Emigration Of Skilled Labour Research Articles

Skilled emigration in a world of variety

Upgradation of export product quality and product diversification are two crucial determinants of the economic growth of developing countries. Both depend heavily on the endowment and quality of the skilled labor. However, one of the challenges developing countries face is the emigration of skilled labor. In this paper, we intend to explore the effect of skilled labor emigration on the export product quality, the number of varieties produced (extensive margin), and the amount of production (intensive margin). To do so, we provide a theoretical framework followed by empirical evidence. Results suggest that export product quality deteriorates with an outflow of skilled labor. Moreover, the number of varieties produced by the domestically specialized manufacturing or domestic service sectors falls but the total amount of production increases. This product diversification at the domestic level has a similar impact on export diversification when we have skilled emigration. The theoretical results have been examined empirically in this paper.

Losing the elite: Caribbean educational policy responses to the emigration of skilled labor

The Caribbean ranks second only to Africa as the region with the highest levels of skilled emigration, which is defined as the outward migration of people holding a bachelor’s degree or extensive/equivalent experience in a given field. Based on the cost of educating their citizens, there are strong arguments supporting the view that skilled emigration comes at significant economic and social cost, especially to small island developing states of the Caribbean. This paper, therefore, explores how the emigration of skilled labor from the CARICOM Caribbean impacts education policy nationally and regionally. Drawing on data collected through questionnaires and document analysis, the research unearths four dominant educational policy responses to skilled emigration: bonding and compulsory service at the national level; regional cooperation on the movement of skilled labor through CARICOM’s Single Market and Economy (CSME); market based approaches to educating skilled professionals; and education funding policy. The paper also analyses the efficacy of each of these four policy responses and their implications. Ultimately, these policy responses coalesce to highlight the national and regional complexities of educational policy-making under globalization, and the limitations of Caribbean national and regional educational policies aimed at controlling skilled emigration in the context of globalization’s market forces.

Endogenous Emigration of Skilled Labour

There is an increasing trend in the pattern of world migration of educated and skilled individuals leaving developing countries for developed ones. This has created much concern about a so-called “brain drain”. As the name suggests, the brain drain was believed by early commentators to be unequivocally harmful to those countries which suffered from it. More recent literature does not directly refute this belief but puts it under closer scrutiny, and finds the possibility of many different mechanisms through which the negative effects of the brain drain may be mitigated. This paper aims to illuminate by surveying the literature on the brain drain. It does so by exploring the brain drain in the current context of globalisation and by making comparisons to previous periods of globalisation, by examining the theoretical analyses of migration and the brain drain, by exploring an economic model of the brain drain, and by analysing the particular case of New Zealand, a developed country with a high rate of skilled and educated emigration.

Endogenous Skill Formation: Labor Market Integration by an Immigration

The paper fabricates endogenous skill formation in a two-sector general equilibrium model where the unemployment of the skilled workers is caused by efficiency wage. The paper also examines the effects of the immigration of unskilled labor, the emigration of skilled labor, and the inflow of foreign capital on unemployment, skilled-unskilled wage inequality, and the level of skill formation in each unskilled working family. We find that the immigration of unskilled labor raises both the rate and level of unemployment of the skilled labor and lowers both the relative skilled-unskilled wage inequality and the level of skill formation in each unskilled working family under certain conditions. However, the emigration of skilled labor or the inflow of foreign capital gives opposite results.

Emigration from the South Caucasus: who goes abroad and what are the economic implications?

This article provides the first comparable cross-country empirical evidence on labour migration from the South Caucasus, based on a well-designed household survey from Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. It quantifies recent emigration flows and provides preliminary evidence on the economic consequences of migration for the region. Results show that the most common destination for South Caucasian migrants is Russia and that the most common purpose of migration is to work abroad. An analysis of the demographic and socio-economic determinants of migration reveals that the migration flows do not involve mass emigration of skilled labour. However, this result is probably due to the relatively high cost of emigration to high-income countries. While individuals with higher education are not more likely to become migrants in general, having higher education is associated with up to four times higher probability of migration to a high-income OECD country among Armenians and Georgians. The results are in line with theoretical arguments that skill distribution and returns to education in the host country relative to the home country affect the selection of migrants, and that the cost of migration plays an important role in the migration decision. Further analysis suggests that migration indirectly boosts economic development in the South Caucasus by raising local incomes and demand. I also find a significant correlation between having a migrant and running a family business in Armenia, which suggests that migrants' earnings can provide scarce capital for business investment and support the development of the private sector in the region.

Endogenous Skill Formation and the Source Country Effects of Skilled Labor Emigration from Developing Countries

Summary In this paper we set up a simple theoretical framework to study the possible source country effects of skilled labor emigration from developing countries. We show that for given technologies, labor market integration necessarily lowers GDP per capita in a poor source country of emigration, because it distorts the education decision of individuals. As pointed out by our analysis, a negative source country effect also materializes if all agents face identical emigration probabilities, irrespective of their education levels. This is in sharp contrast to the case of exogenous skill supply. Allowing for human capital spillovers, we further show that with social returns to schooling there may be a counteracting positive source country effect if the prospect of emigration stimulates the incentives to acquire education. Since, in general, the source country effects are not clear, we calibrate our model for four major source countries - Mexico, Turkey, Morocco, and the Philippines - and show that an increase in emigration rates beyond those observed in the year 2000 is very likely to lower GDP per capita in poor economies.

Economic Recession and Informal Sector Workers

The paper develops a three-sector specific factor model with Harris-Todaro type unemployment to examine the consequences of economic recession in the skilled sector on the informal sector workforce. It finds that while a decrease in the price of high-skill commodity raises both the informal (rural) sector wage and unemployment of unskilled labour, a drop in emigration of skilled labour produces exactly the opposite effects. The effects of these policies on the welfare of unskilled workers in terms of the welfare measure of Sen (1974) have also been studied. The paper recommends a protectionist policy to the unskilled labour-intensive sector for protecting the interest of the vulnerable section of the working population.

International Factor Mobility, Skills Formation and Welfare

The paper examines the welfare consequences of an inflow of foreign capital and an emigration of skilled labour in a small open economy in terms of a four sector general equilibrium model in the presence of endogenous skill formation and imperfection in the market for unskilled labour. It finds that both foreign capital and emigration of skilled labour may be welfare-improving although the outcomes of these policies depend on the relative capital intensities of different sectors and the magnitude of imperfection in the market for unskilled labour. Measures like labour market reform and capital subsidy (or tax) to the appropriate sector may be resorted to improve national welfare and ensure higher skills formation.

Wage inequality in a dual economy and international mobility of factors: Do factor intensities always matter?

The paper develops a three-sector specific factor model with Harris–Todaro type unemployment to examine the consequences of international factor mobility on the skilled–unskilled wage inequality and urban unemployment of unskilled labour in a small open dual economy. The theoretical analysis shows that the consequences of international factor mobility on wage inequality may not necessarily depend on the difference in the factor intensity condition. Only when the unskilled wage in the low-skill urban sector is positively related to the rural wage, factor intensity conditions do matter. An emigration of skilled labour or an inflow of foreign capital may move the wages in favour of the unskilled labour and lower the magnitude of urban unemployment only if the low-skill urban sector is capital-intensive (in a special sense). But, an immigration of unskilled labour produces exactly the opposite effects. The paper argues that provided the government undertakes supplementary measures to curb trade union power and prevent illegal immigration of unskilled labour, abundant inflows of foreign capital might be a solution to both deteriorating wage inequality and increasing unemployment of unskilled labour in the liberalized regime.

Nursing shortages and international nurse migration

The United Kingdom and the United States are among several developed countries currently experiencing nursing shortages. While the USA has not yet implemented policies to encourage nurse immigration, nursing shortages will likely result in the growth of foreign nurse immigration to the USA. Understanding the factors that drive the migration of nurses is critical as the USA exerts more pull on the foreign nurse workforce. To predict the international migration of nurses to the UK using widely available data on country characteristics. The Nursing and Midwifery Council serves as the source of data on foreign nurse registrations in the UK between 1998 and 2002. We develop and test a regression model that predicts the number of foreign nurse registrants in the UK based on source country characteristics. We collect country-level data from sources such as the World Bank and the World Health Organization. The shortage of nurses in the UK has been accompanied by massive and disproportionate growth in the number of foreign nurses from poor countries. Low-income, English-speaking countries that engage in high levels of bilateral trade experience greater losses of nurses to the UK. Poor countries seeking economic growth through international trade expose themselves to the emigration of skilled labour. This tendency is currently exacerbated by nursing shortages in developed countries. Countries at risk for nurse emigration should adjust health sector planning to account for expected losses in personnel. Moreover, policy makers in host countries should address the impact of recruitment on source country health service delivery.

International Migration of Skilled Labour, Welfare and Unemployment of Unskilled Labour: A Note

The present paper makes an attempt to examine theoretically the impact of emigration of skilled labour from developing countries on the level of welfare of the non-migrants and the level of urban unemployment of unskilled labour in a three sector Harris-Todaro model. The analysis suggests that in a reasonable production structure for a developing economy a brain drain of skilled labour raises urban unemployment of unskilled labour. The paper also shows that an emigration of skilled labour may raise the welfare of the non-migrants in a tariff-distorted economy if it imports the specialized manufacturing product or the labour-intensive good. However, if the economy imports the traditional manufacturing product, the welfare of the non-emigrating workers is likely to deteriorate.

What Does Globalization Mean for Educational Change? A Comparative Approach

What Does Globalization Mean for Educational Change? A Comparative Approach

A Theoretical Analysis of the Beneficial Effects of the Brain-Drain Phenomenon

"The primary objective of this paper is to examine the impact of migration, and ultimately remittances on economic development in an LDC [less-developed country] within the context of a two-sector development model. For this purpose we construct a two-period development model wherein the country loses professional workers in the first period, but receives foreign-exchange remittances in the second period. Then we derive the conditions under which the 'brain drain' phenomenon may promote social welfare gains over the two periods horizon." The results indicate that "emigration of skilled labor causes the real rate of return to capital to fall and the real wage to labor in the home country to rise. Emigration of skilled labor unambiguously causes a real income loss in less developed labor-exporting countries in the first period, but may cause a real income gain to the LDC in the long run. We also find that the per capita income in an LDC may rise as a consequence of emigration in the short-run, but in the long run capita income unambiguously rises." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Manufacturing Engineering Research in New Zealand

Summary Although 75% of New zealand's total exports of goods and services are based on agriculture, manufacturing industry, now accounting for 25% of total exports, and employing 25% of the labour force, is rapidly becoming a major factor in the country's economy. This is accompanied by increasing demands on manufacturing engineering expertise and technology, much of which is based on overseas developments adapted to local conditions. The paper, after a general overview of manufacturing engineering in New Zealand, including tertiary education, outlines the scope, and examples of, the main research activities in this field, attributable to industry, the (government) Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR), and to the universities. Issues such as finance for industrial R & D, the large number of small firms, emigration of skilled labour, self-help, innovation and cooperative research are discussed, as is the trend towards flexible automation in manufacturing, illustrated by a 40% p.a. growth rate for the past 15 years in the number of NC machines in New Zealand (133 by March 1980). The location and nature of R & D projects in manufacturing engineering are described, and specific examples are given (including specific industry studies, metal cutting, forming, welding; robotics; ergonomics; automation, etc.). It is concluded that, although significant activity exists in both manufacturing engineering education and research, the latter is rather in its infancy and should, with increased effort on a national scale, and particularly with more cooperation from more highly industrialized countries, be developed to a stage of self-sufficiency. The formation of a manufacturing engineering research association is suggested.

Emigration of Carpenters from kesen Disrect in Rikuzen as Compared with Two Other thoes of Farmers Emigration

1. About 1400 carpenters wander out every year as emigrants from the kesen district Farmers who follow agriculture as a subsidiary business form the nucleate source of this type of emigaration. Among them the peasant proprictors who own land with area from tan to 1 cho show a greater tendency of emigration, but it is a characteristic feature of this type that emigration from the lower and poorer classes of peasants is strictly limited and fewer in number.2. Cenerally speaking, the lower and poorer the classes of the farmers are, the more prominet tendency is shown by the farmers to change their labor into wages by emigration, but this is not the case with these three types of emigration, namely, the emigration of carpenters, lacquer extractors and brewery laborers. For in these three types the upper and richer classes of farmers show a greater tendency towards emigration. This is due to the fact that these are all emigration of skilled labor. The fact that these three types have shown, in their form of emigration, pecculiarities different from one another, may be explained as due to the different amout of capital of fund invested in the acquisition of their respective skil.3. Especially the emigration of carpenters from the l esen district and that of Toji (brewery experts) from the upper economical classes may be regarded as a kind of cultural emigration for the motive of their emigration is not, as is the case with the ordinany emigration so much the natural and economical coditions of their farm managemement, as the highly technical quality of their skill. The emigration of lacquer extractors and brewery laborers from the lower economical classes, on the other hand, is greatly influenced by the natural and economical conditions of their farm management. It is interesting to note that these types of farmer emigration, each with their own characteristic structure, show respectively the correspond phase and stage which human life has attained in its conquest of nature.4 From the facts mentioned above we may infer that the source of emigratory labor which cemands less skill and is less qualified by the scale of farm production is, in general, the lower and poorer classes of peasants