Emissions Of Harmful Substances Research Articles

An efficient combustion concept for low calorific gases

The main features of low calorific gases as those from biomass gasification processes, landfills, mines and sewage sludge are well known. They can be expressed as low calorific values, high water content, corrosive actions and composition changes. Due to these characteristics there are up to date no combustion systems available which are capable to utilise such gases efficiently. The ordinary combustion concepts frequently do not guarantee sufficient flame stability. The high emissions of harmful substances as CO and NOx are another problem. Because of mentioned difficulties it is necessary and also a challenge to develop an efficient and flexible combustion system which can handle these problems. Through several matching steps of numerical and experimental investigations Gaswärme-Institut e. V. Essen (GWI) developed a progressive combustion system based on the concept of continuous air staging (COSTAIR). Burner tests at a small scale thermal load of 30 kW proved a stable combustion and low NOx and CO emissions for different qualities of low calorific gases. The best design of a small scale burner was transferred to larger thermal loads by applying of scale-up criteria. Already achieved experimental results at 200 kWth confirmed the efficient performance and the high potential of the burner for use of low calorific gases.

Flue Gas Recirculation System for Biomass Heating Boilers—Research and Technical Applications for Reductions in Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Emissions

The paper discusses the results of investigations of the change in thermal and emission-related parameters of a heating boiler fueled with biomass after a modification with a proprietary flue gas recirculation system made for this type of equipment. The results provide insight into the combustion process with a multistage flue gas recirculation that materially affected the boiler operation: a reduction in the mass concentration of nitrogen oxides (NOx) by reducing the combustion temperature. The authors also observed a reduction in the emission of particulate matters (PM) and carbon monoxide (CO). For the investigations, the authors used a heating boiler fitted with an automatic fuel feed (timber pellets) and a proprietary patented flue gas recirculation system (Polish patent Pat. 243395) for low power solid fuel heating boilers. Aside from the measurement of the mass concentration of the emitted pollutants, the research focused on the measurements of the temperature inside the combustion chamber, the temperature of the flue gas and the level of oxygen in the flue gas. The aim of the research was to confirm the validity of using the flue gas recirculation technique to reduce emissions of harmful substances from biomass heating boilers, as a technique not previously used for this group of devices. Moreover, the aim of the research was to test an original engineering solution, in the form of a flue gas distribution valve, and investigate its effect on reducing NOx emissions and improving other thermal and emission parameters of the boiler. The obtained research results confirm the validity of the chosen actions and provide a positive premise for the practical use of this technology in solid fuel heating boilers.

SPECIFICATION OF THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF VEHICLE MOTION IN THE DRIVING CYCLE TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE HEATING OF THE CATALYTIC NEUTRALIZER

Abstract. The driving cycle is a set of regulated modes of movement of motor vehicles. The standardized driving cycle is determined by an average statistical analysis of the nature of the car's movement in specific operating conditions. Driving cycles are created to evaluate the efficiency of the car in specific operating conditions. Parameters and control modes of car systems are chosen according to the consequences of the driving cycle. Cycle phase indicators, i.e. time, maximum speed, average speed, maximum acceleration/deceleration and average acceleration/deceleration are different in different cycles. The mode of movement is determined mainly by the speed and its change according to the elements of the driving cycle: acceleration, steady motion, deceleration, braking, stopping, recovery of motion. Determining the energy, economic and environmental indicators of the car in the modes of the driving cycle is possible with the help of a mathematical model that describes these modes. It is known that the driving modes of the car in the urban cycle have an unstable character. During the change of the car's operating modes, there is a constant change in fuel consumption and emissions of harmful substances. Most emissions of harmful substances enter the environment during engine warm-up, therefore it is important to reduce the engine warm-up time and speed up the catalytic converter warm-up. The article is devoted to the refinement of the mathematical model of the car's movement in the driving cycle, taking into account the heating of the catalytic converter. Keywords. Internal combustion engine, vehicle, driving cycle, mathematical model, emissions of harmful substances, fuel economy, operating modes, catalytic neutralization.

Theoretical basis for conducting road tests for emissions of harmful substances in real driving conditions with vehicles of category N3

The article discusses the theoretical basis for testing vehicles of categories N3 in real driving conditions using a portable (portable) system for measuring emissions of harmful substances from exhaust gases. Bench and road tests were analyzed. Based on a study carried out in accordance with regulatory documents to confirm the type of vehicle and for vehicles in operation, a procedure for selecting engines and an acceptance card, requirements and test conditions are proposed. Keywords internal combustion engine, vehicle, exhaust gases, portable emission measurement system, test

Photovoltaic panel and wind turbine as an electric energy source for water evaporation and desalination

The purpose of the article is to study the process of heating and desalination of seawater due to electricity from wind turbines and solar panels. This electric current is collected and transmitted through wires to be used to power electrical devices. The advantages of using solar panels as an alternative energy source include environmental cleanliness, long service life, no noise, low cost of operation and no emissions of harmful substances. Boiling water using wind turbine energy is a great way to use renewable wind energy to support daily activities. By placing a wind turbine in an area with a steady wind, the turbine can collect kinetic energy from the air and convert it into mechanical energy that can be used to rotate the generator. This generator can then convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, which can be used to power an electric boiler. The boiler can then use electrical energy to heat the water, producing steam to boil the water.

PROBLEM STATEMENT AND MODELING OF AN ENERGY TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM FOR THE JOINT PRODUCTION OF SULFURIC ACID AND CONDENSED SULFUR DIOXIDE

The article develops a mathematical model for the quantitative assessment of technological parameters of energy-technological systems for the production of sulfuric acid and condensed sulfur dioxide. When modeling, the system was considered as energy-technological, taking into account the need to reduce its negative impact on the environment, due to both industrial emissions of harmful substances and emissions of unused thermal energy. In this regard, it was envisaged to process part of the sulfur dioxide according to a cyclic scheme. To increase the intensity of the technological system and the processes occurring in it, the use of oxygen and the provision of a high concentration of sulfur dioxide in the gas mixture before the stage of its catalytic oxidation in the contact apparatus was envisaged. To reduce the total volume of reactants, an increase in pressure in the system was assumed. The carried out formalization and object-oriented decomposition of the simulated system made it possible to identify 6 functional subsystems (blocks), each of which can be modeled and investigated independently. The accepted high level of formalization made it possible to include a minimum set of real system parameters in the model. The model is capable of development and can be concretized by introducing additional parameters and mathematical models of technological functions into consideration. The developed model is recommended to be used for operational modeling of combined systems for the production of sulfuric acid and condensed sulfur dioxide in the preparation and optimization of initial data for their design. After testing and setting up the model in practice, it can be used in an automated process control system, including when creating adaptive control systems.

«Зелена» енергетика як основа економічного відновлення України в умовах нестабільності зовнішнього середовища

Green energy has become especially important in the modern world due to the exacerbation of climate change problems, the depletion of traditional energy sources and the need to maintain environmental stability. In the context of changes in the natural and socioeconomic environment, the transition to renewable energy is an important part of the development strategies of different countries. Ukraine, which is currently facing economic and political challenges, has a huge potential for the development of green energy, which can become a key factor in Ukraine’s economic recovery. The aim of the article is to study and analyze the conception of green energy as the basis for the economic recovery of Ukraine in the context of instability of the external environment. The article analyzes the definition of «green energy» and provides the authors’ own definition of this term. The key aspects of green energy are defined, among which the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, energy security, sustainable development and environmental safety should be highlighted. The main factors influencing the development of green energy in Ukraine, such as economic instability, war, regulatory barriers and changes in tariff policy, are identified. The impact of green energy on the economy of Ukraine is studied. As a result, a positive impact on such aspects as the economic potential of green energy, energy independence and security has been identified. The government programs and plans to stimulate the development of green energy, in particular the Energy Strategy of Ukraine for the period up to 2050 and the National action plan on energy efficiency and renewable energy, are analyzed. The main directions of introduction of the latest technologies in green energy, in particular solar and wind energy, energy storage systems and Smart Grid technologies, have been identified. The use of these technologies will help improve the efficiency and reliability of energy systems. Therefore, green energy should be considered a key area of sustainable development, the main idea of which is to maximize the use of renewable energy sources and reduce emissions of harmful substances during the production and consumption of energy.

Методичний підхід до обґрунтування способу газифікації кам’яного вугілля для виробництва синтетичних моторних палив

The aim of the article is to substantiate the most suitable method of gasification of Ukrainian hard coal for further production of synthetic motor fuel. For this substantiation, a methodical approach has been developed, the use of which has allowed to obtain the following results. As a raw material base, the article recommends long-flame coal of the Western Donbass, located on the territory of the Dnepropetrovsk region, where powerful enterprises for the extraction and enrichment of coal operate. The most common methods of coal gasification in the world are analyzed: Lurgi (counter-current steam-oxygen gasification of large-lump coal (or briquettes) in a stationary bed), Siemens (direct-flow steam-oxygen gasification in the pulverized coal stream), Texaco (direct-flow oxygen gasification in the flow of coal-water pulp). For each of these methods, material balances have been developed; the composition and quality of the generated gas, the possibilities of organizing the production of the necessary energy resources, the level of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere and wastewater discharge have been evaluated. A methodology for calculating the composition of generator gas is proposed, which takes into account the composition of the blast (content of oxygen, water vapor or water). All calculations were performed for an enterprise with a coal capacity of 550 thousand tons of working weight per year. Based on the calculations and comparison of their results, the Texaco method is recommended for industrial implementation. The advantages of this method are as follows: the absence of a stage of steam production for gasification, the scarcity of the water cycle, which practically excludes the formation of wastewater, and the possibility of using contaminated water from other sources for gasification; the highest total content of hydrogen and carbon monoxide in the resulting synthesis gas; the maximum assimilated capacity of production reactors and the largest number of capacities created in the world using this technology; utilization of the heat of the resulting gas to obtain a large amount of electric and thermal energy.

Green loans and projects aimed at protecting the environment and increasing the sustainability of the economy

The study examines the transition to a sustainable global economy, which requires countries to encourage and stimulate investments that bring environmental benefits. Due to the growing pressure on governments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reduce all types of pollution, so–called green finance has assumed an important role by providing governments. The study noted that green finance uses the power of markets to allow investors and businesses to make money, as well as save the planet. Green loans are loans that are provided to finance environmental projects aimed at improving the environmental situation and reducing the negative impact on the environment. Such projects may include the installation of equipment for the use of renewable energy sources, improvement of waste management systems or the introduction of technologies aimed at reducing emissions of harmful substances. Green loans can be businesses and often have lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.

Engineering and environmental surveys of a multifunctional complex of buildings and structures subject to reconstruction

Moscow is the largest metropolis in Russia, therefore environmental problems on its territory are becoming increasingly acute (the increase in the number of vehicles, industrial enterprises and the construction of new facilities has a negative impact on the environmental situation in the city), which requires high-quality engineering and environmental surveys. Engineering and environmental surveys make it possible to assess the impact of the reconstruction of the complex on the environment, identify possible risks and take measures to prevent them. They allow considering factors such as the conservation of natural resources, limiting emissions of harmful substances and other environmental aspects. Conducting engineering and environmental surveys is important for reducing negative impacts on the environment and preserving natural resources. This is especially true in the context of growing environmental problems in the city and increasing control over their solutions by the authorities. The purpose of conducting engineering and environmental surveys of a multifunctional complex of buildings and structures subject to reconstruction is to identify recommendations and proposals aimed at reducing and preventing possible negative consequences on the environment.

Assessment measures developed to improve quality of route transport Polotsk and Novopolotsk

The paper considers options for reducing environmental losses in Polotsk and Novopolotsk through the development of trolleybus and tram systems – various types of urban electric transport. In order to reduce the costs of creating transport (including charging) infrastructure, as well as operating costs, the effectiveness of such systems has been determined when using not only classic types of transport, but also hybrid buses, electric buses, duo-buses. Approaches and methods have been developed to improve the quality of passenger service without deteriorating the environmental situation – this will become possible thanks to the development of tram and trolleybus traffic in Polotsk and Novopolotsk. Variants of scenarios for the use of various types of urban eclectic transport in the cities under study are presented, which will reduce investment in vehicles and the cost of creating an operational base at the expense of existing production facilities, for example, a tram fleet. The proposals outlined in the paper are aimed at improving the environmental situation in these cities by reducing the volume of emissions of harmful substances by buses, especially on the central streets

ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ НА ОСНОВЕ РАЗВИТИЯ КАРБОНОВЫХ ПОЛИГОНОВ

The article examines the economic essence of trading quotas for carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, which is based on the “cap-and-trade” principle. This mechanism limits emissions of harmful substances and provides producers with the means to implement decarbonization projects. Cap-and-trade creates an economic incentive to reduce CO2 emissions, which helps combat climate change. The article analyzes the problems of ensuring energy security and organizing exchange trading of CO2 emissions quotas, and also examines various mechanisms operating within the framework of the CO2 emissions trading system.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПРОВЕДЕНИЯ МОНИТОРИНГА ЗАГРЯЗНЕНИЙ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ ОРЕНБУРГСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ ПО РЕЗУЛЬТАТАМ ЗАМЕРОВ ЗАГРЯЗНЯЮЩИХ ВЕЩЕСТВ В ВОЗДУХЕ, ПОЧВЕ, ВОДЕ

Recently, cases of public complaints about air pollution, water quality, and soil pollution have become more frequent in the Orenburg Region. Appeals to medical institutions and to the line of duty of municipal Administrations have become more frequent. The resulting general outrage results in spontaneous rallies, gathering up to a thousand people. Unfortunately, such outpourings of public discontent do not lead to solving the problems that arise due to the lack of evidence to defend their interests in court. The monitoring system developed by us and the results obtained make it possible to record the excess of the maximum concentrations of a large number of substances harmful to humans. The All-Russian Society for Nature Protection LLC has at its disposal not only devices that allow you to record the presence and concentration of harmful substances, but also a staff of professional, certified specialists who are able to correctly interpret the readings of the devices. The problem of monitoring the state of air, water, and soil is that the recording of the fact of pollution should take place as quickly as possible and provide the affected people with the necessary evidence of the presence of harmful impurities in their place of permanent residence. The second important stage of the project implementation will be consultations of the affected residents in order to protect their health in the judicial authorities. The aim of the project is to organize and establish a system of effective environmental monitoring by highly qualified and certified experts; - periodically (upon request) monitor the environment (air, water, soil); - consultations of the affected residents in order to protect their health in the judicial authorities. As a result of the work performed, the following results were obtained: - reducing the amount of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, water, soil; - increasing the effectiveness of appeals to the court by persons affected by exceeding the maximum permissible concentration of harmful substances in air, water, soil; - increasing the number of people who received recommendations on health protection after contacting the project hotline; - development of responsibility for the state of the environment for potential sources of air, water, and soil pollution; - residents of the region will promptly receive information on the level of environmental pollution.

INCREASING THE LEVEL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY OF PUMPING UNITS BY ENERGY SAVING DURING REGULATION

The relevance of improving calculation methods for pumping units of hydraulic systems in order to save energy and correspondingly increase their level of environmental safety is substantiated. To speed up hydraulic calculations and increase their accuracy, it is proposed to approximate the existing characteristics of centrifugal pumps, which are usually presented in the equipment passport in graphic form, with a quadratic parabola. The general equations for the analytical determination of the working point parameters, the construction of the pressure characteristics of the pump at a new rotation frequency and the formula for the geometric location of the tops of the pressure characteristics for different rotation frequencies of the impeller were obtained. It has been proven that with frequency control, the pump characteristic shifts equidistantly along the parabola of proportionality. In a similar way, the characteristics of the pump are affected by the casing of the impeller. An equation has been obtained that allows, without resorting to the grapho-analytical method, to calculate the change in the characteristics of the pump with a proportional change in all its dimensions and a constant frequency of rotation and the equation of the curve of similar modes. This curve is proposed to be called the similarity curve. It is shown that the velocity coefficient is a constant value along the polynomial curve. On the basis of the obtained results, a method of comparative analysis of the energy efficiency of the regulation of the pumping unit by changing the rotation frequency and proportionally changing all dimensions of the impeller is proposed. The application of the method is demonstrated on concrete examples. Achieving the highest efficiency of the pumping unit ensures the lowest energy consumption, thus minimizing emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. Keywords: environmental safety, efficiency, centrifugal pumps, flow regulation, hydraulic resistances, change of rotation frequency, laws of similarity, laws of proportionality

Impact of Environmental Factors on Indoor Air Temperature in Gas-Fired Radiant Heated Cultivated Structures

Ensuring the required microclimate parameters of a cultivation structure, including indoor air temperature, relative humidity, and soil surface temperature, plays a crucial role in obtaining a rich harvest of vegetables and fruits in the winter season. Creating favourable conditions for growing plants in the protected ground is possible only by using modern, high-tech heating systems that will compensate for heat energy losses and maintain a set temperature regime in the room. Gas-fired radiant heating is one such system. This heating method, using ceiling gas infrared emitters as heat sources, directs the required heat flux directly to the soil surface. At the same time, direct or indirect emissions of harmful substances into the environment are minimal, and due to the absence of heat losses during heat production and heat carrier transportation, this type of heating is effective from both energy-saving and economic points of view. The article investigates the influence of meteorological, aerodynamic, heat engineering, and other factors on the air temperature in a cultivation structure under gas-fired radiant heating conditions using a developed software calculation method. An analysis is performed, and explanations are given for the nature of the change in indoor air temperature depending on the changing environmental conditions—the example of the industrial greenhouse “Farmer 7.5” (Russian Federation).

On the issue of software for environmental information systems

The increase in the number of sources of pollutants into the atmospheric air is one of the largest environmental problems in the modern world. In order to control emissions of harmful substances, calculations of maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants are used. Calculations of emission sources and maximum permissible concentrations are quite complex, and it is impractical to carry them out manually, since the calculation process takes a lot of time, while there is a high probability of errors. To simplify such a task, special software tools are used – unified programs for calculating atmospheric pollution (UPRZA). The article is devoted to the issues of increasing the level of automation of calculations of emission sources and maximum permissible concentrations using UPRZA. The issues of the standard structure of the UPRSA are considered, input parameters, algorithms for calculating the parameters of the emission source and maximum permissible concentrations are determined in accordance with the methods used. Methods of increasing the level of automation are proposed. The analysis of possible ways of development of these software complexes is carried out. The article describes the process of developing a unified program for calculating atmospheric pollution, the main advantages of its application.

Техніко-економічна оцінка різних способів газифікації бурого вугілля для виробництва синтетичного моторного палива

The aim of the article is to assess the feasibility of organizing the production of synthesis gas from brown coal, the reserves of which in Ukraine are sufficient. As a raw material base, the article considers the coal of the Novo-Dmytrivske deposit, which is located on the territory of the Kharkiv region. The balance reserves of brown coal in categories A + B amount to 284.4 million tons and in category C1 – to 95.6 million tons, that is, a total of 380 million tons. The average technical analysis data for the deposit are as follows: moisture per working weight is 51.2%; ash content per dry weight is 19.4%; the total sulfur content is 2.45%. The elemental composition of the coal of this deposit is characterized by the following data: carbon – 68.0%, hydrogen – 6.0%, oxygen – 23.0%, sulfur, nitrogen and other elements – 3.0%. To achieve the goal, the properties of coal of this deposit have been examined and the following technologies of coal gasification have been analyzed: Lurgi process (counter-current steam-oxygen gasification of coarse coal (or briquettes) in a stationary bed); Prenflo process (direct-flow steam-oxygen gasification in a pulverized coal stream); Texaco process (direct-flow oxygen gasification in a coal-water pulp stream). For each of these processes, material balances have been developed; the quality of gas synthesis, the possibility of organizing the production of the necessary energy resources, the level of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, and the main technical and economic indicators have been evaluated. The calculations were made for an enterprise with a coal capacity of 9 million tons of actual weight per year. Based on the calculations made, the Lurgi process is recommended for industrial implementation. The advantages of this process are: the lowest temperature and pressure of the gasification process; a wider range of products obtained during gasification; almost optimal syngas composition in terms of H2 : CO ratio; the lowest emissions of carbon dioxide generated during coal gasification and preparation of synthesis gas for further use; the lowest production cost of prepared synthesis gas; the lowest specific capital investments (per 1 thousand m3 of prepared synthesis gas). The inexpediency of using the Texaco process for the gasification of brown coal is substantiated, as well as the directions for improving the Prenflo process for its further use in the gasification of brown coal of the Novo-Dmytrivske deposit are determined.

The use of biodiesel in cold climates

The analysis of the problems of using diesel fuel at low temperatures is carried out, the properties of biodiesel compared with petroleum diesel are compared. The existing methods of estimating exhaust gas emissions of motor vehicles are considered. During the analysis of physico-chemical properties, it was determined that among the positive features of biodiesel, its environmental friendliness is the most important, and among the negative ones — unsatisfactory lowtemperature properties. Based on the identified problems in the operation of cars in a cold climate, as well as the analysis of the physico-chemical properties of biodiesel, the option of improving its low-temperature properties by mixing with petroleum diesel fuel and adding depressant-dispersing additives is considered. The possibility of improving the existing methods of calculating environmental damage, taking into account the use of a mixture of petroleum and biodiesel, has been identified. The proposed method for calculating environmental damage makes it possible to more accurately estimate the volume of emissions of harmful substances and carbon dioxide depending on the concentration of biodiesel in the mixture. Keywords diesel fuel, biodiesel, mixed fuel, low-temperature properties, depressor-dispersing additive, ecology, methodology for calculating environmental damage

МЕТОД ОЦЕНКИ ЦЕЛЕСООБРАЗНОСТИ ВНЕДРЕНИЯ ТРАНСПОРТА ПО ЗАПРОСУ В ГОРОДСКИХ И ПРИГОРОДНЫХ ЗОНАХ

. In the modern world, environmental issues and reducing traffic congestion are becoming prior, so the new transport systems organization approaches development and implementation is an integral part of the city and regional development. Demand Responsive Transport, also known as «on-demand transit», is a system where passengers can order vehicles to move around a city or area. Now, such systems are successfully used in major cities around the world and demonstrate their effectiveness in reducing traffic congestion, reducing emissions of harmful substances and saving passengers’ time. The implementing feasibility assessing method allows determining how effective and appropriate it will be to implement an on-demand transit for a specific suburban and urban area.

ВПЛИВ ГЛОБАЛЬНИХ ЕКОНОМІЧНИХ КРИЗ НА СТРАТЕГІЇ РОЗВИТКУ ЦИРКУЛЯРНО-ОРІЄНТОВАНОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ

The paradigm of modern global socio-economic development is built on the basis of economic, social and environmental aspects. Under such conditions, the issue of nature conservation, environmental protection and reduction of harmful substances emissions is becoming more relevant. Accordingly, the main direction for achieving the fundamentals and principles of sustainable development is the transition from a linear model of the economy to a circular one in the face of economic uncertainty. Thus, the purpose of the study is to analyse the impact of global economic crises on the development of a circular economy strategy, as well as to justify the need for transition to a circular economy model. To achieve this goal, the study defines the essence and significance of the circular economy model, describes the main strategies of the circular economy, substantiates the impact of globalisation and economic crises on the transition to a circular economy model, and uses analytical data to assess the current state of implementation of the circular economy principles by countries around the world. To make the study more thorough, the authors assessed the current state of waste generation in the regional context of the world and analysed the household waste recycling rate in the European Union. The study also identified a number of countries where the implementation of the principles of the circular economy model is at a high level. In order to implement the best practices of circular economy implementation, the current state of waste generation and recycling in Ukraine is studied. The existing regulatory framework, which is the basis for the implementation of the circular economy, and existing examples of the circular waste recycling mechanism in Ukraine are identified. Based on the results of the study, the author provides recommendations that are a priority for the global and Ukrainian economic model, which will strengthen the mechanisms and tools for implementing the circular economy model in the current global economic system.