persistence of COVID-19 contamination. This induces avoidance, a certain suspicion, persecution and indifference/coldness towards patients, and plunges them into a strong insidious emotional deficiency. These attitudes, which are significantly close to paranoid and phobic access, seem to gradually dominate therapeutic interactions within hospitals. Freudian and Rogerian psychoanalysis advocates empathetic/benevolent listening, positive consideration and unconditional acceptance of the patient as ethical and deontological indispensable principles for any therapeutic evolution. Thus, it is predicted that within hospitals, the current non empathetic attitudes of care towards patients have their origin in a generalized covid-phobic atmosphere that develops a quasi-dominant paranoia in caregivers. Using a subscale of caregiver's Covid-phobic quasi-paranoia, and the one of caregiver's empathy in a covid/post-covid context, the data were collected from 126 participants including 55 nursing assistants, 61 state-certified nurses and 10 doctors, chosen at random from the staff of three (03) health facilities in the city of Bafoussam, MIFI department, West Cameroon region, including one (01) public district medical center (CMA) and two (02) private hospitals (clinics). After analysis, the results obtained sufficiently demonstrate that within the health institutions of West Cameroon, the higher the professional level of the caregiver, the more the severity of his quasi-paranoid covid-phobic accesses is significant, and the less he expresses an authentic empathy towards the patients who arrive at the hospital. This implies that in this period of health crisis, caregivers must reinvest in a real function of providers of affectivity and relay of empathy at the bedside of the patient both in hospital and outpatient. Thus, a real sys-tematical vaccination operation may insure their total immunity and better reduce their qua-si-paranoid empathy in this generalized Covid-phobic context.

Les schémas précoces inadaptés et la rechute au cours de traitement de maintien par la méthadone chez les toxicomanes (une approche cognitive)

Introduction/objectiveDysfunction of cognitive schemas and addictive behaviors are often coexisting which can cause relapse during drug treatment. The objective of this study is to assess early maladaptive schemas (EMS) among heroin users and their relationship with relapse during methadone maintenance treatment. Subject and methodsThis is a cross-sectional study carried out on 166 heroin users treated with methadone at the medico-psychological center in northern Morocco during 2017. The subjects completed both the Young short version schema questionnaire (YQS) and the ASI questionnaire (Addiction Severity Index) to measure the severity of drug addiction. ResultsThe results showed that the most activated schemas in the totality of the subjects were fear of losing control, Emotional deficiency and failure. They were also significantly more activated in women than in men for five schemas indicating rejection and separation, and a lack of autonomy. Regarding the relapse during treatment consumption there was a positive and significant correlation with ten out of thirteen SPI, which means the more the intensity of SPI decrease the greater the tendency to relapse (r=0.509, P<0.0001). However, there was also a weak correlation between the consumption of other drugs and SPI. ConclusionThe cognitive approach has highlighted the essential role of cognitive disorders in addictive behaviors that EMS may be predictors of relapse during substitution treatment, and that a concurrent therapy of schema may reduce the likelihood of relapse.

An effect of cholinesterase blockade on negative symptoms in schizophrenia

To assess the possibilities of influencing the severity of negative disorders in schizophrenic patients with cholinesterase blockade. The study included stable 26 patients (13 of them women), average age 40.4 (SD 11.7) with paranoid schizophrenia, episodic form according to ICD-10). All patients received antipsychotic therapy, which was not changed at least for 2 months. We used psychometric scales (Positive and Negative Syndrome Assessment Scale (PANSS), Global Functioning Scale (GAF), neurocognitive techniques (Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia-BACS), projective psychological techniques (Rorschach test). The results of the study showed that augmentation of maintenance antipsychotic therapy with a cholinesterase blocker (ipidacrine at a dose of 20 mg per day) had positive impact on negative symptoms, decreasing the severity of emotional deficiency. The positive changes of cognitive impairment, measured with BACS, occurred regardless of changes in the severity of negative disorders, measured with PANSS. The Rorschach test showed an improvement in the conventional orientation of the patients' thinking. No exacerbation of psychotic symptoms was registered.

Are psychopaths moral‐psychologically impaired? Reassessing emotion‐theoretical explanations

Psychopathy has been theorized as a disorder of emotion, which impairs moral judgments. However, these theories are increasingly being abandoned as empirical studies show that psychopaths seem to make proper moral judgments. In this contribution, these findings are reassessed, and it is argued that prevalent emotion‐theories of psychopathy appear to operate with the unjustified assumption that psychopaths have no emotions, which leads to the hypothesis that psychopaths are completely unable to make moral judgments. An alternative and novel explanation is proposed, theorizing psychopathy as a degree‐specific emotional deficiency, which causes degree‐specific differences in moral judgments.

To the question of the performance of prevention of the syndrome of emotional burning from dentists

The article shows that the symptomatic pattern of emotional burnout syndrome in dentists of surgeons, therapists and orthopedists was characterized by the formation of 2 symptoms «Self-dissatisfaction» and «Emotional deficiency» and formation of 1 symptom among surgeons «Emotional moral disorientation «to 2 symptoms among orthopedists «Expansion of the sphere of saving emotions», «Inadequate emotional response». With the increase in the length of service among dentists, the expression of 3 symptoms among orthopedists up to 6 symptoms among the surgeons of the syndrome of emotional burnout increases 1.5–3 times.

ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ СИНДРОМУ ЕМОЦІЙНОГО ВИГОРАННЯ У МЕНЕДЖЕРІВ КОМЕРЦІЙНИХ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙ

У статті здійснено теоретичний аналіз наукових підходів до трактування поняття «емоційне вигорання», висвітлено його симптоми. Емоційне вигорання представляє собою стан емоційного, психічного, фізичного виснаження, що розвивається як результат хронічного стресу, викликаного власною роботою, і поєднує в собі емоційну спустошеність, деперсоналізацію і редукцію особистісних досягнень. Розкрито причини та особливості прояву емоційного вигорання. Виділено основні групи факторів, які зумовлюють виникнення синдрому емоційного вигорання: особистісний, рольовий, організаційний. Виявлено фази формування синдрому емоційного вигорання у менеджерів комерційних організацій: фаза напруження, фаза резистенції, фаза виснаження. Домінуючими симптомами вигорання у фазі напруження є: незадоволення собою, своєю професією, посадою, конкретними обов’язками; у фазі резистенції – симптом неадекватного вибіркового емоційного реагування та симптом редукції професійних обов’язків; у фазі виснаження – симптоми емоційного дефіциту, емоційної відчуженості та деперсоналізації.В дослідженні визначено, що менеджери комерційних організацій застосовують переважно механізми психологічного захисту як раціоналізація та проекція. Виявляють схильність до приписування власних негативних почуттів, переживань, намірів, бажань іншим людям. Шукають переконливі докази, виправдування для пояснення своїх дій і бажань, які є недостатньо схвалюваними. Це спроби досліджуваних довести, що їх поведінка є раціональною і виправданою, а тому соціально схваленою, вона допомагає розв’язувати конфліктні ситуації або долати труднощі на шляху до досягнення мети, уникаючи надмірні емоційні хвилювання. Майже половина респондентів із загальної вибірки досліджуваних мають середній рівень тривожності та невротизації. Відчувають постійно зниження настрою, хвилювання, занепокоєння, швидку стомлюваність, слабкість, незадоволення своїх потреб і бажань, невизначеність у майбутньому. Встановлено статистично значущий позитивний взаємозв’язок між проявами синдрому емоційного вигорання та рівнем тривожності й невротизації у менеджерів комерційних організацій. Зазначено, що для запобігання синдрому емоційного вигорання у менеджерів комерційних організацій буде сприяти розробка відповідної психокорекційної програми.

Socio-Demographic Predictors of Perceived Burden of Care among Care Givers of Non-Mentally and Mentally Retarded Students in Ibadan, Nigeria

The care of mentally retarded children is often stressful experiences for family members, as the child grows up and disability becomes quite noticeable by others, parents face a very distressing predicament of social embarrassment and stigma, they require more attention and time while at the same time the need for special equipment, and medical care increases; implicating financial income and capability of the care providers. The aftermath effect on the care provider(s) most often is restrictive and disruptive to economic, social or emotional deficiency. The study examines the influence of socio-demographic variables on care burden of care providers of non-mentally and mentally retarded students in Ibadan metropolis. The study adopted cross sectional research design across types of job, social support, religion, ethnicity and age. A total number of 100 care providers participated in the study (50 care providers of non-mentally retarded students &amp; 50 care providers of the mentally retarded students). The instruments that were used was Care Givers Burden Scale developed by Zarit et al (1980). The result of the study revealed that demographic variables (age, sex, marital status, education level, job type, religion and ethnicity) do not jointly predict burden of care among care providers of mentally retarded students in Ibadan metropolis. [F(7,43)=1.722;p&gt;.05], but revealed that demographic variables jointly predict burden of care among care providers of non-mentally retarded students in Ibadan metropolis. [F(7,43)=2.39;p&lt;.05], and finally revealed that social support had significant influence on burden of care among care providers of mentally retarded students in Ibadan metropolis [t(98)= 11.13; P&lt;.05]. The study therefore concludes that demographic variables jointly predict burden of care among care providers of non-mentally retarded students not mentally retarded students. While social support was found to significantly influence burden of care among care providers of mentally retarded students in Ibadan metropolis.&#x0D;

Intelligent Emotion Evaluation Method of Classroom Teaching Based on Expression Recognition

To solve the problem of emotional loss in teaching and improve the teaching effect, an intelligent teaching method based on facial expression recognition was studied. The traditional active shape model (ASM) was improved to extract facial feature points. Facial expression was identified by using the geometric features of facial features and support vector machine (SVM). In the expression recognition process, facial geometry and SVM methods were used to generate expression classifiers. Results showed that the SVM method based on the geometric characteristics of facial feature points effectively realized the automatic recognition of facial expressions. Therefore, the automatic classification of facial expressions is realized, and the problem of emotional deficiency in intelligent teaching is effectively solved.

A Study of the Elderly Female Gamblers’ Life History: On the Aspect of Existential Self-regulaion

본 연구는 우리나라의 근현대사를 관통하는 삶을 살아온 70대 중반의 여성도박자의 이야기이다. 구술을 바탕으로 해석한 자기이해의 삶의 이야기(life story)를 통해 그녀를 이해하고 도박에 대한 새로운 정의를 찾아보는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 이를 위해 ‘실존적 자기조절’이라는 개념을 제시하였으며 내러티브적 인터뷰 방식으로 자료를 수집하였다. 수집 된 자료는 맨델바움(Mandelbaum)이 제시한 삶의 영역, 전환, 적응이라는 분석틀에 따라 자료를 분석하였다. 연구 결과 참여자의 자기서사(self narrative)는 ‘정신적 결핍을 돈과 자녀교육으로 충족하고자 함’, ‘정신적 결핍을 도박으로 해소하고자 함’, ‘정신적 결핍에서 자유로워짐’으로 나타났다. 이 과정에서 도박이 가지는 의미는 실존적 공허를 달래주는 위안거리, 삶을 피폐하게 만드는 걱정거리, 일상의 무료함을 달래주는 소일거리로 변형되었다. ‘실존적 자기이해를 통해 도박충동을 조절하는 생애 사건은 두 번째와 세 번째 단계에서 나타났다. 연구 결과를 바탕으로 본 연구에서는 여성노인도박자를 위한 자서전 쓰기나 성찰 프로그램의 도입을 제시하였다.This study is on mid-seventies female gamblers who went through Korean modern history. The purpose is to analyze interviews on their life of understanding what their true self is, and to redefine gambling. The concept of ‘existential self-regulation’ was proposed and the materials were acquired through narrative interviews. The materials were then investigated according to Mandelbaum’s framework for analysis of which suggests dimension, turning, and adaptation. The self-narrative revealed that the process of being addicted to gambling is as in the following: compensating her emotional deficiency via money and child’s education, getting rid of the emotional deficiency via gambling, becoming free from emotional deficiency. The meaning of gambling has shifted to a comfort to existential vacuum, a source of anxiety ruining life, pastime for boring everyday life. Life events that control the impulse to gamble through ‘existential self-knowledge’ occurred in the second and the third stage. Based on the results, the study suggests mid-seventies female gamblers to write her autobiography, and proposed the necessity of self-examining programs.

Possible Involvement of the Dopaminergic System in Emotional Deficiency in CD157/BST1 Knockout Mice

Possible Involvement of the Dopaminergic System in Emotional Deficiency in<i> CD157/BST1</i> Knockout Mice

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ЕМОЦІЙНОГО ВИГОРАННЯ ТА ЙОГО РОЛЬ В СТРУКТУРІ ДЕЗАДАПТАЦІЇ ВОЛОНТЕРІВ, ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ ЯКИХ ПОВ’ЯЗАНА З ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯМ ВІЙСЬКОВИХ В ЗОНІ АТО

Метою роботи було вивчення особливостей емоційного вигорання та психологічної дезадаптації українських волонтерів. За допомогою клініко-психологічного та психодіагностичного методів обстежено 147 осіб, що займалися волонтерською діяльністю, пов'язаною з забезпеченням військових в зоні АТО, не менше 1 року. Встановлено, що волонтерська діяльність несе потенційні ризики розвитку синдрому емоційного вигорання (СЕВ). У 61,2% з загальної кількості обстежених осіб, встановлено наявність або окремих фаз СЕВ, що формуються (34,0%), або сформованих (27,2%). Поява ознак СЕВ передує появі клінічно окреслених дезадаптивних проявів та впливає на їх структуру. СЕВ, вмикаючи механізми захисту від стресу, підвищує прояви дезадаптації щодо волонтерської діяльності, що в сукупності негативно впливає на фізичне, психологічне та соціальне функціонування волонтерів.&#x0D;

ПЕРФЕКЦИОНИЗМ КАК ФАКТОР РАЗВИТИЯ СИНДРОМА ЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНОГО ВЫГОРАНИЯ ПРЕПОДАВАТЕЛЕЙ ВЫСШЕЙ ШКОЛЫ

Perfectionism, as one of the characteristics of an individual, expressed in the pursuit of perfection, is an additional risk factor in the development of emotional burnout of the higher school teachers. According to the survey, the majority of university teachers have a neutral or positive attitude to perfectionism, despite the ambiguous nature of this psychological phenomenon, while perfectionism is a characteristic of 30.61 % of respondents. Among the types of perfectionism of the higher school teachers, self-oriented perfectionism, other-oriented perfectionism, and socially prescribed perfectionism are noted. The paper analyzes the characteristics of emotional burnout of the university teachers according to the scales of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduction of professional achievements; identifies the current phases of anxiety, resistance, and exhaustion. To identify the relationships of perfectionism with the emotional burnout, the method of mathematical statistics – Spearman rank correlation coefficient r s was used, which allowed establishing the significant correlations between the self-oriented perfectionism and the symptom of the anxiety stress phase – the experience of psycho-traumatic circumstances; between the other-oriented perfectionism and the symptoms of the resistance phase – inadequate selective emotional response, the expansion of the emotional thriftiness sphere; between the self-oriented perfectionism and the reduction of professional duties; between the socially prescribed perfectionism and the symptoms of the exhaustion phase – the emotional deficiency, emotional detachment; between the self-oriented perfectionism and the symptom of the exhaustion phase – personal detachment. The results show that perfectionism is one of the factors of the emotional burnout development among the higher school teachers and requires further study.

The silence of a body and speech set free

Anorexia is a reflection of issues with the body in all its states. The social body and the representation of a model's body, mistreated in order to meet certain standards, the medical body shaken by the mystery of anorexia, and the subjective body and the reality of the flesh. The anorexic body is a testament to a past full of pain and neglect, a sign of emotional deficiency. Caring for the body of a person with anorexia, whatever the approach, means also and above all working with the future of a human being.

Clarifying the heterogeneity in psychopathic samples: Towards a new continuum of primary and secondary psychopathy

Psychopathic individuals identified through contemporary instruments vary considerably in personality and etiological background, which creates confusion in practice and inconsistency in data. The goal of this paper is to clarify this heterogeneity and introduce a new typology to narrow down psychopathic subcategories. Towards this end, we will discuss the conceptual history of psychopathy, compare the construct-validity of different psychopathy measures (DSM, PCL-R, PPI-R, and TriPM), and review cluster-analytic studies to identify more homogenous categories. In line with the existing literature, the psychopathic population is broadly divided into a primary and secondary category which diverge crucially in personality (reward/punishment sensitivity, neuroticism, impulsivity, hostility) and etiology (genetic contributions, fronto-limbic circuitry, serotonergic functioning, and testosterone/cortisol endocrinology). Secondary psychopathy may be situated on a continuum with the antisocial or borderline personality disorder because it represents a more severe but not qualitatively different form of environment-contingent emotional disturbance (e.g., prefrontal cortex malfunctioning, serotonin deficiency, impaired predictive allostasis), whereas primary psychopathy is a unique condition that is strongly rooted in a constitutionally defined emotional deficiency (e.g., limbic hyporesponsivity, serotonin hyperstability, dampened reactive allostasis). However, both primary and secondary psychopathic samples show high levels of within-group heterogeneity and may be placed on their own continuum of, respectively, self-control and affect instability. Concluding, we will introduce a new continuum of primary psychopathy (controlled to disinhibited) and secondary psychopathy (detached to unstable) and discuss how these subtypes may differ on a number of psychopathy measures, personality profiles, and endophenotypic pathways. Finally, future directions for resolving conceptual issues are discussed.