Emmer Wheat Varieties Research Articles

On-farm demonstration of improved emmer wheat varieties in bale zone, Oromiya national regional state, Ethiopia

On-farm demonstration of improved emmer wheat varieties was conducted in Sinana and Goba districts of Bale Zone. The main objective of the study was to demonstrate and evaluate recently released Haydaro variety along with standard check. The demonstration was under taken on single plot of 10 m x 10 m area for each variety with the spacing of 20 cm between rows and recommended seed rate of 150 kg ha-1 and fertilizer rate of 100 qt ha-1 NPS. Mini-field day involving different stakeholders was organized at each respective site. Yield data per plot was recorded and analysed using descriptive statistics, while farmers’ preference to the demonstrated varieties was identified using focused group discussion and summarized using pair wise and simple ranking methods. The demonstration result revealed that Haydaro variety performed better than the standard check of Sinana 01 variety with an average yield of 33.5 qt ha-1, while that of the standard check was 27.2 qt ha-1. Haydaro variety had 23.16% yield advantage over the standard check. The farmers in all districts selected this variety. Thus, Haydaro variety was recommended for further scaling up in the selected area. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 12(1): 1-3, June 2022

Nutritional, Functional, Physical, and Microstructural Properties of Ethiopian Emmer Wheat (Triticum dicoccum L.) Varieties as Affected by Growing Seasons and Grain Types (Hulled and Dehulled)

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the growing seasons, grain types, and varieties on physical, proximate, functional, mineral, vitamins, amino acids, and microstructural properties of Ethiopian emmer wheat. One local landrace and three improved emmer wheat varieties (Hydroo, Sinana 01, and Lameso) grown during Meher and Belg seasons and grain types (hulled and dehulled) were used for analysis. The study showed that dehulled Sinana 01 variety from Belg season had the highest (17.82%) protein content. Varieties grown in Belg season showed the highest mineral compositions. The essential amino acids in emmer wheat were higher in the hulled grain type grown in Meher season. The highest vitamin B1 (0.17 mg/g), B2 (0.35 mg/g), and B6 (5.52 mg/g) contents were observed in hulled emmer wheat types grown in Meher season. The study concluded that seasonal variation, grain types, and varieties have a great effect on the proximate, physical, and functional properties of emmer wheat cultivated in Ethiopia.

Discrimination among varieties of Triticum turgidum subspecies (dicoccon, turanicum and durum) based on the fatty acid profile.

Fatty acid (FA) profiles of one dicoccon (emmer), two turanicum and seven durum varieties of Triticum turgidum , including two old durum varieties (Senatore Cappelli and Taganrog), were evaluated at two different sowing seasons in a split-plot design. Univariate (Analysis of Variance, ANOVA) and multivariate (Linear Discriminant Analysis, LDA) were applied. Univariate analysis discriminated the emmer wheat variety due to its high oleic, arachidic and eicosenoic acids and low linoleic and linolenic acids. The n-6/n-3 ratio discriminated the three subspecies (dicoccon vs turanicum vs durum). LDA allowed to further discriminate all varieties among each other. In particular, the old durum Senatore Cappelli was clearly discriminated from modern ones, whereas Taganrog was closer to them. Nutritional parameters confirmed the high quality of fatty acid profile of all varieties due to the prevalence of unsaturated fatty acids, but the high n-6/n-3 ratio suggested that these cereals must be included in diets enriched of n-3 fatty acids. Variety ' Sowing Season interaction was detected mainly by LDA approach. Overall, univariate and LDA supplied complementary information on variability of fatty acid contents among and within T. turgidum subspecies.

Identification of a novel ERF gene, TaERF8, associated with plant height and yield in wheat

BackgroundEthylene Responsive Factor (ERF) is involved in various processes of plant development and stress responses. In wheat, several ERFs have been identified and their roles in mediating biotic or abiotic stresses have been elucidated. However, their effects on wheat plant architecture and yield-related traits remain poorly studied.ResultsIn this study, TaERF8, a new member of the ERF family, was isolated in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Three homoeologous TaERF8 genes, TaERF8-2A, TaERF8-2B and TaERF8-2D (named according to sub-genomic origin), were cloned from the common wheat cultivar Chinese Spring. The three homoeologs showed highly similar protein sequences, with identical AP2 domain. Whereas homoeologs sequence polymorphism analysis allowed the establishment of ten, two and three haplotypes, respectively. Expression analysis revealed that TaERF8s were constitutively expressed through entire wheat developmental stages. Analysis of related agronomic traits of TaERF8-2B overexpressing transgenic lines showed that TaERF8-2B plays a role in regulating plant architecture and yield-related traits. Association analysis between TaERF8-2B haplotypes (Hap-2B-1 and Hap-2B-2) and agronomic traits showed that TaERF8-2B was associated with plant height, heading date and 1000 kernel weight (TKW). The TaERF8-2B haplotypes distribution analysis revealed that Hap-2B-2 frequency increased in domesticated emmer wheat and modern varieties, being predominant in five major China wheat producing zones.ConclusionThese results indicated that TaERF8s are differentially involved in the regulation of wheat growth and development. Haplotype Hap-2B-2 was favored during domestication and in Chinese wheat breeding. Unveiling that the here described molecular marker TaERF8-2B-InDel could be used for marker-assisted selection, plant architecture and TKW improvement in wheat breeding.

Biochemical composition of emmer wheat (Triticum Dicoccum (Schrank) Schuebl) grain depending on the variety

The article presents the research results of the biochemical composition of grain – the content of protein, starch, ash, chemical elements in wheat grains (emmer, soft). The sedimentation index according to Zelen test, and the proportion of chemical elements in the grain ash were determined. It is known that the grain of diff erent wheat varieties diff er in size and content of anatomical components, which aff ects its biochemical composition. Modern wheat varieties can form grain with the protein content of about 20 %. Emmer is of high value as a raw material for dietary food. Biochemical components of emmer wheat grain, especially of new varieties, are poorly investigated. Therefore, studies on the biochemical composition of emmer wheat grain new varieties and lines are relevant. The aim of the study was to investigate the issue of then emmer wheat biochemical components, depending on the genotype. To properly evaluate the crop, the tasks of the study were performed – the protein and starch content, number of falls, ash content, trace element content, sedimentation index according to Zelen test were determined. The studies were conducted during 2017–2019 with Holikovska emmer wheat variety and LP 1152 line, grown under the Right-bank forest steppe. It was found that the biochemical composition of wheat grain (emmer, soft) signifi cantly depends on the varietal characteristics, agri-technical and weather conditions. The highest protein content and sedimentation index according to the Zelen test had the LP 1152 wheat line – 16.2 % and 53.9 cm3, respectively. In Holikovska emmer variety, these indicators were at the level of soft wheat Odessa Epoch variety – 13.8 % and 45.8 cm3 respectively. Protein content has greatly varied over the years of research. In emmer wheat grain – from 15.2 to 17.3 %, and in Holikovska variety – from 11.7 to 15.3 %. There is a strong correlation between protein content in grain and sedimentation index according to Zelen test. The starch content varied from 48.5 to 69.1 % in Holikovska variety grain and from 50.0 to 61.7 % in LP 1152 line grain. The alpha amylase activity of wheat varieties has been low throughout the research years. The average ash content of Holikovska wheat grain was 1.81 %, the LP 1152 line was 1.95 %, which is 19–22 % higher compared to the standard varieties, respectively, the variety Akratos and Age of Odessa. Emmer wheat grain has a signifi cantly higher content of phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, magnesium, calcium, iron, zinc and copper. Key words: wheat, emmer, variety, biochemical composition, protein, starch, chemical elements, sedimentation.

Quality evaluation of emmer wheat genotypes based on rheological and Mixolab parameters

Mixolab has been used for rapid assessment of common wheat quality, but data about hulled wheats quality are rare. The aim of this work was to test the potential of Mixolab II in the baking quality evaluation of emmer wheat varieties. The varieties were characterised by low both – gluten content (1.7–11.0%) and Zeleny sedimentation (11.3–12.8 ml), as well as rheological properties showed lower baking quality. Significant differences in protein and starch-amylase part of Mixolab curve indicate the genotype and climatic effect. In average, emmer varieties were characterised by high protein weakening (C2 – 0.29 Nm), speed of protein weakening at the level of α = –0.05 Nm/min, starch gelatinisation (C3 – 1.61 Nm), amylolytic activity (C4 – 1.35 Nm) and starch retrogradation (C5 – 1.98 Nm). Zeleny test positively correlated with difference C1-C2 and slope α. Falling number positively correlated with C3, C4, C5 and slope γ. Farinograph dough stability, gluten content together with Mixolab parameter C2 are the most promising characteristics to predict baking quality of emmer.

EMMER WHEAT IS A PROMISING GRAIN CROP FOR ORGANIC AGRICULTURE

The article presents a short review of emmer wheat distribution throughout the whole world and the regions of Russia. The grain of emmer wheat is found rich in microelements, vitamins, nondispensible amino-acids and other useful substances. The article considers the two-year study results (2016, 2017) of the trials with emmer wheat on the central experimental plot of the Kurgansk RIA. Some separate elements of cultivation technologies of the emmer wheat variety ‘Gremme’ and the spring wheat variety ‘Zauralochka’ have been developed in three-year crop and fallow rotation on the extensive and intensive backgrounds. The variety ‘Gremme’ produced 3.4 t/ha being the largest yield during the trials, the spring wheat variety ‘Zauralochka’ gave only 2.98 t/ha. In the competitive variety-testing we studied comparative productivity of emmer wheat varieties ‘Gremme’ and ‘Runo’ with the spring wheat varieties ‘Tertsiya’ and ‘Iren’. The variety ‘Runo’ was found highly tolerant to powdery mildew, brown and stem rust, and grown without fertilizers and fungicides it was the most productive variety with 2.87 t/ha compared with the varieties ‘Tertsiya’, ‘Iren’ and ‘Gremme’ with 1.17, 1.26 and 1.72 t/ha respectively. According to the baking qualities, emmer wheat yielded to the spring wheat varieties. At the same time there is high protein content (17.5%) in the variety ‘Runo’. The preliminary results of the study show that the unhulled variety ‘Runo’ in the organic farming system claims to play a leading role in obtaining an environmentally clean grain rich in the necessary elements of nutrition.

Registration of “Haydaroo” Newly Released Emmer Wheat (<i>Triticum dicoccum L.</i>) Variety for Bale Highland Areas

Ethiopia has suitable environmental condition for emmer wheat production. However, the productivity of emmer wheat is very low as compared with world average due to lack of stable, improved seed and poor agronomic managements. Therefore, the objective of the study was to evaluate the promising genotypes and verify the most stable, uniform, high yielding and disease resistant emmer wheat for highland areas of Bale. The materials were crossed at Sinana Agricultural Research Center; i.e. emmer wheat crossed with durum to improve yield and thresh ability of emmer wheat. The experiment was carried out at two locations namely Sinana and Goba. Including checks 15 genotypes have been evaluated in three replicated of randomized complete block design (RCBD). The trial was studied for three consecutive years (2013, 2014 and 2015) main cropping seasons. After evaluation of genotypes across location and years, Haydaroo was selected and verified for one year (2016) at multilocation. Haydaroo is a common name given for the newly released emmer wheat variety that a pedigree designation of “Sinana_01 x DZ2212//Sinana_01”. Haydaroo (Sinana_01x DZ2212//Sinana_01) had above average yield performance in most tested environments, out yielded for Sinana-01 and Local check varieties. The mean average grain yield of Haydaroo is 30.24 quintal per hector. It is stabile and uniform across locations. Finally, it was evaluated by National Variety Releasing Committee and recommended for release in 2017 for high lands of Bale and similar agro-ecologies.

Indirect indicators of baking quality of organic emmer wheat

Emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccon Schrank, Triticum dicoccum Schubl.) is one of the oldest crop in the world. It belongs to the hulled wheat species which has been grown and used as a part of the human diet for a very long time. Presented results aimed at evaluation of selected indirect indicators of baking quality of four emmer wheat varieties (Agnone, Guardiaregia, Farvento, and Molise sel Colli) cultivated under the conditions of organic farming system in the south region of the Slovak Republic. The obtained results indicated that emmer wheat varieties had low content of gluten and sedimentation. Values of falling number depended on growing season with very high differences. According to achieved results we can conclude that emmer wheat varieties are not very suitable for baking purpose, but emmer can be used as porridge, groats, whole grains in traditional soups, pasta, pancakes and other food products. Keywords: emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccon Schrank, indirect indicators of baking quality

Emmer wheat – Production parameters

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the influence of growing season and variety on quantitative parameters (the total number of stems per m 2 (pcs), the number of productive tillers per m 2 (pcs), the average length of the stem and spike (cm), the number of fertile spikelets (pcs), the number of grains per spike (pcs), weight of grains per spike (g), the weight of thousand grains (g), the share of glumes (%), harvest index, the theoretical yield (t ha -1 ) of four emmer wheat varieties (Agnone, Farvento, Guardiaregia, Molise sel Colli) grown under the conditions of organic farming in the south of Slovakia. The experiment was established on Scientific Research Base Dolna Malanta near Nitra during 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 growing seasons. Seven quantitative parameters were significantly influenced by the weather conditions. Tasted varieties showed lower influence on quantitative parameters. Only four out of twelve parameters were influenced by the variety. The best adaptable emmer wheat varieties to growing conditions of the south region of the Slovak Republic were Agnone and Guardiaregia which were characterized by the highest theoretical yield and other parameters. Emmer wheat is suitable, advantageous and profitable crop when cultivated under conditions of organic agriculture from the point of its agronomic characters. Keywords: emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccon Schrank, organic production, quantitative parameters

Integral evaluation of the sustainability of spring wheat lines and varieties on the impact of a complex of biotic factors

The article presents the results of integral assessment of resistance of 7 varieties and 22 breeding lines of spring wheat belonging to Triticum durum and Triticum dicoccum species to the impact of a complex of biotic factors (head smut, powdery mildew, intra-stem pests) in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine over the period of 2013-2015. Accessions with individual resistance and specific response to some gradations of the biotic environment as well as accessions with the highest level of genetic protection against a variety of harmful organisms were identified. We distinguished breeding line 07-746 of durum wheat and emmer wheat variety ‘Golikovskaya’, which combine a high index of complex resistance with high resistance to individual factors of the biotic environment.The aim and tasks of the study. To evaluate promising breeding lines and modern varieties of spring wheat bred at the Plant Production Institute nd. a VYa Yuryev of NAAS for resistance to a complex of biotic factors. To select the most valuable accessions for use in breeding programs aimed at creation of new highly-immune varieties.Material and methods. The investigations were carried out on artificial infectious and provocative backgrounds in 2013-2015 in the Laboratory of Resistance to Biotic Factors of the Plant Production Institute nd. a VYa Yuryev of NAAS. Measurements of plant affection by diseases and damage caused pest were carried out by the conventional techniques. To evaluate resistance of accessions to a complex of biotic factors, indexes of normalized values as well as indexes of complex resistance and the coefficient of biotic and plasticity were calculated according to the SA Eberhart’s, WA Russel’s, VZ Pakudin’s, LM Lopatina’s; BP Guryev’s, PP Lіtun’s, and IA Guryeva’s methods.Results and discussion. Spring wheat material was immunologically assessed. As a result, breeding lines 09-305, 08-166, 08-358, 08-901 that are highly resistant to head smut pathogen, lines 07-746, 09-417, 09-420, 09-762, 08-901 and variety ‘Diadema’ with high resistance to powdery mildew, lines 07-746, 09-417, 09-420, 09-762, 08-901, and varieties ‘Kharkovskaya39’ and ‘Golikovskaya’ tolerant to damage by intra-stem pests were identified. By the integral index of complex resistance, breeding lines and varieties with high levels of complex genetic protection against the harmful organisms under consideration - 06-450, 07-746, 07-2060, 09-305, 09-314, 09-417, 05-55, 08-166, 08-544, 08-901, ‘Novatsiya’, ‘Golikovskaya’ were distinguished. We highlighted breeding line 07-746 of durum wheat and emmer wheat variety ‘Golikovskaya’, which were characterized by a combination of a high index of complex resistance with high stability in terms of individual resistance to some harmful organisms.Conclusions. The studies enabled selecting accessions of spring wheat of high value as starting material for breeding.

AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF EMMER WHEAT VARIETIES

Production parameters (number of productive tillers per m2, stem length, weight of grains per spike, TGW, share of glumes and yield) of four emmer wheat varieties – Agnone, Farvento, Molise sel Colli, Guardiaregia cultivated under the conditions of organic farming system in the south region of the Slovak republic during 2010 – 2011 and 2011 – 2012 growing seasons were evaluated. Weather conditions during experimental years showed higher influence on selected production parameters than tasted varieties. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences between varieties only in parameters: weight of grains per spike and TGW. The average theoretical yield of emmer wheat varieties was 7.09t.ha-1, TGW averaging about 47.67 g, average weight of grains per spike was 1.63 g. The stem length varying from 84.78 cm to 87.65 cm, average share of glumes was 28.16 %. Numbers of productive tillers was averaging about 445 per m2. Generally spoken, emmer wheat varieties are suitable for organic farming from the point of its morphological features.

NUTRITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EMMER WHEAT VARIETIES

The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional compounds (fat, sugars, crude protein, soluble fiber, ash and starch) of four emmer wheat varieties grown under the conditions of organic farming system. The experiment was established on Scientific Research base Dolná Malanta, near Nitra in Slovakia during 2010 – 2011 and 2011 – 2012 growing seasons. Nutritional parameters, except crude protein content, were not influenced by the variety and weather conditions. Agnone variety had the highest content of fat, crude protein and starch but the lowest content of soluble dietary fiber. The lowest values of fat, crude protein had Molise sel Colli variety; Farvento variety had the lowest sugars and starch content. Emmer wheat as ancient wheat has a unique composition in secondary components, such as starch, which may play a role as functional food ingredients.

Characterization of GA3 Insensitive Reduced Height Mutant of Emmer Wheat Var. NP200 (Triticum Dicoccum)

A γ-ray induced semi-dwarf mutant was obtained in tall emmer wheat variety NP200. The mutant was insensitive to externally applied gibberellin. An allele specific marker for dwarfing gene Rht-B1b was used to check the status of dwarfing gene in the mutant, semi dwarf and tall emmer and semi dwarf durum varieties. The primer showed amplification of Rht-B1b gene in semi dwarf durum and emmer varieties. The parent NP200 showed presence of wild type allele (Rht-B1a) with the primer pair BF-WR1. All semi dwarf emmer varieties showed a band of 237bp with primer pair BF-MR1showed presence of Rht-B1b. However, the mutant showed absence of amplification for both Rht-B1a and Rht-B1b alleles with respective primer pairs. The results indicated that the reduced height mutant carried a mutation different from the known allele Rht-B1b.

Spring, einkorn and emmer wheat species - potential rich sources of free ferulic acid and other phenolic compounds

  Einkorn (Triticum monococcum L., subsp. monococcum), emmer (Triticum dicoccum Schuebl [Schrank], subsp. dicoccum) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) may be rich in hydrophilic antioxidants, therefore being a potential food source with high nutritional properties. The aim of the present study was to assess the content of free ferulic acid (FFA) and total polyphenols (TP) beneficial for human health in wheat varieties and accessions for breeding and production. Einkorn, emmer and spring wheat varieties were assessed for TP and FFA contents in the precise two-year field experiments. The highest FFA content was determined in emmer wheat varieties and spring cv. Granny. High TP content was characteristic for emmer and spring wheat accessions, however also some einkorn ones were characterised by high levels. Year of cultivation showed a significant impact on FFA contents.  

Tocols and carotenoids of einkorn, emmer and spring wheat varieties: Selection for breeding and production

Einkorn (Triticum monococcum L., subsp. monococcum), emmer (Triticum dicoccum Schuebl [Schrank], subsp. dicoccum) and spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) may be rich in lipophilic antioxidants (tocols and carotenoids), and therefore potential food sources with good nutritional properties. The aim of the present study was to determine the contents of major lipophilic antioxidants beneficial for human health in wheat varieties and landraces for breeding and production. In field experiments over two years, fifteen einkorn, emmer and spring wheat varieties were analysed for the contents of tocols and carotenoids in grain. A high carotenoid content (lutein, zeaxanthin, β-carotene) was typical for the selected einkorn genotypes. Among the analysed wheat species, the highest content was of β-tocotrienol, especially in the einkorn accessions. α-Tocotrienol was abundant in einkorn and emmer wheat species. Higher contents of α- and β-tocopherols were characteristic of spring and emmer wheats. δ-Tocotrienol has been detected for the first time in einkorn and some emmer accessions, although in low concentrations. Significant effects of genotype on the contents of carotenoids and tocols were found with einkorn differing from emmer and spring wheats. The year of cultivation had less effect on the contents of carotenoids and tocols. Selected accessions of einkorn with high contents of carotenoids and tocotrienols as well as spring and emmer wheats with higher contents of tocopherols are good sources of antioxidants with potential health promoting benefits for the production of nutritionally enhanced foods.

Differences in yield parameters of emmer in comparison with old and new varieties of bread wheat

Emmer wheat (Triticum diccocum Schrank) belonged to the most frequent species of cereals in the past. Nowadays, it is grown in arid and montane areas in particular. Interest in this cereal species has increased, as it is tolerant to biotic and abiotic stressing factors. Therefore, yield parameters were evaluated in three-year (2007, 2008 and 2010) trials that were carried out in two different localities in the Czech Republic. Results of the research were compared to characteristics of four old and two top modern bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. The emmer wheat varieties were resistant to usual wheat diseases. They formed their yield by a quantity of productive tillers (2.5), whereas the varieties of bread wheat had less productive tillers (1.5) per one plant. The distribution of assimilates was worse in the emmer wheat plants and it provoked a lower harvest index (0.33) there. Grain yield of the emmer wheat varieties reached 58% of the yield level of the mean of control bread wheat varieties. High crude protein content in grain (17.91%) was an advantage of the emmer wheat varieties; the control bread wheat varieties reached 13.73%. Protein content was positively influenced (P < 0.01) by an ability of the emmer varieties to uptake as much nitrogen as possible from the soil during the flowering period. Adaptability to the land and climatic environmental conditions was another positive characteristic of the emmer wheat landraces in comparison with old and modern bread wheat varieties. Key words: Emmer wheat, bread wheat, landraces, sustainable farming, yield formation.

Antioxidant activity of grain of einkorn (Triticum mono-coccum L.), emmer (Triticum dicoccum Schuebl [Schrank]) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties

Wheat and cereals generally are largely consumed worldwide and contribute significantly to antioxidant intake with beneficial health effects. In the precise two-year field experiments, two varieties of wheat einkorn, two varieties of emmer wheat and three varieties of spring wheat in 2008 and moreover further two spring wheat varieties, three einkorn varieties and three emmer wheat varieties in 2009, were evaluated for antioxidant activity (AOA) using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH). The higher grain AOA was observed in emmer (215.4&amp;ndash;257.6 mg Trolox/kg DM) and einkorn (149.8&amp;ndash;255.8 mg Trolox/kg DM) varieties, while in spring varieties the AOA ranged between 195.8 and 210.0 mg Trolox/kg DM. A linear correlation between total polyphenols and AOA was determined (r = 0.739, P &amp;le; 0.05). Emmer and einkorn wheat varieties showed high AOA and can be promising sources of these nutritionally appreciated grain constituents. &amp;nbsp;

Content of phenolic antioxidants and selenium in grain of einkorn (Triticum monococcum), emmer (Triticum dicoccum) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties

Wheat is worldwide consumed and contributes significantly to the intake of antioxidants with beneficial healthy effects. In the precise two-year field experiments in 2008 and 2009 two varieties of wheat einkorn, two varieties of emmer wheat and three varieties of spring wheat and in 2009 in addition two other spring wheat varieties, three einkorn varieties and three emmer wheat varieties were evaluated for selenium content and antioxidants &amp;ndash; total polyphenols (TP). Selenium content was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry with hydride generation technique (HGAAS) and total polyphenols with Folin-Ciocalteau assay. Higher selenium content in grain is related to emmer (58.9&amp;ndash;68.4 mg/kg DM) and einkorn (50.0&amp;ndash;54.8 mg/kg DM) varieties; in spring varieties selenium content ranged from 29.8 to 39.9 mg/kg DM. Among the varieties with high TP (expressed in gallic acid equivalents) emmer varieties prevail (584&amp;ndash;692 mg/kg DM), less represented are einkorn (507&amp;ndash;612 mg/kg DM) and spring wheat (502&amp;ndash;601 mg/kg DM) varieties. Among varieties significant differences were determined. TP were significantly higher in emmer wheat varieties and one einkorn and one spring wheat variety. Between TP and Se significant linear correlation was determined (r = 0.709). &amp;nbsp;

Tocols of selected spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), einkorn wheat ( Triticum monococcum L.) and wild emmer ( Triticum dicoccum Schuebl [Schrank]) varieties

Wheat contributes significantly worldwide to antioxidant income with beneficial healthy effects. Two varieties of einkorn wheat ( Triticum monococcum L. – Escana and Schwedisches Einkorn), two varieties of wild emmer [ Triticum dicoccum Schuebl (Schrank)] (Rudico and Kahler Emmer) and three varieties of spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. – Granny, Kärtner Früher and SW Kadrilj) were evaluated for tocols – tocopherols and tocotrienols by high performance liquid chromatography – electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–ESI/MS/MS). Investigated emmer and einkorn wheat varieties have shown minor lower total tocols content in comparison with spring varieties, however significant typical levels of tocopherols and tocotrienols were found in these groups. In einkorn wheat varieties the major abundance of total tocols is represented by tocotrienols (Schwedisches Einkorn 65.0%, Escana 54.9%), in emmer wheat varieties the abundance of tocotrienols and tocopherols were similar (Rudico 48.9% of tocotrienols, Kahler Emmer 47.6%), whereas in spring bread wheat higher tocopherols (SW Kadrilj 54.5%, Kärtner Früher 60.2%, Granny 55.0%) were recorded.