Emerging Business Models Research Articles

The Legislative Defects of Public-Private Partnership in China and Lessons Drawn

Over the recent decades of economic growth, the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) has been an emerging business model for the Chinese government to establish an efficient relationship with the private sector for public policy. However, there exist obstacles to truly implementing a PPP in place. Apart from inexperienced PPP implementation, the lack of appropriate legal guidance is another major barrier to carrying out a PPP project. A shortage in a well-structured legal system, encompassing relevant legislative deficiency, leaves the scholars the duty to navigate the way for enhancing legislative structure for PPP. Even loads of research have been done on defining the role of the government and the private capital, in hopes that the risk-bearing process involved in a PPP project would be properly designed. But little discussion thereof has been carried out, combining the analysis with the legal nature of public-private partnership itself. Therefore, this paper presents a theoretical framework for examining the legal nature of PPP and analyses the legislative defects regarding PPP with a case. In this paper, the fragmented nature of PPP legislation in China is figured out, pointing to the absence of laws with higher hierarchies regulating PPP, which reveals the vague legal nature of PPP contracts and little legal constraints on the government. What is also surfaced from the fragmented and chaotic PPP legislative state is the ill categorized legal nature of the government, with overlapping roles from different governmental departments, exacerbating the unevenly distributed risks imposed on different parties involved in PPP. This paper then ends with conclusions extracted from experience drawn from both inside and outside China, particularly making an analogy with France, and stresses the need to build a more detailed and logically clarified legislative system for PPP.

A dynamic capability evaluation of emerging business models for new mobility

The ‘new mobility’ is claimed to promise improved transport services with reduced socioeconomic and environmental impacts whilst at the same time creating high-value business opportunities. The present article contributes to understanding the latter part of this promise through analysing the sources of value creation in the new mobility industry. It makes a novel application of a business model concepts - the Dynamic Capabilities approach - to transport research. Drawing on findings from expert interviews with professionals in innovation clusters, the findings reveal that new mobility companies benefit from an inherent dynamism and a continuous learning culture. The participation in networks and alliances let companies reach broader market solutions through cross-regional collaboration. These ecosystems are well equipped to address wider mobility needs founded on managing data. For managers in the new mobility, key conclusions are that establishing a concise value proposition and expanding key resources such as staff skills or data management procedures are crucial for business sustainability.

A typology of business models for energy communities: Current and emerging design options

In the European energy transition, energy communities have gained an increasing amount of attention. To support widespread diffusion, academic and practice-oriented studies have called for a business model perspective on energy communities. This study presents a morphological analysis of 90 energy communities and pioneering companies that apply business model design options that can be adopted in energy communities. The sample was selected based on implementation examples focusing on community solutions, a multivector energy approach, or a combination of both. Based on this analysis, we have identified 25 emerging business model design options for energy communities. The presented typology allows users to configure tailor-made business models for energy communities, hence supporting community facilitators in the development process. The presented frequency analysis of the design options shows the potential for the further development of energy communities. The typology contributes to the literature on energy communities by offering one of the first studies to adopt a business model perspective. Through a morphological approach, the typology can be used as a tool for developers of energy communities, offering a robust set of business model design options.

Study on the Influence of Internet Celebrity Economy on Consumption among College Students

In recent years, the "internet celebrity economy", as an emerging business model sprouting from the development of "internet& economy", is flourishing and showing excellent vitality. As the most popular emerging group, college students have contributed a lot to the "internet celebrity economy", especially the live broadcasting industry, and even driven the surrounding groups subtly. In this paper, we analyze the development trend of live streaming industry from the perspective of "internet celebrity economy", and then lead to the analysis of the influence of live streaming industry on consumption behavior of college students, and propose relevant measures to solve the negative influence of live streaming.

Modeling, equilibrium, and demand management for mobility and delivery services in Mobility‐as‐a‐Service ecosystems

AbstractMobility‐as‐a‐Service (MaaS) is an emerging business model integrating various travel modes into a single mobility service accessible on demand. Besides the on‐demand mobility services, instant delivery services have increased rapidly and particularly boomed during the coronavirus (COVID‐19) pandemic, requiring online orders to be delivered timely. In this study, to deal with the redundant mobility resources and high costs of instant delivery services, we model an MaaS ecosystem that provides mobility and instant delivery services by sharing the same multimodal transport system. We derive a two‐class bundle choice user equilibrium (BUE) for mobility and delivery users in the MaaS ecosystems. We propose a bilateral surcharge–reward scheme (BSRS) to manage the integrated mobility and delivery demand in different incentive scenarios. We further formulate a bilevel programming problem to optimize the proposed BSRS, where the upper level problem aims to minimize the total system equilibrium costs of mobility and delivery users, and the lower level problem is the derived two‐class BUE with BSRS. We analyze the optimal operational strategies of the BSRS and develop a solution algorithm for the proposed bilevel programming problem based on the system performance under BSRS. Numerical studies conducted with real‐world data validate the theoretical analysis, highlight the computational efficiency of the proposed algorithm, and indicate the benefits of the BSRS in managing the integrated mobility and delivery demand and reducing total system equilibrium costs of the MaaS ecosystems.

Business models for rolling out Positive Energy Buildings

Positive Energy Buildings (PEBs) present a promising solution for the battle against the climate change. A PEB is a building that produces more energy with renewables than it uses. A good variety of technologies exist for realizing the PEB, and integrated concepts are emerging. Well-designed business models are recognized as a crucial element needed for a wider roll-out of PEBs, but they are largely missing. This article will look at potential business models for PEBs and their contribution to the different PEB elements, while also pointing out some aspects that need to be considered when setting up the business model. A selection of interesting or emerging business models are described, concentrating on the typical customer segments, typical value propositions, potential life-cycle phases, benefits and challenges.

Research on the driving principle and guiding strategy of the public’s collaborative supervision of the sharing economy in my country

Abstract As an emerging business model and economic form, the sharing economy is a new trend to promote global economic growth in the future. Public participation is the basic condition for the prosperity and development of the sharing economy and is the basic requirement for the realisation of collaborative governance. Encouraging the public to actively participate in the collaborative supervision of my country’s sharing economy has become an inevitable requirement to improve governance efficiency and create a social governance pattern of co-construction, co-governance and sharing. First of all, this paper refers to the rapid development of my country’s sharing economy in recent years, which has also brought many negative problems. Secondly, this paper establishes a game model of sharing economy-related enterprises, regional governments and the public to drive the public’s shared economy in my country, which forms the driving principle and guiding strategy of collaborative supervision. Through research, it is concluded that the size of the initial probability is proportional to the convergence speed of the game subject’s selection strategy; different game subjects have different sensitivities to parameter changes, and the public is more sensitive to the cost and punishment of participating in innovation involving different game subjects The strategy choices between them are mutually reinforcing, and the evolutionary stable strategy is ‘active participation, supervision, active participation. Finally, the simulation experiments are used to verify the results of the tripartite game model constructed in this paper.

Human Development and the Business Model Impact of Bitcoin Transactions

This essay provides characteristics of three emerging business models to comprehend the logic and importance of business model design about the impact of bitcoin transactions on human development. This essay argues that a business model is a social construction that describes how value is produced, and that value production requires human agency. The creation of value through a human agency is demonstrated by the use of bitcoins. Some businesses are changing how they conduct business as a result of the decentralization of financial transactions in a global internet information architecture. The highest volume of cryptocurrency exchanged to date, bitcoin, is supported by this infrastructure. It seems that bitcoin is having an impact on new company models. However, little is known about the development of these models and their implications. This paper provides a theoretical framework for understanding the logic and worth of business models about the use of bitcoin and human agency. It examines the impact of bitcoin transactions on human development. The results show that where people have access to the internet, there is a favorable association between bitcoin transactions and human development. Cluster analysis is used to analyze the logic and value of business model design from the bitcoin effect based on various variables. The evolving paradigms that each of these nations represents are divided into three groups. This paper's contribution is to reveal the bitcoin effect, which is evident in the new business models it makes possible. Based on the logic of its design, this can be used as a lens to analyze the value produced by a bitcoin business model.

Energy-as-a-service: A new business model for the built environment?

The energy landscape in Australian built environment is becoming more complex, with traditional utility consumption declines and the rise of renewable energy sources, meaning buildings are able to generate, monitor and store their own energy. These energy transitions are impacting upon the stability of traditional business models. Energy-as-a-service (EaaS) as an emerging business model has shown potential under this complex energy transition. However, with limited studies into this business model, there is a research gap in understanding of how EaaS can facilitate a successful energy transition. In addressing such research gap, this study investigates about potential pathways to establish EaaS from an industry perspective. A generic qualitative research design within a constructivist paradigm was adopted in this exploratory study with twenty-nine semi-structured interviews. The study revealed four recommended directions EaaS could be practically established for improving energy transition within the built environment. This study contributes by providing research-based evidence into new, emerging, and innovative business models within the built environment.

Autonomous vehicle solutions and their digital servitization business models

Digitalization and automation play essential roles in how companies create value for their customers in emerging industries, including autonomous vehicle solutions (AVSs) and automated driving. In this study, we explore digital servitization business models in the context of AVS ecosystems. We utilize publicly available company data to discuss cases that illustrate the emerging business models of AVSs in the business-to-business (B2B) context. We contribute to research on autonomous solutions by identifying four types of AVSs: (i) advanced-data-assisted solutions, (ii) semiautonomous platooning solutions, (iii) autonomous demarcated solutions, and (iv) autonomous swarmed solutions. We advance digital servitization and business model research by revealing business models associated with those AVSs, namely: (i) safety as a service, (ii) efficiency as a service, (iii) capacity as a service, and (iv) flexibility as a service. By combining these three fields of research, we enrich the digital servitization research and address the current gap in research on autonomous solutions by focusing on business models. Our analysis enables the development of novel conceptual tools for autonomous solutions and servitization driven by digitalization. Moreover, we suggest the concept of business model fluidity to explain rapid and autonomous business model changes and adaptation to different use contexts and customer contexts.

Exploring business models for carbon emission reduction via post-consumer recycling infrastructures in Beijing: An agent-based modelling approach

The potential for carbon emissions avoidance through post-consumer recycling has been highlighted in the "Zero-Waste City" initiatives in China, which call for increasing household participation in the community recycling programs. A shift from a facility-oriented strategy to behavior-oriented norm building at the community level provides the local niches for emerging business models in post-consumer recycling. This paper proposes a framework based on the Theory of Planned Behavior to simulate the impact on the participation rate of households in community-based recycling program in the context of different recycling business models in Beijing. Firstly, a questionnaire survey was conducted in 2021 in Beijing (N = 1153) to test the key factors which affect household recycling behavior. Secondly, an agent-based model for community-based recycling which was developed in 2016 has been updated to incorporate the institutional change in the development of zero-waste city initiatives. Scenario analysis is adopted to compare the effects of introducing two new business models to the baseline situation that is prevalent at present. The settings for the two new business models represent the diversified directions of the upgrading of urban recycling sector: one is to improve the intelligence of the collection facilities to save labors, and the other is to involve the informal recyclers to provide door-to-door collection services in person so as to save time for the residents. Additional scenario shows the effects of norm-based solutions in combination with the two strategies addressed above in the long run. The simulation results show that the potential for carbon emissions reduction through post-consumer recycling in Beijing can range from 1 million tons per year at the basic scenario to more than 4.5 million tons per year in the community level norm-based solution scenario. In conclusion, the proposal for sustaining the community-based new business models through the capture of value in the carbon emission reduction is put forward as a guideline for urban recycling infrastructure design.

D4.5 Newly emerging business models in the creative industries in the wake of increasing digitalisation

D4.5 Newly emerging business models in the creative industries in the wake of increasing digitalisation

Newly emerging business models in the creative industries in the wake of increasing digitalisation

Newly emerging business models in the creative industries in the wake of increasing digitalisation

Economics of Data Systematic Review for Planning Strategies in the InsurTech industry

The knowledge of data enables exploring how value is created from data. Organizations’ strategic planning becomes easier if the value of data is understood and adopted. Unless managers know how to use data, its exploitable value remains limited. Previous studies assessed either data dimensions such as volume, variety, velocity, veracity and granularity, or data management processes. However, many of these topics have been treated with a technical approach and only a few focused on the data value in management, strategy, and planning. The ubiquitous of data has allowed insurance incumbents and startups to exploit technologies, from which InsurTech, leveraging a unique data-driven proposition and often gaining a competitive advantage. The paper aims to explore the economics of data, enabling to strategically plan data management practices. It contributes to the management and strategy literature with an evidence-based systematic literature review that embraces the value generated by knowing data sources, data types, extended data dimensions, analyzes enabling technologies, and extends data management practices for reaching organizations’ objectives in the InsurTech empirical context. In addition to further avenues of research, it provides managers with a theoretical data-valorization framework for data strategic planning, and institutions an overview for guiding the digital transformation. The novelty of this paper is the comprehensive focus on the economics of data at the intersection between traditional and emerging business models.

Preventing and addressing AML/CFT risks of digital finance: The European regulatory and supervisory perspective

Digital finance is not a new phenomenon, yet the impact of new technologies in the financial services industry has escalated over the past years. Despite bringing disruption of products and services on both front and back end, its opportunities involve inherent risks. The ones of money laundering and terrorist financing require special attention as they can have an impact on the integrity and stability of the financial markets. This paper focuses on the interlinks between these two worlds from a regulatory and supervisory perspective, based on the recent work developed by the European Banking Authority — that currently holds the statutory objective to prevent the use of the EU's financial system for money laundering and terrorist financing (ML/TF) purposes. For that purpose, this paper analyses: the main opportunities and challenges; the causes of the identified challenges; the role of regulation and supervision in the fight against the ML/TF risks that arise from these emergent business models, services and products, in the European market; and the future of digitalisation.

Dynamic market share through advertising and loyalty reward programs: A case study of Ofo versus Mobike

The emerging business models have impelled firms’ competition in a brand-new and fast-growing market. This study examines such a competition for market share through advertising and loyalty reward programs. Two stages can be distinguished based on the transformation of the competition strategies. These stages can be formulated as a dynamic differential game model and a static Hotelling game model. The operation strategies and performances of two firms are determined and compared via analytical studies and case analyses toward a bicycle-sharing program, i.e., Ofo versus Mobike. Historical data are used to fit the curve of the market size and to estimate the parameter values of these models. The results show that during the first stage, the difference in market share between these firms gradually decreases (increases) when the advertising response constant is low (high). Meanwhile, in the second stage, these firms offer converse reward strategies.

Online program management and potential principal-agent problems

ABSTRACT Enrollment pressures and other considerations spur Master of Public Administration online offerings, and specific skillsets are needed for implementation. Online program management providers (OPMs) are for-profit companies that bundle services to establish academic programs in exchange for tuition revenue sharing agreements, upfront fees, or a combination of the two. In such relationships, principal-agent problems may arise in which a company’s profit motives conflict with a university’s larger set of goals and, as a result, stakeholders should recognize the dynamic. However, the lack of industry transparency and emerging business models impede easy understanding. Analysis of contracts obtained through open records requests and other documents (a) identifies available services and (b) reveals potential problems as well as mitigation tactics. Findings contribute to our understanding of what OPM agreements entail, including the contributions made by faculty and other university personnel.

Modeling Intention-Based Critical Determinants of E-Commerce Utilization: Emerging Business Models and Transformation in the Digital World.

Companies in the world today understand that keeping users in touch is essential to enhancing their trust. The primary objective of this study was to determine the intention-based critical determinants of E-commerce utilization in China from the end users’ perspective. We developed a framework that identifies the factors that influence E-commerce utilization in China. Besides, we introduced observational research (data analysis) conducted in a real-world E-commerce sense. Results are based on a sample of 400 respondents by employing a comprehensive questionnaire survey. The structural equation modeling (SEM) and the partial least squares (PLS) regression approach was used to analyze the data. Study results show that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, reputation, trust in vendors, and purchase frequency significantly influence consumers’ intention to use E-commerce systems. Research outcomes emphasize transforming social norms, raising consumers’ awareness, redesigning policy frameworks, and highlighting the paybacks that E-commerce offers through integrative and consistent efforts.

DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION AND UNIVERSITIES

Purpose- This study aims to examine how digitalization has affected and changed higher education. It focuses on the current situation of universities and their current processes and what they need to do to become digital. It aims to present a roadmap for universities to integrate and organize these important changes into their strategies by examining the digital transformation that affects the vision of universities. Methodology- The study employs a literature review using secondary data analysis. Findings- The analysis reveals that the role of universities in many aspects such as society and economy has changed and is expected to change disruptively over the next decade. Universities need to make a differentiation through emerging business models in such a competitive higher education sector. Higher education institutions have to adapt to technological changes for sustainabilty. The pandemic dramatically accelerated the pace of technological adoption worldwide. The drivers of digital transformation in universiteis can be summarized as the increase compteteiveness, user experience and agility while reduction in operating expenses. Conclusion- It may be concluded that a university should be part of present technological trends and include digitalization in their strategies to be competitive in the future. Universities need to focus mainly on exploring more innovative measures to create technology development centres through research to deal with skills shortages. Universities should support those academics who lead the improvement of digital skills and innovative teaching methods, promote digital literacy in the academia and encourage the use of learning platforms. It is important to set a clear policy to adopt digital age in higher education. Universities will be competing globally for students, academic staff and funding. Adoption and implementation of new technologies in universities are inevitable. Keywords: Digital transformation, higher education, university 4.0, multimode universities. JEL Codes: I23, M10, O33

Defining online to offline (O2O): a systematic approach to defining an emerging business model

PurposeA new business model online to offline (O2O) has emerged in recent years. Similar to many new models at an early stage, O2O has inconsistent definitions which not only inhibit its adoption but also poorly differentiate O2O from other existing business models. To resolve the two issues, the authors propose an approach of definition development.Design/methodology/approachTo show the usefulness of the approach, the authors demonstrate the differences among O2O and other business models with the use of the distinctive definition and thereby evaluate adoption of O2O from a practical perspective and identify research directions from a theoretical perspective based on the differences.FindingsThe authors' proposed approach of definition development integrates the work of Tatarkiewicz (1980) and Nickerson et al. (2013). The approach generates a distinctive definition of O2O with important analytical dimensions which help decision-making of adoption of O2O.Originality/valueThe paper aims to make several contributions. First, on theoretical contribution, the authors confine the scope of O2O studies and facilitate accumulation of more coherent knowledge of O2O. The authors help O2O evolve from a “buzz word” of successful stories in real businesses to a more serious concept from an academic perspective. Second, from a practical perspective, the authors' definition provides business executives with critical evaluative dimensions for gauging the adoption of O2O. Lastly, from a methodological perspective, the proposed approach can be used in future to define an emerging concept in real life businesses.