Particulate Matter Emission Characteristics Research Articles

Emission characteristics of particulate matter emitted by typical off-road construction machinery.

Off-road machinery, especially construction equipment, is one of the most important pollutant sources of the deterioration in the air quality of Chinese urban areas owing to its large quantity and to the absence of stringent emission requirements. In this study, we used a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) to measure the exhaust pollutant emission characteristics for 13 pieces of construction machinery including excavators and hydraulic crushers under different working conditions, such as real-world operating condition, free accelerating condition, and overloading condition, innovatively adopting the method of synchronizing video recording and emission measurement to divide the operation process of construction machinery under different working conditions into different action stages. In addition, the relationship between the emission characteristics and the maintenance history of 13 pieces of construction machinery was analyzed. The present study exploits this recent progress to enrich the measurement method of off-road mobile machinery light absorption coefficient (LAC), which does not depend on the measurement environment and the type of equipment. There are three significant findings from the study that can be noted. To begin with, the exhaust LAC in the excavation operation stage was the highest in the real-world operating condition. The main reason for it is that the engine load was suddenly increased during this stage; due to the response lag characteristics of the turbocharger, the intake charge was delayed, so the quality of oil and gas mixture in the cylinder becomes worse, and the concentration of local mixture is higher. Therefore, insufficient combustion of the mixture leads to a large amount of soot formation. Second, when the real-world operation is unavailable, the free accelerating condition was not applicable, but the overflow loading condition is suitable for replacing the real-world operating condition to measure the excavator exhaust LAC. Finally, as for in-use construction machinery, regular maintenance is an effective measure to reduce the engine exhaust LAC. Our findings contribute to improving the efficiency and accuracy of the environmental protection department's evaluation of the exhaust LAC of off-road mobile machinery and promoting the application of different technologies for high-emission off-road mobile machinery to reduce pollutant emissions so that it can continue to be used.

IVOC/SVOC and size distribution characteristics of particulate matter emissions from a modern aero-engine combustor in different operational modes

The particulate matter (PM) of Intermediate-Volatile Organic Compounds (IVOC) / Semi-Volatile Organic Compound (SVOC) from aircraft engine emissions, despite being significant precursors of secondary organic aerosols deteriorating air quality in the vicinity of airports, have not been fully investigated at molecular level. In this study, the particulate IVOC/SVOC emissions from a rig test on a Technology of Low Emission Stirred Swirl aero-engine combustor, being operated with dual diffusion and premixed-dominant combustion modes, have been characterized via a two-dimensional gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometer (GC × GC-ToFMS). The IVOC/SVOC compounds, including 25n-alkanes, 15 cyclic alkanes and 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were analyzed in this study. We found that including the premixed-dominant combustion mode at climb/takeoff conditions reduced the particulate IVOC/SVOC emissions significantly by nearly 80%, compared to using the diffusion combustion mode alone at idle/approach condition. Meanwhile, the measurements on organic PM obtained from a scanning mobility particle sizer spectrometer with a catalytic stripper demonstrated a consistent trend with the the IVOC/SVOC emissions, which were also suppressed by over 85% at climb/takeoff compared to idle/approach. The inter-relationship between the size-resolved organic PM and the speciated IVOC/SVOC emissions has been further explored, showing that the nucleation mode PM is dominated in organic PM by over 50%, in which IVOCs/SVOCs may be a significant contributor. This study expands the understanding of aviation-emitted organic particles, and suggests a path for future aero-engine development to mitigate the IVOC/SVOC emissions particularly at low power conditions. However, compared to the real aero-engine emissions, the results from rig combustor tests should be interpreted with great care, since there are still some work to be done to establish the quantitative relationship between emissions from rig combustors andthose from real engines.

Removal characteristics of particulate matters and hazardous trace elements in a 660 MW ultra-low emission coal-fired power plant

Coal is the dominant energy source in China, and coal-fired power plant (CFPP) accounts for about half of coal consumption. However, air pollutant emissions from coal-fired power plants cause severe environmental and ecological problems. The most stringent regulations to limit air pollutant emissions from CFPP have been implemented in China since 2015. The ultra-low emission standards require that particulate matters (PMs) concentration from stack must not exceed 5 mg/Nm3. For exploring the emission characteristics of particulate matters and some trace elements, the field sampling test was carried out in a 660 MW ultra-low emission coal-fired power plant. It is equipped with low temperature economizer (LTE), electrostatic precipitators (ESP), wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD), and wet electrostatic precipitator (WESP). The results showed that the mass removal efficiency of PM10 is about 80% in ESP and about 70% in WESP, in which most of them are PM2.5. The mass concentration removal efficiency of PM10 was 98.77% in ESP while that of PM2.5 is 98.58%. The mass concentration removal efficiency of PM10 was 63.43% in WESP while that of PM2.5 is 71.92%. At the same time, the trace elements on different particle sizes were analyzed. Manganese contents were found to be independent of the particle size. Cr, As and Pb are mainly enriched in the fine ash particles. In terms of the emission factors, Cr, As, Pb, and Mn are mainly in the fine particles.

Thermogravimetric analysis of solid biomass fuels and corresponding emission of fine particles

A significant problem of biofuel combustion is the emerging emissions of particulate matter. This paper deals with the experimental determination of the particulate matter emission characteristics of 27 different types of conventional and less traditional solid biofuels. Thermogravimetric analysis is used for the controlled heating of all tested samples from 25 °C to 650 °C with a 10 °C·min−1 heating rate. The analysis is performed for two atmosphere compositions, namely 21 % O2 and 0 % O2. The resulting flue gas is fed to an instrument allowing fine particles' detection ranging from 18 to 545 nm in diameter. The relation between the temperature of fuel samples and the number and mass of the generated particles is investigated. The percentage of the original sample mass converted to particles is determined. Subsequently, particulate matter emission is expressed as a relation to sample ash content and sample volatile matter content. The specific particulate matter emissions range of all tested samples are expressed per megajoule of higher heating value (HHV): 1.02–2.67·1015 #·MJ−1 and 694–2844 mg MJ−1 in the atmosphere with 21 % of O2 and 1.11–3.29·1015 #·MJ−1 and 898–6823 mg MJ−1 in the atmosphere without oxygen (pyrolysis).

Characterization of Burning Behaviors and Particulate Matter Emissions of Crop Straws Based on a Cone Calorimeter.

Crop residue burning is one of the major sources of particulate matter (PM) in the air. The burning behaviors and PM emissions of the three typical crop residues (rice straw, wheat straw, corn straw) in China were characterized by a cone calorimeter (CONE) coupled with a laser dust meter. The water-soluble compounds, carbonaceous content, and morphology of PM were measured by ion chromatography, elemental analyzer, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). The results showed that thermal stability of corn straw was the worst among the three crop straws. The heat release rate (HRR) curves of the three crop straws were the typical curves of thermally thick charring (residue forming) samples. Wheat straw had the highest smoke yield, which was 2.9 times that of rice straw. The PM emission factor of wheat straw was 180.91 µg/g, which was about three times that of rice straw. The contents of K+, Na+, and Cl− in PM were significantly higher than those of the other six water-soluble inorganic ions. The ratio of organic carbon and elemental carbon (OC/EC) ranged from 14.82 to 30.82, which was similar to the results of open burning. There were mainly three kinds of aggregates in the PM of crop straws: network, chain-like, and soot. Individual particles were mixtures of KCl and organic matters. Core-shell structures were found in PM of rice straw and corn straw. The results in this study were provided based on CONE, an ISO-standard apparatus, which could avoid data conflicts caused by the difference of combustion devices. The relationship between the burning behavior and PM emission characteristics of crop straws was established, which is helpful to understand emissions of crop straws and to find a novel way to solve the problems from the burning of crop residues.

Investigation of PM emissions in cellular automata model with slow-to-start effect

In this paper, combining with the empirical particulate emission model, we studied Particulate Matter (PM) emission of two typical cellular automata traffic models (VDR and TT models) with slow-to-start rules under periodic boundary condition and open boundary condition. Numerical simulations show the two slow-to-start models have different emissions under the same initial and boundary conditions. Under periodic boundary condition, the metastable traffic flow emits the most particulate matter for VDR model, and the traffic flow in decelerated state emits the most. For TT model, the vehicles with the most emissions are those in the state of traffic congestion and deceleration. Moreover, the emission characteristics of particulate matter in the two models are analyzed and compared. Under open boundary condition, the resulting phase diagram and flux diagram to reflect traffic congestion are obtained. Research shows that the injection probability and removal probability have a great impact on PM emissions. Numerical simulation displays that the trend of particulate emission varies with the different state of vehicle movements in spite of the same removal probability. For different removal probabilities, different maximum particle concentrations are emitted from traffic flows in the same movement state. Moreover, the emission of VDR model is significantly different from that of TT model in vehicle deceleration state.

Emission characteristics of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from a motor vehicle painting booth and ozone production contribution evaluation

Emission characteristics of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from a motor vehicle painting booth and ozone production contribution evaluation

Characteristics of Particulate Matter Emissions from Swine and Poultry Production Houses in the United States

HighlightsParticulate matter (PM) data were analyzed to identify PM emission characteristics among different animal types.The PM concentrations were higher in broiler chicken and swine farrowing houses and were higher in winter.The PM emissions were also higher in broiler chicken houses and swine farrowing rooms.The PM in the layer chicken house in Indiana had narrower distributions with a greater percentage of smaller particles.Abstract. Understanding the characteristics of particulate matter (PM) emissions from animal feeding operations (AFOs) is essential to address the associated health and environmental impacts and to develop control strategies to mitigate such impacts. This article reports a study of PM concentrations and emission characteristics from 26 poultry and swine production houses to investigate the similarities and differences in PM emission characteristics, e.g., concentrations, emission rates, and particle size distribution (PSD), among different animal and housing types. Concentration and emission data for PM2.5, PM10, and total suspended particulates (TSP) collected by the National Air Emission Monitoring Study (NAEMS) were used to compare the differences among different production practices and animal types. The PSDs of the PM were examined based on the PM2.5/PM10 and PM10/TSP emission rate ratios. It was discovered that the concentrations of PM varied among animal types. For poultry, the concentrations of PM were higher in broiler houses than in other poultry houses. For swine, the average concentrations of PM were higher in farrowing rooms than in swine barns. Moreover, the PM concentrations in poultry and swine houses exhibited significant seasonal trends, with higher concentrations in winter and lower concentrations in summer, which were in a reverse relationship with ventilation rates. The PM emissions also varied among animal types. For poultry, the PM emissions were significantly higher for poultry production houses in California. For swine, the PM emissions were significantly higher for farrowing rooms than other swine houses. The PSD of PM varied among animal types, with mass median diameters (MMD) in the ranges of 6.51 to 13.62 µm for poultry houses and 7.94 to 17.19 µm for swine houses. The geometric standard deviations (GSD) were in the ranges of 1.66 to 2.71 and 1.65 to 2.9 for poultry and swine PM, respectively. The PM in the layer house in Indiana had a narrower distribution (smaller GSD) with a greater percentage of smaller particles than the other poultry houses, while the PM in the broiler house in California had a broader distribution (larger GSD) than the other poultry houses. For swine, the PM in the sow barn in North Carolina had a narrower distribution (smaller GSD) than the other swine houses, while the PM in the farrowing houses in Oklahoma had a broader distribution (larger GSD) than the other swine houses. The knowledge gained from this research may provide insights for addressing the PM emissions from various animal production systems. Keywords: Concentration and emission, Particulate matter, PM2.5, PM10, Poultry, swine, PSD, TSP.

Effects of kaolin-limestone blended additive on the formation and emission of particulate matter: Field study on a 1000 MW coal-firing power station

Effects of a blended additive made of kaolin and limestone on the formation and emission characteristics of particulate matter (PM) was discussed for the first time. Systemic characterizations on the concentration, size distribution, elemental composition, micromorphology, specific resistivity of the PM were performed. Results revealed that the blended additive diminished the mass concentrations of the ultrafine PM and PM2.5 out of the furnace by 29.77 % and 40.91 % respectively. Interestingly, the additive also significantly reduced coarse PM, with the reduction efficiency for PM in 0.3–1 μm of ∼43 %. The additive captured the mineral vapors and thereby suppressed their migration into the ultrafine PM. Well, interactions among additive and ash promoted melting of the additive/ash particles. This improved the scavenging of both ultrafine and coarse PM via the liquidus capture mechanism. After the electrostatic precipitators (ESPs), emission of the ultrafine PM slightly increased after adding the additive because of the increasing of the specific resistivity of the ash particles and the reduction of electronegative gas (e.g., SO2) in the ESPs. The emission of total PM2.5 decreased by 32.31 % as less fly ash entering ESPs. Additionally, the leaching behaviours of heavy metals Cr, Mn, As and Pb in the fly ash were investigated.

Utilization of primary alcohols in dual-fuel injection mode in a gasoline direct injection engine

Due to the higher octane rating of alcohols, they can be used in gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines at relatively higher compression ratios. However, relatively higher particulate matter (PM) emissions from GDI engines still remain a major challenge. To resolve this issue, this study is focused on exploring use of dual-fuel injection technology, in which alcohols are injected into the port and gasoline is injected directly in the engine combustion chamber. To investigate the effect of fuel properties on combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a dual-fuel engine, three different alcohols (methanol, ethanol and butanol) were injected in the intake port in different premixed ratios (15% and 30% energy replacement). All experiments were carried out at constant engine speed (2000 rpm), fixed engine load (22 Nm) and identical fuel injection parameters. Results showed that dual-fuel operation of alcohols (especially methanol and butanol) resulted in superior combustion and performance compared to baseline GDI engine. Injection of alcohol in the port reduced emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx), however, HC emissions increased slightly. Significant reduction in PM emissions from dual-fuel operation is an important finding of this study. Use of alcohols reduced both PM number as well as PM mass, however, emission of nanoparticles (NP) increased slightly (for ethanol and butanol). Increasing premixed ratio of alcohols in the port further improved the engine combustion, performance and PM emission characteristics of dual-fuel GDI engine. Overall, this study suggested dual-fuel operation as a potential solution for GDI engines in order to reduce PM emissions.

Emission characteristics of particulate matters from a 30 MW biomass-fired power plant in China

The emission characteristics of particulate matters from a full-scale biomass-fired power plant equipped with bag filters were investigated. Results show that particle size distribution at the inlet of bag filter from the combustion of blended feedstocks is bimodal, while that of dry bark feedstocks is essentially unimodal with negligible emission of coarse particles with diameter in the range of 1.0–10 μm. The combustion of blended fuels generates higher yields of submicro particles than that of dry bark feedstocks. Elemental analysis shows that submicro particles in all cases mainly consist of potassium, chlorine, and sulfur. Higher chlorine but lower sulfur contents are observed in submicro particles from blended fuels compared with that from dry bark feedstocks. The vibrating operation of grate furnace reduces submicro particles emission as well as the sulfur content in all particles. Ion chromatography results show that sulfate ion and chloridion are the two most abundant water-soluble anions in particulate matters, while water-soluble cations are richest in potassium with considerable content of calcium, magnesium, sodium and ammonia. The contribution of organic and element carbon in particulate matters is in the range of 1–3%, indicating high combustion efficiencies and low organic and element carbon emissions of biomass-fired grate furnaces.

Characterization of particulate matter emissions in urban train braking - An investigation of braking conditions influence on a reduced-scale device.

The particulate matter emissions related to the braking of railway rolling stock are investigated using a reduced scale braking device. Samples of organic materials and cast iron discs are tested for different nominal contact pressures and disc surface temperatures, representative of real conditions. The aim of this work is to investigate the influence of braking conditions on the global amount of particles emitted, their distribution in number and size, and their morphological and chemical characteristics. To be representative, the tested conditions are designed to dissipate the same amount of energy for all the braking events by adjusting the pad application duration. The results show that for the same dissipated energy, a temperature increase above a transition value in the range of 230-280 ∘C depending on the braking conditions modifies the size and number distributions of the generated particles. The results obtained are of interest to better represent their propagation through CFD modelling according to the characteristic of the particle emission.

Effects of pyrolysis temperature and feedstock type on particulate matter emission characteristics during biochar combustion

Aiming to reduce the emission of particulate matter (PM) during biomass combustion, we investigated the effects of pyrolysis temperature and feedstock type on the chemical properties of biochar and PM emission characteristics during subsequent combustion. Wood- and manure-based char samples were prepared at pyrolysis temperatures ranging from 200 to 500 °C and combusted in a laboratory-scale tube furnace at 850 °C. Due to the removal of volatile matter (VM), the total PM emission factor (EF) of the wood char decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature, becoming negligible with pyrolysis at temperatures over 400 °C. For manure char, although pyrolysis removed VM and reduced the total PM EF from 12.5 ± 2.7 to 5.8 ± 2.9 mg/g-fuel, the high ash content precluded any effect on the emission of ash-derived PM. The occurrence of ash-derived PM resulted from release of Na, Mg, K, and Ca and was enhanced at higher combustion temperatures. We demonstrated that the pyrolysis of low-ash biomass effectively reduces the risk of PM emission. However, the efficacy of thermal treatment of high-ash biomass is limited but might be improved with further treatment, such as ash removal.

Investigation on condensable particulate matter emission characteristics in wet ammonia-based desulfurization system

Particulate matter emissions from ammonia-based wet flue gas desulfurization (Ammonia-WFGD) systems are composed of a filterable particulate matter and a condensable particulate matter (CPM) portion. However, the CPM part has been ignored for a long time, which results in an underestimation of the aerosol problems caused by Ammonia-WFGD systems. In our research, the characteristics of the CPM that emits from an Ammonia-WFGD system are investigated experimentally for the first time, with the US Environmental Protection Agency Method 202 employed as the primary measurement. The influences of some essential desulfurizing parameters are evaluated based on the experimental data. The results show that CPM contributes about 68.8% to the total particulate matter emission. CPM consists mainly of ammonium sulfates/sulfites, with the organic part accounting for less than 4%. CPM is mostly in the submicron fraction, about 71.1% of which originates from the NH3–H2O–SO2 reactions. The appropriate adjustments for the parameters of the flue gas and the desulfurizing solution can inhibit CPM formation to different extents. This indicates that the parameter optimizations are promising in solving CPM emission problems in Ammonia-WFGD systems, in which the pH adjustment alone can abate CPM emission by around 49%. The opposite variations of the parameters need attention because they can cause tremendous CPM emission increase.

Emission characteristics of particulate matter, odors, and volatile organic compounds from the grilling of pork

Meat-grilling restaurants are considered to be residential emission sources of air pollutants. To investigate the emission characteristics of particulate matter (PM), odors, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the grilling of meat, a grilling apparatus equipped with butane gas burners was used to grill pork belly and marinated pork ribs in a laboratory setting. When grilling the pork belly, the emission factor for PM with a diameter of 2.5 μm or below (PM2.5) was 754 mg-PM·kg-meat−1, accounting for 99% of total suspended particles (TSPs), while that of the marinated pork ribs was 137 mg-PM·kg-meat−1 (96% of TSPs). Ammonia and acetaldehyde were the most common odors emitted during grilling at 43–88 mg·kg-meat−1 and 22–30 mg·kg-meat−1, respectively. Aldehydes were the most significant contributor to total odor intensity (36%–67%). Benzene, vinyl acetate, and hexene were the most abundant VOCs for the pork belly, while butane, vinyl acetate, and n-dodecane were the most abundant for the marinated ribs. Among the VOCs emitted from the pork grilling process, hexene, butane, and toluene were the dominant ozone precursors. The information obtained in this study is useful for furthering the understanding of the characteristics of air pollutants emitted from actual meat-grilling restaurants. Additionally, knowledge of the PM, odor, and VOC emission characteristics and their emission factors is useful for establishing management strategies for air pollutants from meat-grilling restaurants.

A Study on the Characteristics of Particulate Matter Emission from the Facilities Using Solid Refuse Fuel

This study investigated the emission characteristics of particulate matter from facilities that use SRF and Bio-SRF. It also proposed improvement measures for quality standards of SRF & Bio-SRF through component analysis of SRF & Bio-SRF. PM, PM10, and PM2.5 concentrations from SRF boilers were found to be 3.18 mg/m3, 1.08 mg/m3, and 0.49 mg/ m3, respectively and those from Bio-SRF boilers 4.33 mg/m3, 0.77 mg/m3, and 0.27 mg/m3, respectively. The analysis of the heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn) showed that all items were found to have lower concentrations than the emission standards. The average concentrations of HCl from Bio-SRF and SRF were 3.09 ppm and 9.25~14.70 ppm, respectively. However, in case of Zn, which has an emission standard but is not included in the SRF quality standard, 226.1 mg/kg was analyzed from SRF and 43.3 mg/kg from Bio-SRF on average. Therefore, inclusion of Zn in the SRF quality standard needs to be considered in the future.

Characteristics of Particulate Matter Emissions from a Low-Speed Marine Diesel Engine at Various Loads

Particulate matter (PM) emissions from ships are increasingly posing health risks to population living along coastal areas. However, studies on the characteristics of particulate emissions from ships fueled with heavy fuel oil (HFO) are quite rare. In this paper, the characteristics of the PM sampled from the exhaust of a low-speed two-stroke common-rail marine diesel engine fueled with HFO are investigated at different loads. The thermal/optical carbon analyzer was employed to discriminate the elemental and organic carbons (EC and OC), the combustion-based elemental analysis was performed to obtain the C/H ratio, and the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer was used to analyze the molecular structure of the sample. With increasing loads, the EC/OC and C/H mass ratios and the mole ratio of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to aliphatic hydrocarbons increase. From transmission electron microscopy images, noticeable changes in nanostructure, size, morphology, and nanostructural parameters of soot particles were analyzed. Furthermore, the elemental spatial distribution in soot particles was observed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping. The main elements were detected by point-analyzed spectra. These results are believed to be valuable references for hazard evaluation and building a strategy of reducing particulate emissions from low-speed marine diesel engines.

Comparison of four butanol isomers blended with diesel on particulate matter emissions in a common rail diesel engine

As a renewable fuel, butanol has a higher energy density than short-chain alcohols, and can be mixed with diesel in any proportion. To analyze the particulate matter emissions of butanol isomer in compression ignition engines, in this paper, the four butanol isomers were blended with diesel (25 vol%) named as n-butanol/diesel, s-butanol/diesel, i-butanol/diesel and t-butanol/diesel. The characteristics of particulate matter emissions were studied under a wide range of engine loads (3bar–9bar) and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates (0%–60%). The results revealed that for all tested fuels as indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) increased, particulate matter emissions first decreased and then increased. Compared to diesel under low load condition (IMEP = 3bar), the blending of butanol isomers had limited effect on particulate matter emissions. Among them, t-butanol increased the peak of particulate size distribution. When the engine load is higher than IMEP of 6 bar, the blending of butanol isomer significantly improved the particulate matter emissions. For IMEP fixed at 8bar, increasing the EGR rate made the particulate matter increase, especially for direct injection diesel. Butanol isomer/diesel blends can achieve low NOx and significantly improves particulate matter emissions in low temperature combustion mode (EGR = 60%). When EGR rates higher than 30%, the butanol isomer/diesel blends had a much smaller GMD than neat diesel. A comprehensive investigation of the four butanol isomer/diesel blends showed that t-butanol always had the highest particles than other butanol isomers under different EGR rates.

Effect of Coke Powder Ratio on Particle Emission and Sinter Quality in Sintering Process

Starting from the perspective of source reduction, the emission characteristics of particulate matters in sintering flue gas and sinter quality were studied by a sintering cup based on the fixed carbon 3.6% conditions in sintering raw materials. The particles were sampled by an Andersen 8-stage impactor at the coke powder ratios at 100%, 75%, 50% and 0%. The results showed that the particles in the sintering flue gas were mainly fine particles below 2.63 μm. When the coke powder ratio was 100%, the removal efficiency reached the maximum value of 34.37%. The effects of coke powder ratio on the sinter index were reflected in: when the coke powder ratio reduces, (1) the sintering speed decreases; (2) the solid fuel consumption increases; (3) the drum index improves. Compared with comprehensive indicators, the 100% coke powder was the most conducive condition to the production of enterprise sintering process.

An Overview of the Influence of Biodiesel, Alcohols, and Various Oxygenated Additives on the Particulate Matter Emissions from Diesel Engines

Rising pollution levels resulting from vehicular emissions and the depletion of petroleum-based fuels have left mankind in pursuit of alternatives. There are stringent regulations around the world to control the particulate matter (PM) emissions from internal combustion engines. To this end, researchers have been exploring different measures to reduce PM emissions such as using modern combustion techniques, after-treatment systems such as diesel particulate filter (DPF) and gasoline particulate filter (GPF), and alternative fuels. Alternative fuels such as biodiesel (derived from edible, nonedible, and waste resources), alcohol fuels (ethanol, n-butanol, and n-pentanol), and fuel additives have been investigated over the last decade. PM characterization and toxicity analysis is still growing as researchers are developing methodologies to reduce particle emissions using various approaches such as fuel modification and after-treatment devices. To address these aspects, this review paper studies the PM characteristics, health issues, PM physical and chemical properties, and the effect of alternative fuels such as biodiesel, alcohol fuels, and oxygenated additives on PM emissions from diesel engines. In addition, the correlation between physical and chemical properties of alternate fuels and the characteristics of PM emissions is explored.