Emergency Warning Message Research Articles

IoT Based Safety System for BAJA Vehicle

Abstract: This paper proposes an IoT-based safety system for SAE BAJA All-Terrain Vehicles (ATVs) to improve the safety of riders. The system consists of intelligent safety enhancement system which is integrated with the vehicle to collect data on its location, SOS alert, speed, acceleration, and other important parameters. The collected data is then transmitted to a cloud-based server via wireless communication protocols such as Wi-Fi or cellular network. In this project, we have built an IoT based accident detection with the help of Nodemcu ESP8266 Wi-Fi module and a vibration signal which detect the accidents and send an emergency warning message. The system constitutes of single – board embedded system that has Nodemcu ESP8266 connected to IoT. Nodemcu ESP8266 is an open – source based firmware and development board specially targeted for IoT based applications. The proposed system also includes a remote monitoring and control feature, allowing the rider's friends, family members, or emergency services to track the location and status of the ATV in case of an emergency. Moreover, the system can also be used to monitor the vehicle's maintenance status and provide proactive maintenance recommendations to ensure its optimal performance and longevity. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system is effective in enhancing the safety consideration of ATV riders through Blynk – IoT platform and can significantly reduce the risk of accidents through crash alert system. The system can also be easily integrated with other IoT devices and platforms, making it highly scalable and adaptable to different types of vehicles and environments

An intelligent communication system for collision avoidance on roads: A smart city application

Intelligent communication systems have become the predominant paradigm in vehicular ad hoc networks. Current research in this area is limited to the dissemination of emergency information to vehicles after an accident. However, such emergency situations necessitate prompt dissemination of information to the relevant parties prior to the collision save lives. This paper proposes an intelligent collision avoidance routing technique for VANETs (CARVNET) to address this formidable obstacle. The proposed intelligent communication system aims to avoid collisions on roads by disseminating emergency warning messages instantly to the concerned entities as soon as it detects a driver’s abnormal health condition. Simulation studies are conducted in NETSIM to validate the proposed technique. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system outperforms existing communication systems by improving throughput by up to 50%, packet transmission by 20%, packet delivery ratio by 10%, and delay to a negligible degree.

Consistent and conflicting information in floods and bushfires impact risk information seeking, risk perceptions, and protective action intentions

A core challenge for emergency services agencies is encouraging people to take protective action in a noisy, information-rich environment. This challenge is heightened when the environment is filled with conflicting information. While investigations of conflicting information are prevalent in temporally distant health contexts such as smoking cessation, where the effects of the protective action (i.e., quitting) take years to be realised, studies have yet to examine the impact of conflicting information when the potential outcome of the protective action (e.g., saving your life) has greater temporal immediacy. In this study we compare how social cues (media, peers, commercial weather forecaster) and environmental cues (weather conditions) that are consistent/conflict with an emergency warning message, impact community risk information processing, risk perceptions, and protective action intentions. The research finds risk perception is higher and intention to undertake protective action and information sharing is more likely when there is consistency between the emergency warning message and the socio-environmental cues, whereas heuristic information processing, self-efficacy, and information seeking are more likely to occur in the presence of conflicting cues. The research moves beyond high-level discourse about conflicting information ‘causing confusion’ in the community to a more nuanced, empirical understanding of the complexities of conflicting information across multiple stages of the decision-making process, in a context with greater temporal immediacy for action. Practical suggestions are made for agencies managing conflicting information when the conflict comes from socio-environmental cues. Future research is warranted for replication and to test mitigation strategies for conflicting information.

An Efficient Cooperative Transmission Based Opportunistic Broadcast Scheme in VANETs

In vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), quick and reliable multi-hop broadcasting is important for the dissemination of emergency warning messages. By scheduling multiple nodes to transmit messages concurrently and cooperatively, cooperative transmission based broadcast schemes may yield much better broadcast performance than conventional broadcast schemes. However, a cooperative transmission requires multiple relays to achieve strict synchronization on both time and frequency, which may induce high cost for a cooperative transmission process. In this paper, we analyze the cost and benefit of a cooperative transmission for data broadcasting in vehicular networks, and introduce a new metric called the single hop broadcast efficiency (SBE) to evaluate the overall broadcast performance. We propose an efficient, non-deterministic cooperation mechanism to reduce the cooperation cost. The mechanism maximizes the expected broadcast performance by selecting cooperators with the largest expected SBE value for a lead relay, and initiates cooperative broadcasting process when the expected SBE value is larger than that of a single-relay based broadcasting. Based on the non-deterministic mechanism, we propose an efficient, cooperative transmission based opportunistic broadcast (ECTOB) scheme which further utilizes rebroadcast to improve the reliability of the broadcast scheme. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the conventional ones.

AUSTRALIA-JAPAN QZSS EMERGENCY WARNING SERVICE TRIAL PROJECT

Abstract. This paper provides an overview and the results of the Australia-Japan 2020 Quasi Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) Emergency Warning System trial project. The project aimed to evaluate and demonstrate the feasibility of utilising the QZSS system to support emergency warning and response in Australia. The trial has focussed on bushfire and tsunami warnings with an emphasis on the message structure and standards for incorporation on the available signal bandwidth, and the spatial coverage extent of the messages. It also aimed to address the need for a space-based communication capability in Australia, which could potentially facilitate effective emergency warning system unconstrained by the limitations of terrestrial telecommunications.A newly dedicated MobileApp was developed to decode the warning message and visualise relevant information on a map. Two messages for bushfire and tsunami warnings were generated in Australia and sent to the QZSS ground station for satellite transmission. The developed application was tested in Victoria and New South Wales. The trial was successful in the sense that the emergency warning message could be received and decoded using the QZSS enabled receivers and the dedicated MobileApp. The field tests showed that the systems are capable of delivering the required information to users with the required timeliness and completeness. Several technical issues encountered during testing can be primarily attributed to the alpha state of the app, and the specific receiver used for testing. Neither of which are considered to be significant barriers to the on-going development of an operational satellite EWS system.

WITHDRAWN: Pattern analysis of literary works dissemination based on 5G network and visualization system

Visualization system modeling, the latest progress report on analysis and effective management of information, the Internet of Things (IOT) applied in the case of 5G access technology. It presents advanced applications possible embodiment fluoroscopy data from the femto cell and millimeter-wave communication network solutions, and generally continuously connected from the IoT. In order to ensure seamless and reliable dissemination payment process currently connect the 5G network system with traditional short distance communications that can be used in most automotive networks. Finally, dissemination designed the EWMS (Emergency Warning Messages) real-time localization algorithm to change the delivery rate, delay, hop count, and vehicular density of the message overlay, speed value, and selfish nodes based on network performance based on density parameters. Realistic vehicle movement traces are evaluated. In addition, we present a comparative study of the performance of the proposed project with the most advanced communication schemes in the state. Further, it describes a new architectural approach to rendering by the IoT and 5G mobile network, that includes a middleware requirements, the possibility of a new position of the frame central node, and a wide range of functions provided by an edge. By providing a mobile communication system researchers and professionals in emerging and stressed timely snapshot of the main hazards and possible solutions, the book fills an important gap in the literature, will promote the further development of the Internet of Things host device 5G. One of the main goals of the METIS-II project is to allow 5G ideas to reach a wider audience of non- industry decision makers persuaded. In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to provide easy to understand 5G-rich visualization

A mathematical model for the diffusion of emergency warning messages during CBRNe emergencies

AbstractUnderstanding the diffusion of warning messages is essential to adequately respond to emergency events and situations. This is especially true in urgent scenarios, that is situations where external events are happening at the same rate or faster than the diffusion process itself. In this paper, an information diffusion model (Bass model) is proposed to study the spread of warning messages during emergencies involving urgent diffusion dynamics, for example a CBRNe event. In the present study, the Bass model is applied to two hazardous materials transportation accidents reported in the literature: the Pittsburgh phosphorus oxychloride release and the precautionary evacuation occurred in Confluence due to toxic chemicals released after a train derailment. Warning data collected from the two accidents and reported in published literature studies were used in this work and fitted with the Bass model. The diffusion of emergency warning messages is modelled as a two‐component system, where the spread of information is characterized by (a) a “broadcast process” that disseminates the emergency warning vertically (in the sense that many people are alerted simultaneously) and (b) a horizontal “contagion process” whereby people first hear of the event and then sequentially tell others (social media, word‐of‐mouth and peer‐to‐peer communication). The Bass model provided an excellent fit of the warning diffusion times related to both accidents suggesting that the very first phase of the warning process is sustained by a “broadcast” information diffusion process. However, after less than 1 hr from the beginning of the warning process the efficacy of its diffusion is dominated by the “contagion” component, that is the effectiveness of a robust social network between individuals. In conclusion, the Bass model proved to be a handy tool to assess epidemics spreading of information from the people who adopted the information. Our results suggest that the general Bass model applied to diffusion of emergency warning has the potential to provide key information in the management of emergencies. This approach can be applied right away by professional communicators, advisors and decision‐makers in case of a CBRNe event.

Real-time dissemination of emergency warning messages in 5G enabled selfish vehicular social networks

This paper addresses the issues of selfishness, limited network resources, and their adverse effects on real-time dissemination of Emergency Warning Messages (EWMs) in modern Autonomous Moving Platforms (AMPs) such as Vehicular Social Networks (VSNs). For this purpose, we propose a social intelligence based identification mechanism to differentiate between a selfish and a cooperative node in the network. Therefore, we devise a crowdsensing based mechanism to calculate a tie-strength value based on several social metrics. Moreover, we design a recursive evolutionary algorithm for each node’s reputation calculation and update. Given that, then we estimate each node’s state-transition probability to select a super-spreader for rapid dissemination. In order to ensure a seamless and reliable dissemination process, we incorporate 5G network structure instead of conventional short range communication which is used in most vehicular networks at present. Finally, we design a real-time dissemination algorithm for EWMs and evaluate its performance in terms of network parameters such as delivery-ratio, delay, hop-count, and message-overhead for varying values of vehicular density, speed, and selfish nodes’ density based on realistic vehicular mobility traces. In addition, we present a comparative analysis of the performance of the proposed scheme with state-of-the-art dissemination schemes in VSNs.

Emergency warning messages dissemination in vehicular social networks: A trust based scheme

To ensure users' safety on the road, a plethora of dissemination schemes for Emergency Warning Messages (EWMs) have been proposed in vehicular networks. However, the issue of false alarms triggered by malicious users still poses serious challenges, such as disruption of vehicular traffic especially on highways leading to precarious effects. This paper proposes a novel Trust based Dissemination Scheme (TDS) for EWMs in Vehicular Social Networks (VSNs) to solve the aforementioned issue. To ensure the authenticity of EWMs, we exploit the user-post credibility network for identifying true and false alarms. Moreover, we develop a reputation mechanism by calculating a trust-score for each node based on its social-utility, behavior, and contribution in the network. We utilize the hybrid architecture of VSNs by employing social-groups based dissemination in Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) mode, whereas nodes' friendship-network in Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) mode. We analyze the proposed scheme for accuracy by extensive simulations under varying malicious nodes ratio in the network. Furthermore, we compare the efficiency of TDS with state-of-the-art dissemination schemes in VSNs for delivery ratio, transmission delay, number of transmissions, and hop-count. The experimental results validate the significant efficacy of TDS in accuracy and aforementioned network parameters.

Emergency Warning and Bidirectional Communication via Digital Audio Broadcast

Sending broadcast messages is an efficient means of communicating in emergency situations, especially during serious disasters. This paper focuses on the digital audio broadcast (DAB) system. First, several new techniques are reported to enhance the emergency warning message (EWM) receiving and display functionalities for both personal and public DAB terminals. Then, a novel bidirectional communication method between two DAB transmitters is proposed, to enable the communication to and from the disaster area and the outside. Experiments show that the EWM can be correctly sent to the intended DAB terminals within 0.2–3 s, and the existing public light emitting diode screens can be expanded as DAB EWM terminals without affecting their normal functions. The bidirectional multimedia communication between two DAB transmitters is also successfully demonstrated. The proposed techniques expand upon the DAB’s existing functionality, and can benefit more people during emergencies.

Overcoming Ambiguity: Conflict Between Emergency Warning Messages and Socio-Environmental Cues

Introduction:Emergency services are not the only source of information that the public uses when considering taking action during an event. There are also environmental cues, information from the media, or actions by peers that can influence perceptions and actions. When cues from different information sources are in conflict, it can cause uncertainty about the right protective action to take.Aim:Our research responds to concerns that conflicting cues exacerbate community non-compliance with emergency warnings.Methods:The sample consisted of 2,649 participants who completed one of 32 surveys.Results:The findings from this project confirmed emergency services agencies’ suspicions that conflicting cues can affect information processing and risk perceptions, and therefore prevent people from taking appropriate protective action. The results were reasonably consistent across fire and flood scenarios, suggesting the problem of conflicting cues is not hazard-specific. When presented with consistent cues, participants were more likely to evacuate, perceive risk about the event, share information with friends, family, and peers, find emergency warnings to be effective, and comprehend information. When faced with conflicting cues, participants were more likely to seek out additional information. It affected their information processing and self-efficacy. The results did not change for people of different ages, native language, country of birth, or post-hazard experience. This is contrary to most emergency literature research findings, which show that individual differences play a role in impacting propensity to take protective action. However, there does appear to be a significant gender effect. These results require further exploration.Discussion:These findings may be used to assist emergency services agencies to tailor community warnings during time-critical situations, and develop ways to mitigate ambiguity caused by conflicting cues to encourage protective action in order to save lives and properties.

CPS-Based Reliability Enhancement Mechanism for Vehicular Emergency Warning System

The cooperative driving system is a typical vehicular cyber-physical system, and it can integrate the vehicular cyber system with the vehicular physical system for the optimization of the cooperative driving at traffic intersections. The use of Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) enables moving vehicles to communicate with each other, share Emergency Warning Messages (EWM) and provide drivers with pre-collision warnings in the vicinity of the intersection. Although Vehicle Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) can provide the access to vehicular cooperative driving systems, EWM transmission delay, error and redundancy often happen in the vicinity of traffic intersection. In order to improve the quality of the EWM propagation, this paper proposes an Optimal Transmission Reliability Enhancement Mechanism (OTREM) for the development of the cooperative driving systems. Our OTREM creates the strategy of the vehicular role change using the modified finite automata as the solution to the above EWM transmission problems. The experimental analyses show the proposed approach can significantly decline transmission delays, improve propagation accuracy, lessen EWM redundancy and raise propagation rates of EWM.

Modeling Probabilistic Flooding in VANETs for Optimal Rebroadcast Probabilities

Probabilistic flooding is commonly considered in vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) to alleviate the celebrated broadcast storm problem. Heuristics and simulations have so far proved to be an efficient way with which to design probabilistic information dissemination solutions with demonstrated effectiveness. Supplementing with mathematical analysis for both design and evaluation is expected to generalize the results, and increase the confidence in the proposed solutions. So far, this has been limited due to the difficulties associated with the underlying stochastic dependencies. In this paper, we introduce simple models of single and multiple lane roads to design effective probabilistic flooding schemes for VANETs. The proposed analytical framework offers a novel and generic tool which can cover any number of lanes, vehicle transmission range, and density. We derive difference equations whose solutions yield the probability of all vehicles receiving the emergency warning message as a function of the rebroadcast probability, the number of neighbors of each vehicle, and the dissemination distance. The models are validated using simulations, realistically representing both the traffic and networking aspects, and are used as a baseline to design two schemes for information dissemination which employ probabilistic flooding. The one attempts direct calculation of the required parameters whereas the other adaptively regulates the rebroadcast probability based on the vehicle speed. The schemes are evaluated using simulations and are found to achieve significant performance improvements compared to blind flooding with respect to the achieved reachability, end-to-end delay, and number of rebroadcasts, comparable to the performance achieved by optimal flooding, obtained via brute force.

Bio-Inspired Routing Protocol in VANET Networks- A Case Study

Vehicular Ad-Hoc NETworks (VANETs) have received considerable attention in recent years, due to its unique characteristics, which are different from Mobile Ad-Hoc NETworks (MANETs) such as rapid topology change, frequent link failure, and high vehicle mobility. VANET will provide several applications and services such as cooperative collision avoidance, emergency warning messages, cooperative intersection collision avoidance, and traffic management. VANET’s routing objective is to conduct packets through a path in the network to their final destinations. Currently, most of the proposed VANET routing protocols focus on urban or highway environments. The contribution of the paper falls within the study of VANET routing protocol in extreme and complex environments such as underground mines. This paper addresses the need for a bio-inspired adaptive routing protocol in VANETs which can tolerate low-density network traffic with little throughput and delay variation.

A Trust Scheme Based on Vehicles Reports of Events in VANETs

In this paper, we propose a scheme allow vehicles in a Vehicular Ad hoc Network share running information among them. We developed a mechanism that can help a vehicle to judge the trustworthiness of a message. We classify information into two types: one is emergency warning message, and the other is event reporting message. By collecting reports from other vehicles who pass through the place where an event occurs on claimed by a message, a vehicle can make a decision whether the message is true or false by using algorithms proposed in the paper. Simulation experiments show the scheme can work well and efficiently. The scheme can resist certain attacks that are hardly identified by other schemes as it avoids using vehicle’s ID. It can also protect a driver’s privacy in some extent which is a hot issue in recent research.

A priority multi-channel coordination MAC protocol in roadside unit-assisted vehicular networks

This paper presents a priority-based RSU assisted multi-channel coordination MAC protocol (PRAMC) for vehicular ad hoc network (VANET). The paper provides the priority for vehicles in the RSU polling list in order to poll vehicles according to their priorities. So, vehicles can transmit the high priority and important messages before low priority ones. A vehicle includes its priority with the association request frame. After RSU receives the association request, it adds the vehicle to a polling list according to its priority. RSU in this situation is responsible for control and safety messages broadcasted and non-safety application. The proposed protocol in this paper is an enhancement to the previous RAMC MAC protocol where no priority messages were considered. Our simulation results show high throughput for non-safety applications as compared to previous works. In addition, the results achieve high delivery ratios for different priorities of emergency warning messages (EWMs) and status safety messages in different traffic densities.

An Advanced Emergency Warning Message Scheme based on Vehicles Speed and Traffic Densities

In intelligent transportation systems, broadcasting Warning Messages (WMs) by Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) communication is a significant task. Designing efficient dissemination schemes for fast and reliable delivery of WMs is still an open research question. In this paper, we propose a novel messaging scheme, Advanced Speed and Density Warning Message (ASDWM). ASDWM is a broadcast-based scheme that meets design objectives and achieves high saved rebroadcast and reachability, as well as low end-to-end latency of WM delivery. The ASDWM uses vehicle speeds and vehicles density degrees to help emergency vehicles to send WM according to a road condition, adaptively. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the ASDWM over its counterparts.

A Social Utility-Based Dissemination Scheme for Emergency Warning Messages in Vehicular Social Networks

A Social Utility-Based Dissemination Scheme for Emergency Warning Messages in Vehicular Social Networks

TF-DMB: A traffic flow theory-based dynamic multi-hop broadcast protocol

In order to ensure traffic safety, the emergency warning message should be transmitted quickly and reliably in vehicular ad hoc networks by multi-hop broadcast. In this article, we propose a traffic flow theory-based dynamic multi-hop broadcast protocol to address the issue of emergency warning message dissemination in vehicular ad hoc networks. The main goal of our protocol is to reduce delay and enhance reliability no matter the traffic density is high or low. First, according to the simulations of the distribution of vehicles under different traffic densities, a method of dynamically dividing the communication range is proposed, which, to a large extent, could find the candidate forwarders by one non-uniform partition. Next, a mechanism of dynamically adjusting the contention window size and boundary is designed, and the minimum waiting time difference is considered. The complete execution process of theory-based dynamic multi-hop broadcast protocol and corresponding retransmission strategies are included for high reliability. Through extensive simulations, we demonstrate the superior performance of our protocol in terms of one-hop delay, one-hop message processing, and delivery ratio compared with other existing schemes.

Understanding the Impact of Visual Imagery in Emergency Warning Messages

This study examines how the provision of emergency messaging during flood events is perceived by members of the community; whether it correctly prompts the correct risk assessment; and whether messages prompt the desired behavior. Experimental conditions are applied to determine the correlation between an individual's innate risk tolerance and the perceived risk they associate with a series of flood-related image prompts.