Emotion Regulation Strategies Research Articles

What do we know about L2 teachers' emotion regulation? A bibliometric analysis of the pertinent literature

Since emotion regulation is a key factor in second language (L2) education, multitudes of studies have been conducted on this emotional factor. Yet, the majority of previous research has focused on the emotion regulation strategies used by L2 learners. In recent years, some scholars have started to explore L2 teachers' emotion regulation from various perspectives, but to the best of our knowledge, no systematic review to date has been carried out in this area. Using CiteSpace software (Version 6.2.R2), the present review study analyzed 26 articles published from 2020 to 2023. The analysis outcomes showed that L2 teachers' emotion regulation is a growing but still nascent research area that attracts interdisciplinary attention from psychologists and linguists around the globe. The results also demonstrated that Iran and China are the most fruitful and fertile lands in this area with Iran having a higher degree of collaboration among institutions and authors. Considering the limitations of previous studies, this study provides some suggestions for future research.

The relationship between gastrointestinal symptoms in FGID patients and D-type personality and emotion regulation strategies

This study examines the relationship between gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) and type D personality traits, as well as emotion regulation strategies. Analyzing a diverse group of FGID patients, we uncover significant effects of gender and age on gastrointestinal symptoms. Negative Affectivity emerges as a key predictor, positively associated with symptom severity, whereas Social Inhibition correlates negatively with Abdominal Pain. Additionally, our findings suggest that the expressive suppression strategy predicts heightened gastrointestinal symptoms, whereas cognitive reappraisal predicts lower levels of certain symptoms. These findings provide valuable insights for precise diagnosis and tailored treatments of FGIDs. Further research is warranted to explore underlying mechanisms and inform evidence-based interventions.

Proof-of-concept testing of a brief virtual ACT workshop for emotional eating

BackgroundEmotional eating, or eating in response to negative emotions, is a commonly reported short-term emotion regulation strategy but has been shown to be ineffective in the long term. Most emotional eating interventions based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) have been delivered in the context of weight loss trials, highlighting a need for ACT-based emotional eating interventions in weight-neutral contexts. AimsThis proof-of-concept study aimed to test the acceptability and efficacy potential of a brief virtual ACT workshop for emotional eating in a small sample of adults identifying as emotional eaters. MethodsTwenty-six adult emotional eaters completed an ACT workshop delivered in two 1.5-h sessions over two weeks. The workshop targeted awareness and acceptance of emotions and eating urges, and valued actions around eating. ResultsThe acceptability of the workshop was demonstrated by high participant satisfaction. Significant improvements on all outcome measures were found and maintained up to 3 months follow-up. ConclusionsThese proof-of-concept findings suggest that a brief virtual ACT workshop may improve emotional eating and associated ACT processes. Results from this study can inform a future randomized controlled trial to test the efficacy of the workshop and the role of theoretical processes of change. Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04457804. Level of evidenceLevel IV, evidence obtained from multiple time series with the intervention.

Regulating others' emotions: An exploratory study of everyday extrinsic emotion regulation in university students

Emotion regulation predicts important life outcomes including psychopathology, social outcomes, work performance, and academic achievement. Extrinsic emotion regulation strategies (the strategies used to influence others' emotions) are under-studied relative to intrinsic regulation strategies (the strategies used to regulate one's own emotions). In the current study, we used experience sampling to examine participants' extrinsic emotion regulation strategies. Participants (165 university students) reported the strategies they used to regulate others' emotions on 30 occasions over 5 days. The findings suggest that participants frequently report regulating others' emotions and report using receptive listening and reframing more than humor and distraction. Empathy, conscientiousness and agreeableness were associated with differences in the use of extrinsic emotion regulation strategies. These findings help characterize everyday extrinsic emotion regulation strategies and how these strategies relate to other individual differences.

중년기 은퇴불안이 심리적 안녕감에 이르는 적응과정

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of each variable by applying the Double ABC-X model to the adaptation process from middle-aged retirement anxiety to psychological well-being. Methods: Collected data from 361 working middle-aged were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 23.0. Results: T he accumulated stressors(aA), resources(bB), cognitions(cC), coping, and adaptation(xX) variables of the model were substituted with middle-aged retirement anxiety(aA), self-efficacy(bB), emotional awareness clarity(cC), adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy(coping), and psychological well-being(xX). The study results were as follows: first, aA was found to have a negative direct effect on bB, cC, and coping. Second, bB and cC in the middle-aged had a direct positive(+) effect on coping. Third, bB, cC, and coping in the middle-aged had a direct positive(+) effect on xX. Final, the aA indirectly affects psychological well-being through bB, cC, and coping, and bB and cC have an indirect effect on xX through coping. As a result of confirming the goodness of fit of the Double ABC-X model, the goodness of fit for the structural model of this study was CMIN/DF=1.940, GFI=.955, AGFI=.926, RMR=.034, RMSEA=.054, NFI=.945, CFI=.972, TLI=.961, which met the acceptance criteria, and as a result of pathway analysis, all 8 pathways were found to be significant at the p<.05 or higher level. Conclusion/Implications: As the influence of the variables applied from the Double ABC-X model is all significant, it is meaningful that the adaptation process of middle-aged retirement anxiety to psychological well-being was explained using the Double ABC-X model. In addition, the importance and application of cognitive emotion regulation strategy intervention were discussed and suggested.

Somatoform Symptoms and Functional Impairments During Middle Childhood

Abstract: Theoretical Background: Studies have shown that attachment is associated with somatoform symptoms in childhood, yet factors that mediate the association need to be explored. Objective: To examine emotion regulation strategies as a mediator between insecure attachment dimensions and somatoform symptoms and symptom-related impairments in quality of life (QoL). Method: A total of 221 fourth-grade school children in Germany completed the SOMS-KJ, FEEL-KJ, and ECR-RC. Results: In the path model, attachment-related anxiety was positively associated with social support seeking and emotional expression, while attachment-related avoidance was negatively associated with these, yet positively associated with emotional suppression. Both emotional suppression and social support seeking were positively associated with somatoform symptoms and symptom-related impaired QoL. Discussion and Conclusion: Differential pathways exist from insecure attachment dimensions to increased somatoform symptoms, indicating that children require specialized emotion competence training.

Links Between Daily Life and Laboratory Emotion Regulation Processes: The Role of Age and Cognitive Status.

This study investigates how daily use of emotion regulation (ER) strategies predicts ER processes in the laboratory among young adults and cognitively diverse older adults. Young adults (aged 21-34, n=66), cognitively normal older adults (CN; aged 70-83, n=87), and older adults with researcher-defined mild cognitive impairment (MCI; aged 70-84; n=58) completed an experience sampling procedure (7x/day for 9 days) reporting their distraction and reappraisal use in daily life. In a laboratory task inducing high-arousal negative emotion, they reported their (a) distraction and reappraisal use when instructed to reduce negative emotion and (b) ER success and perceptions when randomly assigned to regulate using distraction or reappraisal. Among CN older adults, higher frequency of using a strategy in daily life predicted greater success deploying the strategy when instructed to do so but was unrelated to spontaneous strategy use in the laboratory. In contrast, among older adults with researcher-defined MCI, greater daily life strategy use predicted greater laboratory use, but not greater success. Daily strategy use in younger adults was unrelated to strategy use and success in the laboratory. Older adults with researcher-defined MCI experienced ER as more demanding but did not differ from non-impaired individuals in terms of perceived ER effort. Cognitively normal older adults may be better able to leverage their ER experience in novel contexts than younger adults. Older adults with MCI may be motivated to manage their emotions but experience more ER difficulty, perhaps in part due to reliance on default strategies.

Believing in conspiracy theories: The role of emotional granularity and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic has accelerated the spread of conspiracy theories. Previous research has found that individuals who struggle with emotion regulation are more prone to believing in conspiracy theories. Emotional granularity, or the ability to differentiate between nuanced emotional states, is a key component of effective emotion regulation, yet its relationship with conspiracy beliefs has not been explored thoroughly. Thus, we conducted an experience‐sampling study (165 participants, mean age = 26.32 years) including measures of emotion regulation and differentiation. The findings revealed that individuals who endorse conspiracy theories engage in repetitive thinking about the causes and consequences of events and exhibit a reduced ability to distinguish between negative emotions. This effect, however, was observed only in the performance‐based measure of emotion differentiation, not in the self‐report measures. This suggests that enhancing emotional granularity may help individuals in regulating their emotions more effectively, thereby reducing their vulnerability to adopt conspiracy beliefs.

Emotion regulation unveiled through the categorical lens of attachment

BackgroundEmotion regulation, the process by which individuals manage and modify their emotional experiences, expressions, and responses to adaptively navigate and cope with various situations, plays a crucial role in daily life. Our study investigates the variations in emotion regulation strategies among individuals with different attachment styles (AS). Specifically, we examine how individuals with secure, anxious, avoidant, and fearful attachment styles effectively utilize cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression to regulate their emotions.MethodsA total of n = 98 adults were instructed to attend, reappraise, or suppress their emotions while viewing negative and neutral images from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) in an experimental emotion regulation task. After completing the task, participants rated the valence and arousal elicited by the images. Attachment styles were measured using the ECR-12 questionnaire and then categorized into four AS.ResultsOur study revealed that individuals with secure AS (n = 39) effectively reduced displeasure through cognitive reappraisal but experienced levels of displeasure with expressive suppression. Anxious AS (n = 16) individuals successfully reduced displeasure using cognitive reappraisal but struggled to regulate arousal and effectively use expressive suppression. Avoidant AS (n = 24) individuals could reduce displeasure with both strategies but experienced high arousal during suppression attempts. Fearful AS (n = 19) individuals effectively regulated both displeasure and arousal using either strategy. However, Secure AS individuals showed superior reappraisal efficacy, significantly reducing arousal levels compared to the Fearful AS group. Both Secure and Avoidant AS groups experienced higher valence during reappraisal relative to a baseline, indicating a decrease in displeasure.ConclusionsIndividuals with different AS exhibit variations in the effectiveness of their use of emotion regulation strategies. Our findings reinforce the significance of AS in shaping emotion regulation processes and emphasize the need for tailored approaches to support individuals with different attachment orientations.

Playing for keeps or just playing with emotion? Studying tilt and emotion regulation in video games.

In video gaming, tilt is thought to relate to poor emotional control and game performance. Despite widespread recognition of tilt in video gaming, there is a lack of research examining tilt empirically. One thousand and seven gamers took part in our online study examining gamers experience of tilt, the factors which contribute to and protect against tilt, and the emotion regulation strategies gamers employ to deal with tilt. Gamers who reported playing for more competitive reasons, were at higher risk of experiencing tilt. Additional factors associated with an increased risk of experiencing tilt were increased anger and more hours spent playing. Protective factors against experiencing tilt were also identified, inclusive of a greater number of years gaming experience and engagement in adaptive emotion regulation strategies. This study provides an important starting point for creating a better understanding of tilt in gaming, equipping us with new knowledge to better support gamers to improve their emotion regulation during game play performance.

Influencing Factors and Impact of Emotion Regulation

Emotion regulation refers to the process of regulating and controlling emotions through cognition, emotion and behavior when individuals face different situations. Emotion regulation is a form of human self-control that helps individuals better adapt to their social and life environment. This paper mainly studies the factors that affect emotion regulation strategies. Through a review of these papers, the researcher finds that emotion-related processes change with age. When looking up the articles about the relationship between emotion and age, it is also found that in addition to age, there are many factors affecting the regulation of emotion. Such as mental illness, environmental, background factors, etc. Studies have found that the efficiency of emotional regulation improves with age, and studies have shown differences in emotional expression between boys and girls. In addition, the influence of situational factors on emotion regulation is multifaceted. This article comprehensively considers the influence of different factors on emotion regulation, and provides relevant viewpoints for the study of the mechanism of emotion regulation.

Not just emotion regulation, but cognition: An experience sampling study testing the relations of ecological interpretation biases and use of emotion regulation strategies with momentary affective states during daily life functioning

BackgroundCurrent research is moving from studying cognitive biases and maladaptive emotion regulation (ER) as relatively stable phenomena contributing to affective disturbances, adopting ecological methodologies, such as Experience Sampling Methods (ESM). However, there is still limited ESM evidence on the interactions between stress and ER strategies’ use, and negative interpretation biases, regarding their relations with momentary affective states. In this study, we used a new ESM design to disentangle the contextual, regulatory and cognitive processes implicated in daily affective experiences. MethodA sample of 103 participants completed an ESM study (3 times a day for 10 days) that included self-reports of momentary affect, stress intensity, ER strategies’ use and a cognitive task measuring momentary negative interpretation biases. ResultsMultilevel analyses supported significant interactions of both rumination and worry with stress intensity, to account for momentary higher negative and lower positive affect levels. Furthermore, higher state negative interpretation bias levels uniquely predicted both higher negative and lower positive momentary affect levels. ConclusionThis study implemented a novel online cognitive task within an ESM procedure, which helped to disentangle how contextual ER strategies’ use and momentary cognitive biases uniquely relate to affective experiences in daily life.

The Moderating Role of Poverty on Parenting, Family Climate, and Early Adolescent Emotion Regulation

Among infants and children, family climate (e.g., warmth, cohesion, support) and parent emotion regulation (ER) modeling are found to shape ER development. Few studies have attended to this process during early adolescence, and most have neglected to examine the role of poverty, which creates additional challenges for parents and families. The current study examined the relationship between parent ER strategy use, family climate, and participation in a family intervention on adolescent ER and the moderating role of poverty among early adolescent males ( N = 119; 23% Latino; 55% White). After controlling for baseline adolescent ER difficulties and socio-cultural factors, analyses revealed that poverty moderated the relationship between family emotional climate and adolescent ER. Among early adolescent males, findings suggest that a positive family climate, among those not living in poverty, is key to facilitating adolescent emotion regulation abilities. This relationship warrants further evaluation among adolescent males living in poverty.

The Mask of Sanity? Leader Primary Psychopathy and the Effects of Leader Emotion Regulation Strategies on Followers

Individuals with psychopathic tendencies are sometimes quite capable of acquiring and maintaining leadership positions. One explanation could be that leaders with psychopathic personality profiles “hide behind the mask of sanity” by managing the public display of their emotions so that it positively affects other people's perceptions. We conducted a multisource team study (N = 306 teams) to investigate how leader primary psychopathy and emotion regulation strategies are related to follower perceptions of leader authenticity and follower trust in the leader. We found that leaders with stronger primary psychopathic tendencies would do better to adhere to a strategy of surface acting and refrain from deep acting in order to affect follower trust positively. Perceived authenticity explains the interactive effect of leader emotion regulation and psychopathy on follower trust. We also found that for leaders with higher levels of primary psychopathy deep acting is a less fruitful strategy because they lack the necessary empathic concern, and that the display of naturally felt emotions is a good strategy because it is positively associated with follower trust. We discuss whether the differential use of emotion regulation strategies might explain primary psychopaths’ upward mobility and how their use of emotion regulation strategies could help them to be perceived positively.

Emotion Regulation Strategies and Mental Health in Dementia Caregivers: The Moderating Role of Gender

Introduction: Providing care for a loved one with dementia can engender intense emotions that contribute to symptoms of anxiety and depression. Caregivers often attempt to regulate their emotions using strategies like cognitive reappraisal (CR; changing how they think about the situation) or expressive suppression (ES; hiding their emotions). However, men and women caregivers may differ in their use of these strategies. The current study examines gender differences in reported CR and ES usage and their associations with depression and anxiety in dementia caregivers. Methods: We combined data from three independent studies of informal dementia caregivers (total N = 460) who reported on their use of CR, ES, and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Results: Women caregivers reported greater use of CR and less use of ES compared to men. Gender moderated the association between CR and depression, such that greater use of CR in women was associated with fewer depressive symptoms, but not for men. Gender did not significantly moderate the association between ES and depression, or between either emotion regulation strategy and anxiety. Conclusion: Findings of a unique relationship between greater CR use and less depression among women CGs, although correlational, suggest that utilizing CR may be particularly helpful for reducing depression in women caregivers. These results underscore the need for further research to determine how best to support the mental well-being of dementia caregivers.

Pengaruh Intensitas Penggunaan Smartphone Terhadap Regulasi Emosi Pada Mahasiswa

The intensity of smartphone use among students is increasing rapidly, making students feel afraid of being left behind if they don't use it. The intensity of using smartphones can have an impact on emotional regulation in students. With unstable emotional changes, students need the ability to regulate emotions. Aldao, Sheppes, & Gross, (2015) state that emotion regulation strategies are very important for making adjustments. In this case, students must make adjustments from using smartphones. In this situation, the ability of emotion regulation strategies In this situation, the ability of emotion regulation strategies can help students overcome the problems they face (Wilson, Barnes-Holmes, & Barnes-Holmes, 2014). This study aims to determine the effect of intensity of smartphone use on emotional regulation in students using quantitative containing scale items Intensity of smartphone use (MPIQ Scale), Self-regulation (YAPS), Self-regulation (ERQ), data analysis used in this study is Pearson Correlation with the help of JASP. This research uses a quantitative approach, survey method. The results showed that the intensity of smartphone use has a direct positive effect on emotional regulation in students. Self-regulation has a direct positive effect on emotions in students. Self-regulation has a positive directeffect on emotion regulation in college students. The results showed that the intensity of smartphone use has a direct positive effect on emotional regulation in students. Self-regulation has a direct positive effect on emotions in college students. Self-regulation has a direct positive effect on the intensity of smartphone use.

‘Courage without the certainty of a happy ending’: the emotion regulation of environmental activists

ABSTRACT Climate change and environmental degradation are the most serious and fundamental problems of our time and focal points for many activist groups and organizations. In this paper, we adopt a psychological perspective to explore the emotions and emotion regulation of environmental activists. We know from the literature that facing the reality of the climate crisis, and the risks involved, often means having to deal with powerful emotions such as fear and anxiety. In addition, activists in general typically deal with personal, cultural as well as structural challenges that often lead to dropout or burnout. Although we know quite a lot about the ways in which emotions mobilize and energize activism, we know less about the ways in which environmental activists regulate their emotions to improve their wellbeing for sustained activism. In the present study, we interviewed a broad international sample of 30 activists from Extinction Rebellion and similar organizations sharing the principles of regenerative culture encouraging emotion regulation among members. The informants experienced a wide range of negative, but also positive, emotions in relation to the experience of ‘living in climate truth’ as well as their everyday activism. Their emotion regulation strategies could be grouped into two themes: ‘Taking action to heal’ and ‘healing to sustain action’. Both themes reflected the ability to remain emotionally flexible through questioning, and not being attached to the outcomes of activism. This implied the down-regulation and transforming of negative emotions as well as the cultivating and tempering of positive emotions.

The effect of emotion regulation strategies on nomophobia in college students: The masking role of resilience

College students have a high prevalence of nomophobia. However, research on the effects of emotion regulation and resilience on nomophobia in China is lacking. This research investigated how cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression strategies directly and indirectly affect nomophobia through resilience. Therefore, from March to May 2023, 756 university student volunteers (21.4 % men) were selected from a university in northeastern China for a questionnaire survey. Our findings suggest that college students' resilience has a masking effect on the relationship between cognitive reappraisal and nomophobia and can attenuate the negative effect of the frequency of using cognitive reappraisal strategies on nomophobia. The frequency of expressive suppression strategies directly and positively affected nomophobia. Early psychological interventions targeting resilience might be potentially effective in alleviating nomophobia among college students.

Alteration of prefrontal cortex and its associations with emotional and cognitive dysfunctions in adolescent borderline personality disorder.

The neurobiological mechanism of borderline personality disorder (BPD) in adolescents remains unclear. The study aimed to assess the alterations in neural activity within prefrontal cortex in adolescents with BPD and investigate the relationship of prefrontal activity with emotional regulation and cognitive function. This study enrolled 50 adolescents aged 12-17 years with BPD and 21 gender and age-matched healthy control (HC) participants. Study assessment for each participant included a brain resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI), clinical assessment questionnaires such as Borderline Personality Features Scale (BPFS), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Ottawa Self-Injury Inventory and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and cognitive testing with Stroop Color-Word Test (SCWT). Fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) and seed-based functional connectivity (FC) were obtained from rs-fMRI analysis. Correlation analysis was also performed to evaluate the associations of the neuroimaging metrics such as fALFF and FC with clinical assessment questionnaire and cognitive testing scores. Adolescents with BPD showed increased fALFF values in the right inferior frontal gyrus and decreased activity in the left middle frontal gyrus as compared to the HC group (p < 0.05, cluster size ≥ 100, FWE correction). In adolescents with BPD, increased fALFF in the right inferior frontal gyrus was related to the BPFS (emotional dysregulation), DERS-F (lacking of emotional regulation strategies) and Ottawa Self-Injury Inventory-4C scores (internal emotional regulation function of self-injurious behavior). The reduced fALFF in the left middle frontal gyrus was associated with the SCWT-A (reading characters) and the SCWT-B (reading color) scores. Additionally, the fALFF values in the left middle frontal gyrus and the right inferior frontal gyrus were related to the CTQ-D (emotional neglect) (p < 0.05). The left middle frontal gyrus exhibited increased FC with the right hippocampus, left inferior temporal gyrus and right inferior frontal gyrus (voxel p < 0.001, cluster p < 0.05, FWE correction). The increased FC between the left middle frontal gyrus and the right hippocampus was related to the SCWT-C (cognitive flexibility) score. We observed diverging changes in intrinsic brain activity in prefrontal cortex, and neural compensatory changes to maintain function in adolescents with BPD. In addition, decreased neural function was closely associated with emotional dysregulation, while increased neural function as indicated by brain activity and FC was associated with cognitive dysfunction. These results indicated that alterations of intrinsic brain activity may be one of the underlying neurobiological markers for clinical symptoms in adolescents with BPD.

A network approach to language learning burnout, negative emotions, and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies

Despite the growing recognition of the impact of affective factors on second/foreign language (L2) learning, there remains a paucity of knowledge regarding academic burnout in L2 learning. Moreover, the intricate interplay between L2 burnout, maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, and negative L2 emotions remains inadequately explored. Given the increasing acknowledgment of network analysis as an advanced and appropriate method for unraveling the complex relationships among psychological constructs in applied linguistics, the current study aimed to investigate the network structure of burnout, maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, and negative emotions among 841 Chinese undergraduates who were learning English as a foreign language (EFL). The results of the network analysis revealed that shame, emotional exhaustion, and avoidance emerged as the most central nodes within negative emotions, burnout, and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, respectively; shame, emotional exhaustion, and avoidance were also the most powerful bridging nodes linking the aforementioned three constructs. Notably, the robust bridging association between emotional exhaustion and anxiety was observed. Overall, Chinese EFL students may experience high levels of burnout and negative emotions and apply counter-productive regulation strategies in English learning, but these reactions are intertwined rather than independent of each other. Students who are overwhelmed by anxiety and shame are more prone to burnout symptoms, while those dominated by anger are more likely to vent it out. Theoretical and pedagogical implications are discussed.