Level Of CO2 Emissions Research Articles

A simplified system dynamics model to investigate the effects of urban transportation management policies on reducing CO2 and greenhouse gas emissions

Kuwait suffers from severe air pollution levels making it on the top ten list worldwide pollution wise based on the records of Air Quality Index (AQI). The transport and energy sectors represent the major players in contributing to the current unprecedent pollution situation Kuwait is suffering from. The unique harsh arid weather associated with high levels of humidity, high temperatures and frequent sandstorms in the region intensifies the extent of the pollution crisis. There is almost no single study in the literature that focused on testing different scenarios on transport and energy sectors effects into the reduction of prevailing pollution levels in this region of the world. This work comes to fill this gap in the literature. A simplified system dynamics model (covering the years from 2004 to 2040) was developed for Kuwait to simulate the effects of different urban transportation management policies on reducing CO2 and greenhouse gas emissions levels. Two policies were tested: a gasoline tax with low, medium, and high rates, as well as a free bus service. Combined policies resulting from merging the gasoline tax at different levels with the free bus service were also tested, which outperformed the two separate plans being implemented alone. The best combined strategy achieved was to encourage citizens to use public transportation by utilizing the free bus service rather than using private vehicles in addition to impose a high fuel tax. This action was anticipated to reduce CO2 emissions by 14 million metric tons and the number of private vehicles by 3 million vehicles by the end of 2040. Such approach proved to be helpful in reducing the pollution levels and in turn decrease the severity of global warming phenomenon in the Arabian desertic peninsula.

Enhancing Environmental Quality: Investigating the Impact of Hydropower Energy Consumption on CO2 Emissions in Indonesia

Achieving sustainable environmental quality has become a critical global issue, necessitating the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to mitigate environmental pollution. Hydropower energy has the potential to play a significant role in this effort by providing a clean, renewable energy source that can help reduce reliance on fossil fuels and decrease CO2 emissions. This study examines the dynamic impact of hydropower energy consumption, economic growth, capital, and labor on Indonesia's CO2 emissions from 1990 to 2020. Applying the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method, the findings demonstrate that hydropower energy consumption has a negative effect on CO2 emissions in both the short and long term, indicating that increasing hydropower energy consumption leads to a reduction in CO2 emissions. Conversely, labor exhibits a positive influence on CO2 emissions in both the short and long term, suggesting that a rise in labor contributes to higher levels of CO2 emissions in Indonesia. Furthermore, the Granger causality analysis reveals a bidirectional relationship between CO2 emissions and hydropower energy consumption. The robustness of ARDL results is confirmed through additional tests using Fully-Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS), Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS), and Canonical Cointegrating Regressions (CCR) methods. The findings underscore the importance of promoting sustainable hydropower energy for effective environmental management in Indonesia. Policymakers should prioritize investments in sustainable hydropower infrastructure, encourage the adoption of energy-efficient technologies, and develop a skilled workforce to mitigate the environmental impact of increased labor force participation.

EXHAUST GAS ANALYSIS OF DIESEL - CADOBA FARINOSA FORSKK BIO-ETHANOL BLENDED FUEL SAMPLES RUNNING ON COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE

The world is facing declining liquid fuel reserves at a time when energy demand is exploding. As the supply decreases and costs rise, everyone will be forced to adopt the alternative energy resources. In order to achieve a secure and stable energy supply that does not cause environmental damage, renewable energy sources must be explored and promising technologies should be developed. This study investigates the effects of exhaust gases of diesel-Cadoba farinosa forskk bio-ethanol blended fuel samples run on a compression ignition engine. The test fuels were prepared; BDE2 (97% Diesel and 2% bio-ethanol volumetric proportion), BDE4, BDE6, BDE8 and BDE10 with 1% biodiesel (palm oil methyl esters) was maintained throughout to prevent phase separation of the ethanol and diesel respectively. The engine performance and exhaust gas analysis were also conducted to investigate the effect of bio-ethanol as diesel fuel extender, with a TD110-115 single-cylinder, four-stroke and air-cooled, compression ignition engine test rig, under different loading conditions, and incorporated with an SV-5Q automobile exhaust gas analyzer was used to monitor and measure the concentration of gaseous emissions, such as; exhaust gas temperature (EGT), carbon dioxide (CO 2), carbon monoxide (CO), and unburned hydrocarbon (HC) from the engine tail pipe. Results of the test revealed an appreciable increase in exhaust gas temperature of 16.66% due to the rise in cylinder pressure and temperature respectively. An appreciable decrease in HC, CO and CO 2 15.7%, 37.5% and 15% respectively emissions was recorded for all blended fuel samples with the exception of diesel. While, the least CO and CO 2 emission levels were observed for BDE10 fuel samples. On the account of its satisfactory engine performance behavior, fuel conservation advantages, and inherent greenhouse gas mitigation potentials, the candidacy of Cadoba Farinosa Forskk bio-ethanol and diesel blends, offers the promise of a prospective fuel for compression ignition engines.

Halide Perovskites for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting and CO2 Reduction: Challenges and Opportunities.

Photoelectrochemical water splitting and CO2 reduction provide an attractive route to produce solar fuels while reducing the level of CO2 emissions. Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have been extensively studied for this purpose in recent years due to their suitable optoelectronic properties. In this review, we survey the recent achievements in the field. After a brief introduction to photoelectrochemical (PEC) processes, we discussed the properties, synthesis, and application of MHPs in this context. We also survey the state-of-the-art findings regarding significant achievements in performance, and developments in addressing the major challenges of toxicity and instability toward water. Efforts have been made to replace the toxic Pb with less toxic materials like Sn, Ge, Sb, and Bi. The stability toward water has been also improved by using various methods such as compositional engineering, 2D/3D perovskite structures, surface passivation, the use of protective layers, and encapsulation. In the last part, considering the experience gained in photovoltaic applications, we provided our perspective for the future challenges and opportunities. We place special emphasis on the improvement of stability as the major challenge and the potential contribution of machine learning to identify the most suitable formulation for halide perovskites with desired properties.

Financial development and environmental quality nexus: Testing the double materiality hypothesis

ABSTRACT A novel paradigmatic concept has recently been introduced in the financial development-environmental quality nexus, referred to as the double materiality concept. This concept proposes that not only is financial development significant for the environment, but the environment also has a significant impact on financial development. We examine this financial development-environmental quality nexus by proposing and empirically testing the double materiality hypothesis. The cross-sectional Autoregressive Distributed Lag estimations and the Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality test are applied in the top-ten CO2 emitting countries over the period 1990–2018. We empirically confirm the validity of the double materiality hypothesis in these countries. Specifically, the cross-sectional Autoregressive Distributed Lag estimation results show that financial development exhibits a positive impact on the level of CO2 whilst the level of CO2 emissions hinders financial development in the top-ten CO2 emitters. Similarly, the causality test results show that there is a bidirectional association between the financial development and the level of CO2 emissions. Thus, regulatory authorities should take proactive approaches by assessing the externalities of climate-related risks and the potential channels that may trigger systemic risks.

Do female political leaders make the environment greener? Evidence from the United States

PurposeThis study examines the effect of female governors (gender effect) on environmental performance in terms of state-level carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in United States.Design/methodology/approachThe study used annual data from 1970 to 2020 to investigate the relationship between female political leadership and state-level CO2 emissions. Hypothesis was tested through ordinary least squares regression (OLS). The results of the study were also validated using propensity score matching and a difference-in-difference approach.FindingsThis study provides empirical insights into the relationship between female political leadership and state-level CO2 emissions. The findings indicate that female governors have a significant negative impact on state-level CO2 emissions per capita. These results suggest that female political leadership is associated with a reduction in CO2 emissions per capita at the state level. The results also show that states under the leadership of female governors experience lower levels of CO2 emissions than those with male governors, indicating female leadership’s potential to promote environmental sustainability.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study have practical implications for policymakers, government officials, and other stakeholders involved in the formulation of strategies to promote environmental sustainability. This study highlights the significant role that female political leader play in mitigating CO2 emissions at the state level. It suggests that promoting female in political leadership positions can lead to more environmentally conscious policy decisions and actions, resulting in reduced CO2 emissions per capita. Policymakers should actively encourage women’s participation in leadership roles to utilize their potential contributions to advancing sustainability goals. Furthermore, organizations that focus on environmental issues should prioritize supporting and promoting female leaders who have demonstrated a commitment to environmental sustainability. Ultimately, this study highlights the need for female in political leadership as a potential strategy to address environmental challenges and advance a more sustainable future.Originality/valueThis study pioneers research on the links between female political leadership and state-level CO2 emissions. This study contributes to the literature by emphasizing the potential role of female political leaders in promoting environmental sustainability. Overall, this study enriches the social role and upper echelons theories literature through empirical evidence.

A thermodynamic approach to analyze energy, exergy, emission, and sustainability (3E-S) performance by utilizing low temperature waste heat in SOFC–CHP-TEG system

Waste heat is one of the major problems associated with the energy system. This paper discusses an energy, exergy, and emissions approach for the hybrid system by utilizing waste heat to the maximum extent. A thermoelectric generator (TEG) is incorporated to utilize the low-temperature waste heat from a hybrid model of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and a combined heat and power (CHP) system. SOFC is an electrochemical cell that generates power at high temperatures through an electrochemical reaction. The high-temperature, unutilized fuel leaves the SOFC, which is burned in the afterburner. The afterburner temperature controls the operating temperature of SOFC. Here, three recuperators are used to utilize this high-temperature waste heat to improve the performance of SOFC and simultaneously generate heat power from the water or gas recuperator. TEG is an auxiliary power production technology that converts waste heat into energy. A novel integration of TEG with SOFC–CHP hybrid system to utilize the low temperature waste heat, is employed. The main goal of this study is to analyze a novel SOFC–CHP-TEG hybrid system in terms of its thermodynamics and emissions. A Two stage TEG is integrated with the SOFC–CHP hybrid system. The simulation model of high temperature fuel cell (SOFC) is developed on MATLAB and validated with published results. This study analyses the impact of pressure ratio and afterburner temperature on the performance of SOFC–CHP-TEG. To do this, perform energy and exergy assessments using the principles of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. A novel exergy-based sustainability index with emissions analysis for the proposed SOFC–CHP is presented. The achieved overall energy efficiency is 62.54% at a pressure ratio of 12 and an afterburner temperature of 1000 K. With an increase in pressure ratio and temperature, the level of CO emissions reduces significantly.

Unexplored Nexus of Political freedom, Economic Growth, Economic conditions and CO2 emission in Asian Country

The promotion of sustainable environmental development is at the forefront of world leaders' policy agendas. The human race is currently confronted with a formidable challenge in the form of a global environmental issue. In each nation, political institutions are responsible for formulating and implementing policy agendas. This study's objective is to examine the relationship between the current state of political institutions, environmental emissions, and development indicators, taking into account the impact of diverse economic conditions such as a free economy, a fluctuating economy, a degraded economy, and an improved economy. Over the course of twenty-four years, from 1998 to 2021, information for this study was collected from ten different ASEAN nations. The panel data methodology is utilized in order to answer the research question. Estimates that account for fixed effects indicate that there is a significant positive correlation between economic growth and CO2 emissions. It is also evident that CO2 emission levels are higher in Asian economies that are more volatile, such as Indonesia and Thailand, while they are lower in economies that have improved, such as Singapore. This is one of the earliest studies conducted on the subject at hand. This study's findings will serve as a guide for implementing environmental policy.

Atmospheric CO2 in the megacity Hangzhou, China: Urban-suburban differences, sources and impact factors

Limited observation sites and insufficient monitoring of atmospheric CO2 in urban areas restrict our comprehension of urban-suburban disparities. This research endeavored to shed light on the urban-suburban differences of atmospheric CO2 in levels, diurnal and seasonal variations as well as the potential sources and impact factors in the megacity of Hangzhou, China, where the economically most developed region in China is. The observations derived from the existing Hangzhou Atmospheric Composition Monitoring Center Station (HZ) and Lin'an Regional Atmospheric Background Station (LAN) and the newly established high-altitude Daming Mountain Atmospheric Observation Station (DMS), were utilized. From November 2020 to October 2021, the annual averages of HZ, LAN and DMS were 446.52 ± 17.01 ppm, 441.56 ± 15.42 ppm, and 422.02 ± 10.67 ppm. The difference in atmospheric CO2 mole fraction between HZ and LAN was lower compared to the urban-suburban differences observed in other major cities in China, such as Shanghai, Nanjing, and Beijing. Simultaneous CO2 enhancements were observed at HZ and LAN, when using DMS observations as background references. The seasonal variations of CO2 at LAN and DMS exhibited a high negative correlation with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values, indicating the strong regulatory of vegetation canopy. The variations in boundary layer height had a larger influence on the low-altitude HZ and LAN stations than DMS. Compared to HZ and LAN, the atmospheric CO2 at DMS was influenced by emissions and transmissions over a wider range. The potential source area of DMS in autumn covered most areas of the urban agglomeration in eastern China. DMS measurements could provide a reliable representation of the background level of CO2 emissions in the Yangtze River Delta and a broader region. Conventional understanding of regional CO2 level in the Yangtze River Delta through LAN measurements may overestimate background concentration by approximately 10.92 ppm.

Effects of natural gas admission location and timing on performance and emissions characteristics of LPDF two-stroke engine at low load

Low-pressure gas-admission marine two-stroke engines have significant potential for reducing emissions in the shipping industry. However, they exhibit poor combustion quality under low-load conditions, leading to lower thermal efficiency and high levels of HC and CO emissions. This study numerically evaluated the impacts of the gas admission location and timing on engine performance and exhaust gas emissions under low load conditions. The study revealed that different gas admission locations form distinct NG-air stratifications. Lower gas admission locations resulted in longer ignition delays and shorter combustion durations. The unburned CH4 and CO emissions were significantly reduced by a maximum of 20.14% and 42.29%, respectively. A trade-off exists between NOx and N2O emissions owing to the different temperature conditions of their formation. The NOx emissions increased continuously as the gas admission location was lowered to a maximum of 3.4218 g/kWh; a value slightly above the Tier III emission standards. Advancing the timing of gas admission further decreased the ignition delay time, NOx, and unburned CH4 emissions. This study revealed that in-cylinder natural gas mixture stratification due to varying gas admission locations and timings can improve the combustion efficiency and exhaust gas emissions of a natural gas-diesel dual-fuel engine under low-load conditions.

Investigation of Emission Inventory for Non-Road Mobile Machinery in Shandong Province: An Analysis Grounded in Real-World Activity Levels

In tandem with the advancement of urban intelligent technology, the construction of remote monitoring platforms and databases for non-road mobile machinery is gradually improving in various provinces and cities. Employing the remote monitoring platform for non-road mobile machinery enables a detailed big data analysis of the actual operational state of the machinery. This method yields precise data on the activity levels of various machinery types. Importantly, it addresses the issue of reduced accuracy in emission inventories, which often arises from the conventional practice of using standard recommended values from the Guide to determine machinery activity levels during the compilation of non-road mobile machinery emission inventories. Based on the remote monitoring and management system of non-road mobile machinery, the actual value of the activity level of non-road mobile machinery was obtained, and the emission inventory of non-road mobile machinery in Shandong Province was established. The emission levels of PM, HC, NOx, and CO from main non-road mobile machinery, including forklifts, excavators, loaders, off-road trucks, and road rollers, were measured. The findings indicate that the operational activity levels of non-road mobile machinery in Shandong Province typically exceeded the guideline’s recommended values. Among them, the annual use time of port terminal ground handling equipment was the longest, with an average annual working time of 4321.5 h per equipment, more than six times the recommended value. Among all types of non-road mobile machinery, loader emissions accounted for the highest proportion, reaching 43.13% of the total emissions of various pollutants. With the tightening of the national standard for non-road mobile machinery from Stage II to Stage III, a significant reduction in actual mechanical emissions was observed, primarily manifested as a 91% decrease in NOx emissions. Based on the data from the remote monitoring platform, a new method for compiling the emission inventory of non-road mobile machinery is proposed in this paper. The calculated emission inventory can reflect more real emission situations and provide a reference and basis for emission control and sustainable emission reduction policy measures for non-road mobile machinery.

ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI EMISI KARBONDIOKSIDA DI NEGARA INDUSTRI BARU TAHUN 2000-2020

Global warming is a very serious issue in this era of globalization and there is always news all over the world. One of the causes of global warming is an increase in greenhouse gases (GHG). Of the various types of greenhouse gases (GHG), carbon emissions (CO2) are the most important source of problems. This is because carbon emissions make the highest contribution, namely 76 percent, to changes in global warming. Newly Industrialized Countries are one of the groups of countries that contribute the highest levels of CO₂ emissions in the world, which have continued to increase every year over the last 21 years. This research aims to analyze the factors that influence carbon dioxide emissions in New Industrial Countries from 2000 to 2020. The type and source of data used is based on the IPAT (Impact-Population-Affluence-Technology) model with quantitative descriptive methods, using data secondary data in the form of time series for 21 years and cross section using 10 countries in the New Industrial Countries. The results of this research show that the variables of population growth rate, urbanization, per capita income, and trade openness have a positive and significant impact on the level of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in Newly Industrialized Countries in 2000-2020. Meanwhile, the variable number of internet users has a negative and significant effect on the level of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in New Industrial Countries in 2000-2020.

The environmental impact of buying groceries online/offline pre and during COVID-19. Any changes?

COVID-19 has represented a watershed in people's lifestyle. One important consequence has been the change in how people buy groceries online/offline that represent the most frequent shopping-related trip any household performs. Since this has substantially different transport and environmental implications, it is crucial to investigate what are the COVID-19-induced variations. This paper estimates both travel and environmental impacts grocery channel choice implies by comparing, in a diachronic fashion, the pre and during COVID-19 situation in Norway, considering alternative scenarios describing different service configurations for each channel considered. Stated preferences are used to estimate market shares for grocery purchase distinguishing between different channels: in-store, home delivery and click&pick. The robust comparative analysis between the two time periods is guaranteed by the use of the same methodological approach in the same geographical context. Results show that total emissions are lower during the pandemic and adopting a free delivery strategy not only increases home delivery market shares but also produces the lowest level of CO2 emissions regardless of COVID-19. The results obtained are particularly relevant in the "new normal" the world is experiencing both from a public policymaking perspective, when promoting transport-related interventions to curb emissions, and from a private standpoint, when customising market strategies to increase sales and profits.

Profitability Model of Green Hydrogen Production on an Existing Wind Power Plant Location

This paper presents a new economic profitability model for a power-to-gas plant producing green hydrogen at the site of an existing wind power plant injected into the gas grid. The model is based on a 42 MW wind power plant, for which an optimal electrolyzer of 10 MW was calculated based on the 2500 equivalent full load hours per year and the projection of electricity prices. The model is calculated on an hourly level for all variables of the 25 years of the model. With the calculated breakeven electricity price of 74.23 EUR/MWh and the price of green hydrogen production of 99.44 EUR/MWh in 2045, the wind power plant would produce 22,410 MWh of green hydrogen from 31% of its total electricity production. Green hydrogen injected into the gas system would reduce the level of CO2 emissions by 4482 tons. However, with the projected prices of natural gas and electricity, the wind power plant would cover only 20% of the income generated by the electricity delivered to the grid by producing green hydrogen. By calculating different scenarios in the model, the authors concluded that the introduction of a premium subsidy model is necessary to accelerate deployment of electrolyzers at the site of an existing wind power plant in order to increase the wind farm profitability.

Assessment of the Potential of European Union Member States to Achieve Climate Neutrality

Climate neutrality is the main environmental goal set for the European Union Member States until 2050. EU economies can achieve this ambitious climate goal by reducing the emission intensity of economies, which has been achieved for many years by reducing pollution emitted by industry. The aim of the study is focused primarily on demonstrating the degree of relationship between the variables describing economic growth, GDP, and the level of CO2 emissions. In the first stage of the research, the potential of countries to achieve climate neutrality was assessed, which was achieved by estimating the correlation between GDP indices in relation to 2013 and the level of CO2 emissions. Research has shown that despite the countries’ differences in the structure of their energy balances, they can achieve independence of economic growth from the emission level of their economies. The research also concerns Poland’s special situation compared to other European Union countries according to energy balance based on coal. A model based on differential equations was used to simulate the impact of GDP, energy intensity, and the share of biofuels on temperature and CO2 concentration until 2030, using data for Poland as an example. The aim of this analysis is to answer the question of whether the energy transformation in the country will achieve the assumed emission reduction goals by 2030.

The Impacts of ICT and innovation on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in G20 Countries

The G20 countries collectively account for a substantial portion of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, as they represent the world’s major economies and industrial powers. The continual growth in CO2 emissions exacerbates the greenhouse effect, which negatively influences the environment and ecosystems by raising temperatures, altering weather patterns, and increasing sea levels. To effectively address global climate action, it is imperative to tackle and reduce CO2 emissions in G20 nations. The objective of this study is to investigate the impacts of ICT and innovation on CO2 emissions in G20 countries. Using panel quantile regression, we analyze data spanning from the year 2000 to 2019 to derive meaningful results. The findings demonstrate a strong positive association between ICT and CO2 in nations that fall between the 10th and 40th quantiles. The countries with carbon dioxide emissions falling between the 30th and 90th quantiles also showed a strong positive correlation between patent applications and CO2. The conclusion of this study shows that innovation and ICT do not always reduce CO2, especially at levels of CO2 emission below the 40th quantile. As a result, depending on the country’s CO2 level, different ICT and innovation-related initiatives may have different effects on CO2. The novelty of this study reveals that the relationship between ICT, innovation, and CO2 emissions is underscored by varying levels of CO2 emissions.

Estimation of Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions of the Water Supply Sector: A Seoul Metropolitan City (SMC) Case Study

A model that computes the per-unit process energy consumption, energy intensity, CO2 emission, and CO2 intensity of water treatment plants is developed. This model is used to estimate the total energy consumption of six water treatment plants in Seoul Metropolitan City (SMC), which is comprised 80–85% for finished water pumping, 6–10% for ozone disinfection, 2–4% for rapid mixing, and 1–3% for non-process loads. The model results are validated against actual data for 2020 and 2021. The net energy consumption considering renewable energy production and use is then calculated, and the corresponding level of CO2 emissions is predicted. Four scenarios based on the projected water requirements for the year 2045 were evaluated as follows: increased energy efficiency in finished water pumping (Scenario 1), increased renewable energy production in water treatment plants (Scenario 2), increased energy efficiency in raw water pumping (Scenario 3), and reduced water supply per capita (Scenario 4). Compared to a baseline do-nothing scenario (Scenario 0), the net energy consumption is reduced by 3.57%, 2.61%, 3.42%, and 4.67% for Scenarios 1–4, respectively. Scenario 4, which is a water-driven approach, is best for reducing CO2 emissions, while Scenario 1 and 3, which are energy-driven approaches, are more effective at reducing CO2 intensity.

Hydrogen vs. methane: A comparative study of modern combined cycle power plants

This article compared modern hydrogen power plants over a wide range of total compression ratios while maintaining constant system output. In addition, the conventional modern new combined cycle power plant fueled by 100 % methane serves as a reference (comparative) variant representing the currently constructed generating units. Simulations were done using Ebsilon Professional software in the total compression ratio range of 20–50. Previous literature has mainly been based on comparing only the efficiency of GRAZ systems with a combined cycle power plant. The paper discusses a number of performance characteristics. Attention was drawn to the limitations of the currently used COT temperature and the temperature of the compressed medium. For the gas-steam power plant, hydrogen was traditionally burned in air, and in the Graz system, hydrogen was burned in pure oxygen. The structures of the analysed systems were presented and characterised, and their main computational assumptions were standardised in order to compare the systems. A common turbine cooling model was used for both systems. The methodologies for evaluating the performance of energy systems were discussed. Efficiencies, and levels of CO2 emissions per unit were compared for the studied systems. The calculations showed that for the currently used combustion outlet temperature (COT) of 1600 °C, the Graz system achived the best results. The system achieved a COT of 1600 °C for a total compression ratio of 82, which is much higher than that of the main analyses. It operated without CO2 emissions and had an efficiency of 56.21 %, considering the energy consumption of the air separation unit (ASU). For the modern new combined cycle power plant fueled by 100 % methane and for a hydrogen-fueled variant systems, the efficiencies were 53.86 % and 51.39 %, respectively. The modern gas-steam power plant had a high emission rate compared to other systems, reaching 325.17 kgCO2/MWh.

Financial inclusion, economic growth, and environmental quality in the MENA region: What role does institution quality play?

AbstractThis paper aims to check whether growth and the environment benefit from a more inclusive financial system. It also checks the moderating role of institutional quality (IQ) in the growth‐environment relationship. It uses a sample of 12 Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries from 2004 to 2021 and performs the seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) model. The findings indicate that financial inclusion (FI) significantly increases the level of CO2 emissions. Hence, a more inclusive financial system deteriorates the quality of the environment in the MENA region. However, FI does not exert any significant effect on the level of growth. Furthermore, we found that the interaction between FI and IQ increases growth and improves the quality of the environment. This interactional effect is more apparent when the dependent variable is environment quality rather than growth. The results of this paper have substantial implications. Policymakers of this region should improve their IQ to mitigate the negative effects of FI and to spur growth and preserve the environment. When FI is aligned with environmentally conscious policies and practices, it can promote economic development while also contributing to a healthier planet and a more equitable society.

Revolutionizing Environmental Sustainability: The Role of Renewable Energy Consumption and Environmental Technologies in OECD Countries

This study examines the relationship between economic factors and environmental sustainability in OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries from 1990 to 2022, with a particular focus on the impact of renewable energy consumption and environmental technologies on CO2 emissions. The research utilizes empirical data to establish a clear negative correlation between the adoption of renewable energy sources and the level of CO2 emissions, highlighting the effectiveness of renewable energy in reducing the environmental impact of economic activities. This finding supports the theoretical perspective that transitioning to cleaner energy sources is vital for achieving environmental sustainability and aligns with the objectives of the OECD’s environmental sustainability program. Further analysis reveals a significant negative impact of environmental technologies on CO2 emissions, underscoring the importance of technological innovation in environmental conservation efforts. The study also explores the dual influence of GDP growth, urbanization, industrialization, and trade on CO2 emissions, revealing both positive and negative effects across different stages of economic development. Initially, these factors contribute to increased emissions, but as economies mature and integrate more efficient and cleaner technologies, their impact on emissions becomes negative. These findings demonstrate the complex interplay between economic development and environmental sustainability and emphasize the need for policies that encourage renewable energy adoption, support environmental technological innovations, and guide economies towards sustainable practices. The study provides valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders, advocating for an integrated approach to ensure long-term environmental sustainability in OECD countries.