Emigration of Carpenters from kesen Disrect in Rikuzen as Compared with Two Other thoes of Farmers Emigration

Abstract

1. About 1400 carpenters wander out every year as emigrants from the kesen district Farmers who follow agriculture as a subsidiary business form the nucleate source of this type of emigaration. Among them the peasant proprictors who own land with area from tan to 1 cho show a greater tendency of emigration, but it is a characteristic feature of this type that emigration from the lower and poorer classes of peasants is strictly limited and fewer in number.2. Cenerally speaking, the lower and poorer the classes of the farmers are, the more prominet tendency is shown by the farmers to change their labor into wages by emigration, but this is not the case with these three types of emigration, namely, the emigration of carpenters, lacquer extractors and brewery laborers. For in these three types the upper and richer classes of farmers show a greater tendency towards emigration. This is due to the fact that these are all emigration of skilled labor. The fact that these three types have shown, in their form of emigration, pecculiarities different from one another, may be explained as due to the different amout of capital of fund invested in the acquisition of their respective skil.3. Especially the emigration of carpenters from the l esen district and that of Toji (brewery experts) from the upper economical classes may be regarded as a kind of cultural emigration for the motive of their emigration is not, as is the case with the ordinany emigration so much the natural and economical coditions of their farm managemement, as the highly technical quality of their skill. The emigration of lacquer extractors and brewery laborers from the lower economical classes, on the other hand, is greatly influenced by the natural and economical conditions of their farm management. It is interesting to note that these types of farmer emigration, each with their own characteristic structure, show respectively the correspond phase and stage which human life has attained in its conquest of nature.4 From the facts mentioned above we may infer that the source of emigratory labor which cemands less skill and is less qualified by the scale of farm production is, in general, the lower and poorer classes of peasants