Burden Of Emissions Research Articles

Inventory Of Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Rice Paddy Farming Activities In The Regency of Karawang

The phenomenon of climate change has become a significant global issue, that is contributing to the phenomenon of global warming. One of the fields that contribute to greenhouse gas emissions is agriculture. Karawang Regency is dubbed as the rice granary of West Java because it is one of the regions that contribute to the national rice demand. Karawang Regency has not conducted a greenhouse gas emissions inventory, but the impact of climate change has been felt by the people of Karawang Regency, for example, rising sea levels and increasing daily temperatures. Research is needed that focuses on the inventory of greenhouse gas emissions in wet-rice farming. The purpose of this research is to calculate and map greenhouse gas emissions from rice paddy farming activities in Karawang Regency. The method in calculating this refers to the 2006 IPCC guidelines while the mapping uses QGIS software. The greenhouse gas emission burden of wet-rice farming activities in Karawang Regency was found to be 191.47 Gg CO2-eq/year, with Cilebar District contributing the most emissions at 37.53 Gg CO2-eq/year. After mapping the calculation results, Tirtajaya District, Cilebar District and Pedes District have a darker color than other districts on the map.

Land conversions not climate effects are the dominant indirect consequenceof sun-driven CO2 capture, conversion, and sequestration

Abstract Removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere is required for mitigating climate change. Large-scale direct air capture combined with injecting CO2 into geological formations could retain carbon long-term, but demands a substantial amount of energy, pipeline infrastructure, and suitable sites for gaseous storage. Here, we study Earth system impacts of modular, sun-powered process chains, which combine direct air capture with (electro)chemical conversion of the captured CO2 into liquid or solid sink products and subsequent product storage (sDACCCS). Drawing on a novel explicit representation of CO2 removal in a state-of-the-art Earth system model, we find that these process chains can be renewably powered and have minimal implications for the climate and carbon cycle. However, to stabilize the planetary temperature two degrees above pre-industrial levels, CO2 capturing, conversion, and associated energy harvest demand up to 0.46% of the global land area in a high-efficiency scenario. This global land footprint increases to 2.82% when assuming present-day technology and pushing to the bounds of removal. Mitigating historical emission burdens within individual countries in this high-removal scenario requires converting an area equivalent to 40% of the European Union's agricultural land. Scenarios assuming successful technological development could halve this environmental burden, but it is uncertain to what degree they could materialize. Therefore, ambitious decarbonization is vital to reduce the risk of land use conflicts if efficiencies remain lower than expected.

Energy saving and carbon reduction production process of municipal sludge-based biochar: Optimization, simulation, and techno-economic analysis

The production process of municipal sludge-based biochar is a promising and efficient sludge treatment process. However, inefficient cleaner production and limited resource utilization always caused environmental and cost concerns. Based on the measured data of engineering field operation, the optimized production process of energy saving and carbon reduction is put forward by using the process simulation of Aspen Plus software and economic analysis approach, and the sludge treatment capacity is 300 t/d. The objective of the study is to comparatively evaluate the energy efficiency, carbon emission reduction efficiency, and techno-economic performance of the optimized process. The newly added SNCR and low-temperature SCR units are combined denitration and coupled with a waste heat recovery unit to reduce energy consumption. Meanwhile, reduce carbon emissions and NOx emissions in the whole process. The base case of the optimization process and resource utilization was found to be viable. Compared with the conventional process, the energy efficiency is increased by 8.52 %, the total carbon emission is reduced by 27.41 %, and the total emissions of NOx and SO2 emissions are reduced by 78.11 %, thus reducing the environmental burden of greenhouse gas emissions. The total product cost is reduced by 26.76 %, the annual investment rate of return is increased by 27.45 %, the gross profit rate is increased by 23.78 %, and the internal rate of return is increased by 45.19 %, which has excellent profitability.

Investigation of the performance and life cycle assessment of alkali-activated sintered sludge-slag-based permeable concrete

As urbanization continues to accelerate, the application of permeable concrete is becoming an increasingly prevalent practice. Nevertheless, the carbon dioxide emission issue associated with traditional permeable concrete cannot be overlooked. In this study, alkali-activated sintered sludge and slag were employed as raw materials to prepare alkali-activated sintered sludge-slag-based permeable concrete. The effects of sludge calcination temperature, sludge content, and binder-to-aggregate ratio on the compressive strength, porosity, and permeability coefficient of the permeable concrete were investigated through the implementation of one-way experiments. The formation mechanism of permeable concrete materials was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and a carbon emission assessment was performed. The findings indicated that an increase in sludge content resulted in a notable decline in the 28-day compressive strength, accompanied by a reduction in the Ca/Si ratio of the C-A-S-H hydration products, from 1.08 to 0.35. Conversely, the carbon emission assessment demonstrated that abiotic losses declined markedly with an increase in sludge content, effectively mitigating the carbon emission burden associated with construction materials.

Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Renewable Energy Consumption: Findings from Bootstrap ARDL with a Fourier Function

Renewable energy consumption (REC) is viewed to be a core component for delivering sustainable economic growth. It is broadly acknowledged that REC can significantly contribute to lessening the burden of carbon emissions on the environment and fostering economic progress. Although foreign direct investments (FDI) are perceived as a key catalyst of REC growth, in some cases they can cause negative effects on REC. While there are many studies in the literature exploring the effects of FDI on variables such as economic growth, employment and foreign exchange deficits, the amount of studies examining the effect of the said variable on REC is very limited. The existing study attempts to fill this knowledge gap concerning the relationship between FDI and REC in Türkiye. This research investigates the long-run impact of FDI on RECs in Türkiye for the period 1973-2022 using the bootstrap Fourier ARDL technique. Empirical analysis reveals that FDI affects REC negatively, while GDP has no effect. The study's conclusions confirm the Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHVH) in Türkiye, suggesting that the country has emerged as a desirable destination for businesses seeking to relocate their operations and evade the strict environmental regulations in their home countries.

Optimization of BIPV Utilization with Parametric Approach: Case Study on Nearly Zero Carbon Building Studio Design in Medan, Indonesia

Buildings significantly consume fossil energy, leading to substantial carbon emissions contributing to global warming and rising sea levels. These environmental impacts pose serious challenges, necessitating a shift towards sustainable building designs. By integrating clean energy solutions into building architecture, we can reduce the environmental burden of emissions. This approach mitigates adverse effects on living organisms and ecosystems and promotes long-term sustainability and resilience in urban development. Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) systems represent one such approach for substituting fossil energy. However, implementing BIPV effectively necessitates comprehensive analysis considering numerous parameters and variables. This paper introduces building design strategies employing the BIPV approach. The decision-making process in designing alternatives utilizes parametric methods, recognized for their ability to yield optimization results for various variables through the development of design algorithms. The study focuses on the design of a studio building at the University of North Sumatra. Comparative analysis of the results obtained through parametric design aims to identify the most favorable design outcomes. The research includes developing a parameterized design algorithm, workflow, and assessment results for selecting optimal design alternatives. The results indicate that the placement of PV panels on the side area (PVOS) has more potential than placement on the top area (PVOT). Despite the PVOT area being observed to be 0.57% smaller than PVOS, PVOS shows a significant increase in total Incident Radiation (IR), average IR, and total Energy Generated by 137.14%, 128.40%, and 132.97%, respectively.

Energy production from landfill gas, emissions and pollution indicators–Opportunities and barriers to implementing circular economy

The goal of this research was to test the air emissions resulting from landfill gas combustion in a 250-kW cogeneration unit, in the context of pollutant emission due to the produced electricity. The test results mainly revealed emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon oxides, and dust. The volume of emissions of individual pollutants was compared with the emission values reported from the emission balancing database. The highest emission burdens concerned the production of one MWh of electricity for carbon dioxide 579.80 kgCO2∙MWh−1, carbon monoxide 2.57 kgCO2∙MWh−1, and nitrogen oxides 1.77 kgNOx∙MWh−1. It is worth noting that small cogeneration installations are not covered by emission standards and so they are not equipped with a device for reducing gaseous and particulate pollution. The tests revealed a difference between the actual emissions from the tested installation and the values reported to the national database. The innovation of this study is that it demonstrates the real emission burden of renewable energy in the context of sustainable development. The results can be used as input material for discussion to apply gaseous and particulate pollution reduction systems for cogeneration installations powered by landfill gas, including various types of biogases.

Meeting Increasing Demands for Upstream Scope 3 Reporting: A Framework for the Drilling Industry

Summary This paper details the scope and framework applied for quantifying upstream Scope 3 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of offshore drilling operations. A step-by-step methodological approach is presented, comprising environmental impact modeling of drilling and rig operational activities through the application of the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The study aims to break down upstream Scope 3 emissions to a process level, demonstrating how upstream Scope 3 emissions can be quantified and evaluated to a greater detail level compared with what current Scope 3 reporting levels offer today. A North Sea drilling case study conducted in collaboration with a major drilling contractor is used for showcasing the impact burden levels, challenges, and prosperity of accounting, reporting, and tracking upstream Scope 3 emissions as a drilling contractor. A total of 141 drilling and rig operational activities were identified and prioritized for impact calculation, presenting a detailed breakdown of upstream Scope 3 emissions results for offshore well drilling. Impacts are quantified in tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq.) emitted per day in operation. The study does not include downstream Scope 3 and reports limited to direct (Scope 1) emissions. Results show a total upstream Scope 3 emissions burden of 412 tCO2eq./d in operation. Of the eight assessed upstream Scope 3 categories, purchased goods account for the largest contribution of 32%. Activities related to the operation and maintenance of drilling equipment account for the largest impact contribution of 351 tCO2eq./d, corresponding to 86% of total upstream Scope 3 emissions. The reported outputs may serve as a benchmark for future Scope 3 accounting and reporting within the drilling industry, as well as for LCA inventories for oil and gas production. A set of system boundaries for assessing upstream Scope 3 emissions is suggested, along with recommended emission calculation methods. The presented framework may serve as an alternate supplement to the International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA) adapted version of the GHG Protocol’s Scope 3 Standard in terms of Scope 3 inventory boundary setting and data prioritization with relevance to drilling contractors, and finally to the International Association of Drilling Contractors (IADC) industry guideline for environmental, social, and governance (ESG) reporting.

Impacts of trade facilitation on greenhouse gas emissions in the Belt and Road Initiative countries

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) trade facilitation could generate both economic and environmental impacts. Nevertheless, the resulting impacts on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions remain unclear. Here we apply a global computable general equilibrium model to simulate the economic changes induced by BRI trade facilitation and thereby assess the GHG emissions burdens within China and the main economic corridors. We show that trade facilitation results in economic improvement at the expense of emissions for most BRI countries. Yet economic growth in these countries has outstripped emissions growth. Especially for countries within the New Eurasian Land Bridge (ELB), most of them even have achieved decoupling of economic growth from emissions under trade facilitation, which is mainly benefited from the decrease of non-CO2 GHG emissions. We stress that non-CO2 GHGs mitigation in more developing regions is essential to achieve an economic-environmental win-win state, in the context of future global trade liberalization.

Decomposition of China’s Carbon Emissions Responsibility from the Perspective of Technological Heterogeneity

A global agreement has been reached on the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Worldwide, countries have implemented measures to tackle carbon emission issues by establishing aggregate targets and decomposing responsibilities. This study aims to decompose carbon emissions by creating an input–output model that incorporates multivariate factors like energy consumption and water consumption, together with a ZSG-DEA (zero-sum data envelopment analysis) model considering technological heterogeneity (Tech-ZSG-DEA). Based on the total carbon emission data predicted using the STIRPAT (Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology) model, the carbon emission efficiency of 30 provinces in China is evaluated according to multiple principles. This is achieved by considering variations in population, economy, energy consumption, and water consumption across different locations. The efficiency findings indicate a discrepancy between the initial allocation and the highest efficiency value of 1. The traditional ZSG-DEA model overlooks regional disparities and may worsen carbon emission pressures in less developed areas. In contrast, the Tech-ZSG-DEA model, which considers regional technological diversity, allows more efficient regions to help alleviate some of the carbon emission burden and considers economic and social benefits. There is a large difference in the emission responsibility of the provinces based on the different decomposition principles. Finally, relevant policy recommendations are provided, such as the formulation of differentiated and inclusively coordinated emission plans. In addition, there are also mechanisms for coordinating interests and joint prevention among different regions.

Examining the Social Costs of Carbon Emissions and the Ecosystem Service Value in Island Ecosystems: An Analysis of the Zhoushan Archipelago

Assessments of the ecosystem service value (ESV) and the social cost of carbon (SCC) inform national and government management decisions in the areas of human well-being and climate change mitigation and adaptation, respectively. Studying the correlation between the two provides a theoretical basis for low-carbon and high-quality regional development, achieving economic decarbonization, and improving human well-being. In this study, we take Zhoushan Archipelago as a case study, consider the ESV and SCC in Zhoushan Archipelago during the period 2010–2020, analyze their spatial development characteristics, and analyze the correlation between the two in time and space. The findings indicate that, with only a 1.5% change, the overall ESV in the Zhoushan Archipelago fell between 2010 and 2020. Conversely, there was a 1604.01 × 104 t increase in net carbon emissions and a quick 2452% increase in SCC. During the study period, a substantial positive association was found between ESV and SCC in the Zhoushan Archipelago, according to the global spatial correlation analysis of the two variables. It passed the test for p-value. This study presents a new potential way to solve the environmental and economic difficulties caused by climate change by providing a mechanism for quantitatively assessing the environment from the perspective of monetary worth. In order to improve the ecological security pattern and ease the burden of regional carbon emissions, it is vital to make use of regional advantages, maintain forests, and develop blue-carbon resources such as mudflats. It is a good idea to cooperate regionally with nearby metropolitan agglomerations. The study’s findings are crucial for advancing sustainable development planning in the Zhoushan Archipelago, both theoretically and practically.

Sociodemographic inequities in the burden of carcinogenic industrial air emissions in the United States.

Industrial facilities are not located uniformly across communities in the United States, but how the burden of exposure to carcinogenic air emissions may vary across population characteristics is unclear. We evaluated differences in carcinogenic industrial pollution among major sociodemographic groups in the United States and Puerto Rico. We evaluated cross-sectional associations of population characteristics including race and ethnicity, educational attainment, and poverty at the census tract level with point-source industrial emissions of 21 known human carcinogens using regulatory data from the US Environmental Protection Agency. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals comparing the highest emissions (tertile or quintile) to the referent group (zero emissions [ie, nonexposed]) for all sociodemographic characteristics were estimated using multinomial, population density-adjusted logistic regression models. In 2018, approximately 7.4 million people lived in census tracts with nearly 12 million pounds of carcinogenic air releases. The odds of tracts having the greatest burden of benzene, 1,3-butadiene, ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, trichloroethylene, and nickel emissions compared with nonexposed were 10%-20% higher for African American populations, whereas White populations were up to 18% less likely to live in tracts with the highest emissions. Among Hispanic and Latino populations, odds were 16%-21% higher for benzene, 1,3-butadiene, and ethylene oxide. Populations experiencing poverty or with less than high school education were associated with up to 51% higher burden, irrespective of race and ethnicity. Carcinogenic industrial emissions disproportionately impact African American and Hispanic and Latino populations and people with limited education or experiencing poverty thus representing a source of pollution that may contribute to observed cancer disparities.

- Invited Review - Translational gut microbiome research for strategies to improve beef cattle production sustainability and meat quality.

Advanced and innovative breeding and management of meat-producing animals are needed to address the global food security and sustainability challenges. Beef production is an important industry for securing animal protein resources in the world and meat quality significantly contributes to the economic values and human needs. Improvement of cattle feed efficiency has become an urgent task as it can lower the environmental burden of methane gas emissions and the reduce the consumption of human edible cereal grains. Cattle depend on their symbiotic microbiome and its activity in the rumen and gut to maintain growth and health. Recent developments in high-throughput omics analysis (metagenome, metatranscriptome, metabolome, metaproteome and so on) have made it possible to comprehensively analyze microbiome, hosts and their interactions and to define their roles in affecting cattle biology. In this review, we focus on the relationships among gut microbiome and beef meat quality, feed efficiency, methane emission as well as host genetics in beef cattle, aiming to determine the current knowledge gaps for the development of the strategies to improve the sustainability of beef production.

Sustainability Research of Building Systems Based on Neural Network Predictive Models and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)–Emergy–Carbon Footprint Method

Facing the abnormal climate changes and the goal of carbon neutrality, the ecological sustainability research of building systems has become a focus of attention for experts in this field. However, the definition of sustainable buildings is broad. This article discusses the quantitative analysis of sustainable buildings from the perspectives of an ecological emergy and carbon footprint. It also establishes the long-term sustainability of buildings through predictive neural networks. The research findings indicate that the emergy and carbon emissions during the operational and materials phases dominate the entire system. The calculation and analysis of the emergy sustainability indicator (ESI) demonstrate a decreasing trend in the sustainability of the building system over three time periods (10 years, 20 years, and 30 years), with results of 0.58, 0.238, and 0.089, respectively. As the operational time increases, carbon emissions from the building system also increase, further exacerbating the pressure on the building and reducing its overall sustainability. To address this dilemma, sustainable retrofit measures have been proposed, such as rainwater harvesting and embedded applications of distributed energy sources, which reduce the burden of emergy and carbon emissions. The effectiveness of these measures has been validated in this article, demonstrating their potential to enhance building sustainability and providing references for architects and building managers.

Analysis of Fuel Consumption and Emissions Produced by Aircraft at Indonesian Airports

Indonesia recorded the largest aviation market in Southeast Asia in December 2022 with 9.6 million seats available. This represents a 69% growth compared to the same period in 2019 before the pandemic, driven by an increase in domestic routes with the top 10 busiest airports in Southeast Asia. The increase in flight demand creates operational costs for airlines. Fuel when flying will also emit a lot of emissions so the airline is also obliged to pay a carbon fee (CO2) covering the environmental costs of emissions. The purpose of this study is to understand the impact of flight time on fuel consumption and the resulting emission burden at Indonesian Airports. The method used to calculate fuel is using the calculation of Horonjeff et al., (2010) and for the calculation of emissions using the "Carbon Emissions Calculator Methodology". Sultan Hasanuddin Airport has the largest difference in fuel and emissions compared to other airports. The importance of actual flight time in increasing emissions can be used as an indicator of airline fuel efficiency. In addition, the results of this study can provide a reference for related parties to develop more efficient methods of fuel use, so as to reduce aviation fuel costs.

Analysis of Carbon Footprint in Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (MIPA), University of Hasanuddin

University of Hasanuddin is one of the largest campuses in Sulawesi which has 15 faculties. Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences is one of the faculties that has complex activities in lecture activities and campus operations. All activities that take place produce a carbon footprint that can affect Greenhouse Gases (GHG). Therefore, this study aims to identify activities that generate a carbon footprint and analyze the burden of carbon footprint emissions and see the trend of the relationship between the number of activities and carbon footprint emissions. For data collection techniques by direct observation, interviews and questionnaires which will later be analyzed using the Tier 1 method based on the IPCC 2006. From the analysis results show that the total carbon footprint emission produced at this faculty is 213,778.33 KgCO2-e/year. The activity that produces the most carbon footprint emissions is electricity consumption, which is 206,085.79 KgCO2-e/year with a total consumption of 756,937.99 kWh/year. While the activity that produces the least carbon footprint emissions is the use of paper as much as 921.69 KgCO2-e/year with a total usage of 1,254 kg/year. For the trend of the relationship between the number of activities and carbon footprint emissions, the trend obtained is that the more activities that take place, the higher the carbon footprint produced will also be. However, there is a different phenomenon, namely the value of LPG consumption is less than the value of paper usage as much as 165 kg/year and 1.254 per year. However, the largest carbon footprint emission value is the use of LPG. This happens because the emission factor owned by the LPG source is greater than the paper source. It is hoped that this research can contribute to policy making at the University level. your abstract here…

The spatial spillover effects and equity of carbon emissions of digital economy in China

The global economy is entering an era of digitalization and green development. While the digital economy has brought sustained growth to the economy, it has also raised concerns, particularly regarding carbon emissions. This study focuses on China's digital industry and utilizes an interregional input-output model to construct a carbon emission spillover-feedback effects model. It analyzes the transfer of carbon emission pressure between regions from the perspective of spatial spillovers and assesses the equity of carbon emissions from the digital industry. The research findings indicate:1. The hidden carbon emissions of the digital industry mainly include internal and external carbon spillover emissions.2. There is significant spatial heterogeneity in the carbon spillover emissions, with eastern and coastal developed regions being the primary areas of carbon emissions spillover, while the northwestern and central regions bear the burden of carbon emissions from other areas.3. The digital industry primarily experiences carbon emission spillovers between industries with resource and material-intensive characteristics.4. The economic efficiency and equity of carbon emissions from the digital industry exhibit a negative correlation with the level of economic development, and an overall declining trend is observed. In summary, recognizing the mechanisms and pathways of interregional carbon emission transfer in the development of the digital economy is crucial for avoiding the exacerbation of interregional environmental pressure, reshaping resource trade relationships, and achieving the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality.

Do publicly developed logistics parks cause carbon emission transfer? Evidence from Chengdu

Publicly developed logistics parks (PDLPs) have been considered one of the measures in urban logistics policies to reduce carbon emissions. In response, this paper draws on the “pollution transfer” hypothesis, constructs a carbon emission analysis framework for PDLPs, and uses spatial econometric methods to explore their carbon emission effects. The findings suggest that from a global perspective, PDLPs can lead to the emergence of “pollution havens” in the suburban and exurban areas while relieving the carbon emission burden in the urban core. Secondly, PDLPs can further contribute to forming “pollution havens” by promoting logistic re-agglomeration, and the “innovation compensation” effect of PDLPs is not significant. Finally, the carbon emission effects of PDLPs are spatiotemporally heterogeneous. A carbon reduction effect is noted when the logistic re-agglomeration in the location of PDLPs is higher, and an “innovation compensation” effect is also produced when the technological innovation is higher.

Environmentally Friendly Masonry Mortar Blended with Fly Ash, Corn Cob Ash or Ceramic Waste Powder.

Implementing a circular approach through waste valorization in mortar production with environmentally efficient mix design is a viable pathway for relieving the ecological burden of greenhouse gas emissions, resource depletion and waste management. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the feasibility of using fly ash (FA), corn cob ash (CCA), and ceramic waste powder (CWP) as supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) in cement-lime masonry mortars. As part of an extensive experimental study, twelve mortar mixtures were made: three reference and nine blended, with mixing ratios of 1:1:5, 1:0.7:4.2, and 1:1:4 ((cement + SCM)/lime/sand), by volume. The examined properties include workability, compressive and flexural strengths, dry bulk density, capillary water absorption, adhesive bond strength, and water vapor permeability. The compressive and flexural strengths of tested mortars were notably impaired, with reductions of up to 60%, while the capillary water absorption coefficient rose by 100% compared to the reference values. The adhesive bond strength of some blended mortars exceeded the strength of the reference mortars. Nevertheless, all blended mortars fulfilled the requirements for general-purpose mortars, while the majority met the criteria for structural masonry applications. In addition, a performance-based index and weighting triangle were used for the comparison and ranking of all analyzed mortar mixtures. The findings of this study may herald a novel use of FA, CCA, and CWP as more eco-friendly binding materials in contemporary construction leading to the reduction in the process's carbon footprint, the improvement in cost efficiency, and the mitigation of the detrimental environmental impact of waste disposal.

Assessing the Emissions Related to European Households’ Expenditures and Their Impact on Achieving Carbon Neutrality

The European Green Deal comprises various policy initiatives with the goal of reaching carbon neutrality by 2050. The “Fit for 55 packages” include the Social Climate Fund, which aims to help, among others, vulnerable households and transport users meet the costs of the green energy transition. Thus, analyzing households’ expenditures and the associated carbon emissions is crucial to achieving a net-zero society. In the present study, we combine scenarios of households’ expenditures according to the Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose with economic decoupling scenarios to assess, for the first time, the European carbon budget allocation on a consumption basis. Expenditure projections based on socioeconomic scenarios were calculated using the Bayesian structural time series, and the associated emissions were estimated through the greenhouse gas intensity of the Gross Domestic Product. The model can be used to report the carbon budget of households and monitor the effectiveness of the measures funded by the Social Climate Fund. However, the emissions burden obtained by means of averaged greenhouse gas intensity of Gross Domestic Product results in a rough approximation of outcomes, and more accurate indicators should be developed across the member states.