Emigration Potential Research Articles

Happiness and Emigration as A Challenge to Albanian University Youth: A National Level Case

Aim: The research article aims to analyse happiness as the primary indicator of the current emigration potential of university youth. The challenges of decision-making of Albanian university youth to emigrate tease out the social, political and economic factors as indicators to decrease the level of happiness in terms of personal (being happy with life in general, with life, with family life in the last four years) and in social perspective such as being happy with economic status and house/shelter, the level of satisfaction with current life (standards of living), and the level of trust (in political and governmental institutions; in people, friends and media), as the pushing factors to potential emigration of youth. Methods: To guarantee a national-level measurement of the university youth emigration potential, due to the mentioned indicators, the empirical data gained from the quantitative online survey research on the measurement of opinions of (N=1010) Albanian university youth, at the national level of (N=7) (all) public universities in Albania, in (N=13) departments on social sciences profile, analysed by the Statistical program IMB SPSS 26, in different statistical approach analysis, such as descriptive, frequency, cross-tabs and Kurtosis. Results: Many measurement indicators show that personal and social levels of happiness reflect on a ‘low level of subjective well-being, unsatisfaction subjective well-being and dissatisfaction with life and living conditions that decrease the level of trust and security for life, and proxy dimensions of emigration decision (intention and concrete plan to migrate) of university youth. Conclusion: The low satisfaction (with life and living conditions), and low trust in the state bodies and political institutions, due to the current, social, political and economic conditions, formed an elation among the variables, on the conclusion that happiness is the main push factor and a challenge for potential emigration of university youth as high skilled worker, in the next years.

The People Divided by the Border (Comparative Characteristics of Germans in Russia and Kazakhstan)

Germans who previously lived in the same state were separated by state borders after the collapse of the USSR. Living in newly independent States launched the processes of ethnic self-determination and adaptation to new socio-cultural and political conditions. Based on the results of ethnosociological surveys of the German population in Russia and Kazakhstan, we give a comparative characteristic of the identity of Germans in these countries. In general, the identity of Germans in the post-Soviet space has many common features, which are determined by the common historical fate, cultural and linguistic unity, the presence of support programs from Germany and the active activity of public organizations. The differences in the identity of the Germans of Russia and Kazakhstan are related to the peculiarities of national policy, including historical memory and the state language. The development of the identity of Kazakh Germans takes place in somewhat more difficult conditions, since in Kazakhstan the number of the German population has decreased almost fivefold over the years of independence (while the emigration potential is still high), and there are no areas of compact residence of Germans. In the sphere of ethno-linguistic processes, we have noted the presence of bilingualism and trilingualism of Germans in Russia and Kazakhstan and the decline in the popularity of learning German in school institutions. The special, specific features of this new identity are connected with the political and cultural realities of the new States.

POTENTIAL SOURCE ROCKS EVALUATION FOR THE PRE-SALT COMPLEX OF THE EASTERN EDGE OF PRECASPIAN BASIN

Through basin analysis, the major tectonic stages and paleogeographic conditions of the formation of potential oil and gas source rocks of the subsalt complex of the eastern side zone of the Precaspian basin are considered. Prediction and localization of potential source rocks is critical for the Precaspian petroleum system understanding, both during petroleum play assessment at the prospecting and exploration stages. The generation and emigration potential of the oil and gas basin is determined not only by the concentration of the initial organic matter in the rock, but also by the type of kerogen. Based on Rock-Eval studies and comparative analysis with published biomarker data, the generation potential, genetic type and thermal maturity are analyzed depending on the age and structural relatedness of potential source rocks. A high generation potential has been established for the Lower Permian deposits, the occurrence of multiple generation foci controlled by the type and concentration of organic matter is predicted, which led to the formation of specific reservoirs of the "akzharite" type. The generation potential of the Visean-Bashkirian deposits is poor to average, catagenetic unconformities have been established within KT-II, KT-I, which indicates erosions, the total organic carbon (TOC) is 0.1-4%, the hydrogen index increases with depth, for samples enriched with TOC and with a content of S2 > 1, type II kerogen has been established, which it is an indicator of reducing marine environment. 2D basin modeling was performed in order to reconstruct the thermal evolution of potential source rocks and their thermal maturity and transformation ratio were modelled to determine the regional characteristics of hydrocarbon generation and migration. It is assumed that the formation and distribution area of the primary source rocks is associated with reducing conditions of the deep-sea shelf and continental slope and intensive subsidence in the Late Devonian-Lower Permian times. Conducting a comprehensive analysis of paleogeographic and paleotectonic conditions for the formation of potential source rocks is of key importance in the seismic interpretation and reconstruction of thermal history. 2D basin modeling was performed in order to reconstruct the thermal history of potential oil-producing strata and the degree of catagenetic maturity and the kerogen maturity index were estimated to determine the regional characteristics of hydrocarbon generation and migration.

The brain drain potential of skilled health workers from sub-Saharan Africa: A case study of pharmacy students in Nigeria

Background: The increasing migration of health workers from low- and middle-income countries is an ongoing public health concern. This study evaluated the brain drain potential of pharmacy students in Nigeria. Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey of final year pharmacy students from three Nigerian universities. Data collection was done via a 46-item self-administered questionnaire. Results: There were 377 respondents. Reasons for potential emigration included better standard of living (n=334, 88.6%), access to advanced technology (n=330, 87.5%) and opportunity for professional development (n=341, 90.5%) in the destination countries. Respondents younger than 25 years were more likely to have a high emigration potential compared to those older (98.6% vs 84.6%, ꭓ2=10.816, p=0.029). Conclusion: This study showed high emigration potential for the surveyed final year pharmacy students. This highlights the need for interventions that will promote retention and limit brain drain.

Country Risks and Brain Drain: The Emigration Potential of Japanese Skilled Workers

Abstract While most existing research attributes contemporary Japanese emigration to the pursuit of a better lifestyle, recent qualitative studies point out that concern about country risks is a significant driver . We explore Japan’s brain-drain potential and factors shaping Japanese skilled workers’ interest in emigrating to other countries based on our original survey with an experimental component. We first undertake descriptive analysis using respondents in the (baseline) control group and examine what types of Japanese skilled workers are interested in emigration. We then use respondents in the control and treatment groups to test our preregistered hypotheses regarding the impact of information about Japan’s country risks on their attitudes. The results of our descriptive analysis show that respondents with overseas experience and younger respondents are particularly motivated to consider emigration. Another notable finding is that respondents who distrust the government and media are also more likely to consider leaving Japan than those who do not. Furthermore, through our randomized survey experiment, we find that exposure to information about long-term economic risk encourages people to consider living abroad in the future. These results suggest that the brain drain from Japan is likely to continue, pointing to a need for policy actions to tackle it.

FROM CITIZENSHIP OF RUSSIA TO THE NATIONALITY OF THE USSR

The paper, devoted to the institutions of citizenship in Russia and citizenship in the USSR, presents issues related to the trends of international migration policy over a long historical period. Despite the inevitable fluctuations, with the beginning of the reforms of Peter I, the policy of citizenship in Russia becomes part of the state policy in the field of modernization and strengthening of Russia’s defense capability. In the long term, the policy of citizenship in Imperial Russia up to the February revolution can be defined as keeping the population out of Russian citizenship and attracting foreigners in certain periods. Episodic were the measures aimed at returning former subjects to Russia. This approach corresponded to the populationist concept of population, which is explained by the constant expansion of the territory of Russia. The liberal law of 1864, which defined the position of foreigners in Russia, contributed to the influx of foreign investment in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The consequences of the law of 1864 were reflected in the strengthening of land and national contradictions. The state’s policy on emigration of Jews from Russia, which became widespread at the beginning of the XX century, also contributed to the growth of tension. the policy on citizenship and international migration changed fundamentally after October 1917 as a result of the ban on renouncing the citizenship of the RSFSR and the return to the USSR of the main part of the "white emigration". At the same time, accelerated industrialization determined the need to attract people to the USSR in the late 1920s and 1930s. foreign specialists, and the international political situation — the influx of political emigrants to the USSR. On the agenda in the 1930s, judging by the legislation, the issues of deprivation of Soviet citizenship were relevant. After world war II, citizenship issues were similar to those that were the focus of attention after world war I and the civil war. It was about large-scale repatriation of Soviet prisoners of war and displaced persons who found themselves outside the USSR, population movements (options) as a result of the revision of state borders, and the return of prisoners of war who were on the territory of the USSR. The" warming " of international relations in the 1950s and 1970s objectively meant the expansion of the USSR’s international relations. A number of laws passed in the 1970s and 1980s actually extended the isolation of the USSR, although these laws failed to stop the growing emigration potential of Soviet Jews, as well as of a number of other nationalities. It is also characteristic that in these years the laws regulating the situation of foreigners and stateless persons in the USSR were adopted in conditions when the statistics of these categories of the population were not available for analysis. Against the backdrop of strong experience in the development and application of legislation governing relations between the state and the population in the area of acquisition and renunciation of citizenship in the form of an unbroken chain of laws, regulations, comments to the laws on citizenship and international migration in many countries around the world fear, the uniqueness of Russia is the existence of two approaches — pre-revolutionary and Soviet. This experience should not be underestimated when choosing a citizenship policy in the future.

Emigracioni potencijal mladih u Srbiji

Emigracioni potencijal mladih u Srbiji

“Foreign Land, I Greet You!”: the Evolution of Russian Emigration in the Late 20th and Early 21st Centuries

The article examines the evolution of emigration from Russia in the post-Soviet period (from the beginning of the 1990s up to the present time). The multifaceted nature of the phenomenon under study requires an integrated, systemic and interdisciplinary approach with the use of general scientific and special methods. Everett Lee’s pull-push theory was used as a methodological basis for the study. The statistical base of the study was made up of data from Rosstat, foreign statistical agencies, the UN DESA Population Division, and the UNHCR. Relying on quantitative and qualitative approaches to emigration flows from Russia in 1990—2019 the authors identified three periods of emigration that differ in the determinants of emigration, the emigration potential of the population, the main categories of emigrants, the structure of outflows, and the directions of emigration. The analysis of the transformation of “push” factors was an important part of the study. The list of such factors has shown a shift towards reducing the spectrum and increasing the influence of economically determined causes of emigration. The study revealed that the characteristics of each period are inextricably linked to the historical context. The transition from one period to another occurred due to socio-economic and political changes in Russia. To analyze the impact of emigration on the demographic and socio-economic development of Russia, special attention was paid to the qualitative features of migration flows. The results of the study have a practical focus and can be used to improve migration legislation and policy in relation to compatriots living abroad. A necessary condition for implementing an effective migration policy in Russia can be considered its connection with the strategy of sustainable development based on an understanding of the global development goal.

Forms and directions of migration from the countries of the Middle East in 1990-2017

The article examines the modern forms and directions of migration from the countries of the Middle East in the period from 1990 to 2017. It is shown that the high emigration potential of the countries of the Middle East is formed not only by socio-economic and political factors, but also by demographic development trends. Based on a detailed study of official statistics, special attention is paid to the study of the dynamics and geography of international migration in the region. Detailed donor countries and recipient countries of migrants from the Middle East. The political and ethnocultural consequences of large-scale migration from this region to European countries are considered.

The Determinants and the Size of International Migration in Central and Eastern Europe After 2004

Migration is a very important socio‑economic issue in the contemporary world. One of the interesting and pertinent research problems worth considering concerns the scale and nature of migration from countries which entered the European Union in 2004 and in the subsequent years. As a result of integration within the European Community, the citizens of member states acquired citizenship within the entire European Union (which is complementary to citizenship in the country of origin). The right of free movement led to the emergence of the migration phenomenon within the territory of the European Union. A well educated and young labour force may be an influential factor in the social and economic development of the European Union members. The enlargement of the EU led to a significant increase in the number of part‑time/temporary migrants. According to statistical data, the number of emigrants from the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEE) to the more prosperous European countries increased from 1,66 million in 2004 to 7,3 million in 2016. Within the context of the scale of economic migration from the CEE, questions should be asked about the determinants and economic consequences of this mobility. The main objective of this article is a diagnosis and evaluation of the determinants and size of migration from the CEE. The analyses are based on Eurostat data. The determinants of migration are presented from the point of view of the push and pull factors theory and related to the situation in the European labour market. An analysis of the size of migration outflow from the CEE countries made it possible to classify them into three groups: countries with a high emigration potential (Latvia, Lithuania, Romania), a moderate emigration potential (Hungary, Bulgaria, Poland, Estonia, Slovakia) and a low emigration potential (the Czech Republic, Slovenia). The economic consequences of migration are shown from the perspective of remittances received from working abroad.

MIGRATION MOODS OF THE RUSSIAN YOUTH: A REGIONAL DIMENSION

In the modern post-industrial world, human capital is the most valuable social resource and far more important than natural or accumulated wealth. Amidst economic crisis resulted in another upsurge in the outflow of predominantly young individuals, the problem of retention of human capital in modern Russia that emerged in the early 1990s is getting more acute. Russian deindustrialization as a result of economic reforms, resource-based economy coupled with the desire of the young people to get higher education diploma caused the problem of graduate unemployment. The current economy cannot handle such a huge number of university graduates. Low demand for highly qualified specialists forces many young specialists to seek out opportunities to use their skills abroad. Rising youth emigration rates may lead to the loss of the most valuable part of human capital. As statistical evidence cannot reflect the actual situation, strict procedures to estimate the migration flow should be introduced. Today migration policies are more targeted at migrant workers rather than emigration of Russians. After a quarter-century since the 1990s reforms, social modernization is still a big concern to Russia. In the context of socio-economic development of Russia, the potential of the Russian students is essential to the future modernization of the country. As regions play an important role in ‘anchoring’ young professionals in-situ, studying the regional dimension is a new challenge for researchers. The author gives an estimate of emigration potential and the likelihood of returning home after studying abroad. A comparative analysis of the settings of young migrants across three groups of regions (Russian periphery, Russia-EU border zone and Chinese border zone) is provided.

Factors affecting nurses` intention to emigrate from the country in the context of the satisfaction with employment situation

Introduction : Healthcare professionals` high turnover in our country is an especially topical issue within modern conditions. The reasons behind this ongoing process are largely due to nurses` emigration. Thus, the main task of healthcare managers is to focus their efforts on identifying the factors affecting the attitude of nurses to emigrate abroad. Materials and methods: For the purpose of an empirical sociological study, in February - April 2014 a direct individual anonymous survey on health professionals` motivation to emigrate abroad was conducted. The opinions of 413 nurses from a university and hospitals for active treatment in Northeastern Bulgaria were included in the survey. A total of 11 types of departments and clinics, characterized by high intensity workflow, were studied. Deliverables: The results of this analysis indicate significant emigration potential among surveyed nurses. Those who are willing to leave the country are highly educated younger nurses, whose point of view is influenced by personal professional experience. The intention to practice the profession abroad is significantly motivated by various aspects of work satisfaction. Discussion: Similar to our results, a number of authors in their studies report data revealing the intention to work abroad of predominantly young professionals seeking higher payment and better perspectives for career development. Conclusion : The results demonstrate significant emigration potential among the nurses participating in the survey. Among the individual factors, those which clearly affect the intention to emigrate are professional experience, age and level of educational degree. Work satisfaction compared to experience and age has stronger influence on nurses` attitudes to seek alternative opportunities to work outside the country.

Integration Policy Concerning Temporary Labor Migrants as a Part of Geoeconomical Strategy of Russia in Eurasia

Recently Russia joined the countries depending on inflow of foreign labor force. We concluded that immigration into Russia from main countries of origin was chaotic. Attempts of its regulation are unilateral, and depend on Russian side only. Countries of origin “push” their inhabitants trying to solve financial and social issues at the expense of migrant population. But Russia gets significant costs such as illegal migration, social conflicts increase and outflow of the part of money supply from host country. Recently approved Conception of Migration Policy makes the Government of Russia responsible for labor migrants exclusively, without taking into consideration the responsibility of other actors of foreign labor force market (including authorities of countries of origin) to take part into the integration of temporary labor migrants in host country. It requires fundamentally new approaches to research of emigration potential of countries of origin and immigration potential of host country in respect to economic and demographic capacity on host country, settlement policy of migrants and arrangement of much more comfort conditions for them in the aggregate with decrease of potential sources of conflict on the territory of migrants settlement and occupation. We consider that Russia should apply several new methods of economic, financial and social stimulation of participants of foreign labor force market in Russia. These methods allow to work out consolidated model of integration policy concerning temporary labor migrants and to make responsible for integration policy both host country and states of origin. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n8p199

Brain Flight: The Exodus of Health Professionals from South Africa

The paper presents the results and discusses the implications of a national survey of South African health professionals which found extraordinarily high levels of dissatisfaction with working and living conditions in the country. Emigration potential is very high, and retention strategies have been largely unsuccessful. The survey findings suggest that remedial efforts within South Africa will not slow the brain drain. This has serious negative repercussions for the quality and level of health care available to patients in the country. The only workable retention strategy is for Western countries to stop issuing immigration and work permits to South African health professionals, a policy that would be consistent with their attitude to most other South African workers. However, as long as health professional shortages continue in Western countries and their immigration policy remains divorced from their international development policy, this scenario seems unlikely.

Restless minds: South African students and the brain drain

This article reports the results of a 2002 survey of emigration potential among a representative sample of 4784 postgraduate and final-year undergraduate students at South Africa's tertiary educational institutions. The authors created a valid and reliable index of emigration potential and found slightly higher levels than those measured by identical questions in previous surveys of skilled adult South Africans. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that the factors that most increase emigration potential among South Africa's future skills base are logistical ones, including family encouragement and financial resources. Next in importance are students' prospects of a better life for themselves and their families in their target countries than in South Africa. Finally, the study showed that patriotism and strong national identity decrease emigration potential while previous travel abroad and access to information about life abroad increase it. It also found that a range of possible government attempts to make emigration more difficult would only increase students' probability of leaving the country.

Detection of a novel population of fetal thymocytes characterized by preferential emigration and a TCRγδ+ T cell fate after dioxin exposure

T cell maturation into TCRαβ + or TCRγδ + cells from common immature CD4 −CD8 −(DN) precursors occurs in the thymus, and is controlled through ordered regulation of genes. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a latent cytoplasmic transcription factor, affects thymocyte maturation and differentiation at several stages, also including DN cells. We analyzed in murine fetal thymus organ cultures (FTOC) the outcome of AHR-signaling and found a higher frequency of DN TCRγδ + cells in the presence of the AHR-activating ligand TCDD. We detected a novel population of CD25 int/loCD44 hi cells associated with preferential emigration and a TCRγδ + T cell fate of thymocytes. Sorted DN TCRγδ + emigrants could proliferate if IL-2 was available. Moreover, they suppressed the proliferation of co-cultivated, activated CD4 + T cells. Gene expression profiles of purified DN emigrants from TCDD*FTOC revealed 295 modulated genes, 10% of which are genes of the immune system. For instance, RAG-1, TdT, and Gfi-1 were downregulated, yet genes indicative of mature thymocytes were upregulated. In conclusion, we have detected changes in the differentiation programme of fetal DN thymocytes after ligand-activation of the AHR. In particular, we observed a higher frequency of DN TCRγδ + cells with high emigration potential, and possible regulatory functions.

Out of Africa? Using the Past to Project African Emigration Pressure in the Future

The paper uses analysis of the mass emigration from poor Europe in the late nineteenth century to project the future mass emigration potential from Africa, especially to the economically more mature Mediterranean economies. The economic and demographic fundamentals driving both experiences are likely to be the same, but their magnitudes are likely to be far bigger in the African case over the next few decades. Efforts to restrict the migration and to seal porous borders may be partially successful; but, if so, they are certain to create unpleasant side–effects. European restrictions will create a greater share of illegals and thus greater absorption problems in recipient nations: European restrictions will create more poverty in African sending regions. And European restrictions will create considerable diplomatic problems between the two regions.

Ost-West-Migrationspotenzial: Wie groß ist es? / East-West-Migration Potential: How many will go West?

Zusammenfassung Wie viele Menschen aus den mittel- und osteuropäischen Ländern (MOEL) werden von dem mit dem EU-Beitritt verbundenen Recht auf Freizügigkeit Gebrauch machen und nach Westen in die „alten" EU-Länder wandern? Die vorgestellten Simulationen ergeben eine Bandbreite für das Ost-West-Migrationspotenzial in der Größenordnung von brutto jährlich 0,2 % bis 0,4 % der mittel- und osteuropäischen Bevölkerung, die bei einer Nettobetrachtung (unter Einbezug der Rückwanderungen) auf rund 0,1 % der Bevölkerung schmilzt. Hochgerechnet auf eine erste EU-Erweiterungswelle, ergibt sich für die MOEL-8 (Slowenien, Tschechien, Ungarn, Slowakei, Polen, Estland, Litauen, Lettland) ein Ost-West-Migrationspotenzial, das in 15 Jahren brutto etwa 3 % - 4 % und netto etwa die Hälfte, nämlich 1½ % - 2 % der Bevölkerung der MOEL- 8 erreicht. Dies sind rund 3 Millionen Menschen (brutto) bzw. 1 - 1½ Millionen Menschen (netto). Anders herum gesehen, entsprechen diese drei Millionen Menschen gerade einmal 0,8 % der EU-Bevölkerung. Mit Blick auf die zu erwartende Schrumpfung der Bevölkerung in den heutigen EU-15 Ländern und dem damit einhergehenden Alterungsprozess dürften diese Zuwanderungsbewegungen kaum negativ ins Gewicht fallen. Von einer „Völkerwanderung" kann also keine Rede sein!

The emigration potential of Jews in the former Soviet Union.

Results are presented from a 1993 survey conducted in Moscow, Kiev, and Minsk, involving 1,000 Jews and their potential for emigration. The results indicate that, although nearly all Jews would emigrate if conditions worsened significantly, 57% of those interviewed did not currently plan to emigrate, 14% were undecided, and 29% planned to leave. Of those planning to leave, about half hoped to go to the United States, and only one-quarter planned to go to Israel.

Anti-Semitism and Its Effect on Emigration Potential of Ukrainian Jews

Anti-Semitism and Its Effect on Emigration Potential of Ukrainian Jews