Emergency Power Source Research Articles

Research on the Portable and Intelligent Photovoltaic Power Generation System Based on Microgrid

A new design scheme of photovoltaic power generation system was proposed in the paper. The photovoltaic power generation technology was applied into an independent microgrid system, combined with intelligent grid technology and energy storage technology, and thus a portable and intelligent photovoltaic power generation system based on microgrid was constructed. The system was composed of solar power generation system, energy storage system, distribution apparatus and other parts. The photoelectric and line tracking methods were combined to make the battery panel conduct three-dimensional sun-chasing movement when it moves. The perturbation and observation method with variable step based on power prediction was raised so as to achieve maximum power point tracking. The battery energy management system was responsible for controlling the battery charging and discharging, as well as state detection, which ensured continuous and stable power supply of the load. The system could be expanded to build portable emergency power source, of great significance to rescue and relief work, military operation, field scientific investigation, navigation and so on.

A Paper-Based Microfluidic Fuel Cell Using Soft Drinks as a Renewable Energy Source

The research aims were to construct an air-breathing paper-based microfluidic fuel cell (paper-based μ FC) and to evaluated it with different soft drinks to provide energy for their prospective use in portable devices as an emergency power source. First, in a half-cell configuration, cyclic voltammetry showed that glucose, maltose, and fructose had specific oxidation zones in the presence of platinum-ruthenium on carbon (PtRu/C) when they were individual. Still, when they were mixed, glucose was observed to be oxidized to a greater extent than fructose and maltose. After, when a paper-based μ FC was constructed, PtRu/C and platinum on carbon (Pt/C) were used as anode and cathode, the performance of this μ FC was mostly influenced by the concentration of glucose present in each soft drink, obtaining maximum power densities at room temperature of 0.061, 0.063, 0.060, and 0.073 mW cm − 2 for Coca Cola ® , Pepsi ® , Dr. Pepper ® , and 7up ® , respectively. Interestingly, when the soft drinks were cooled, the performance was increased up to 85%. Furthermore, a four-cell stack μ FC was constructed to demonstrate its usefulness as a possible power supply, obtaining a power density of 0.4 mW cm − 2 , using Coca Cola ® as fuel and air as oxidant. Together, the results of the present study indicate an alternative application of an μ FC using soft drinks as a backup source of energy in emergencies.

Remaining useful life prediction of aircraft lithium-ion batteries based on F-distribution particle filter and kernel smoothing algorithm

As an emergency and auxiliary power source for aircraft, lithium (Li)-ion batteries are important components of aerospace power systems. The Remaining Useful Life (RUL) prediction of Li-ion batteries is a key technology to ensure the reliable operation of aviation power systems. Particle Filter (PF) is an effective method to predict the RUL of Li-ion batteries because of its uncertainty representation and management ability. However, there are problems that particle weights cannot be updated in the prediction stage and particles degradation. To settle these issues, an innovative technique of F-distribution PF and Kernel Smoothing (FPFKS) algorithm is proposed. In the prediction stage, the weights of the particles are dynamically updated by the F kernel instead of being fixed all the time. Meanwhile, a first-order independent Markov capacity degradation model is established. Moreover, the kernel smoothing algorithm is integrated into PF, so that the variance of the parameters of capacity degradation model keeps invariant. Experiments based on NASA battery data sets show that FPFKS can be excellently applied to RUL prediction of Li-ion batteries.

Nature-Derived Cellulose-Based Composite Separator for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are emerging power sources for the replacement of lithium-ion batteries. Recent studies have focused on the development of electrodes and electrolytes, with thick glass fiber separators (~380 μm) generally adopted. In this work, we introduce a new thin (~50 μm) cellulose–polyacrylonitrile–alumina composite as a separator for SIBs. The separator exhibits excellent thermal stability with no shrinkage up to 300°C and electrolyte uptake with a contact angle of 0°. The sodium ion transference number, , of the separator is measured to be 0.78, which is higher than that of bare cellulose (: 0.31). These outstanding physical properties of the separator enable the long-term operation of NaCrO2 cathode/hard carbon anode full cells in a conventional carbonate electrolyte, with capacity retention of 82% for 500 cycles. Time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectroscopy analysis reveals the additional role of the Al2O3 coating, which is transformed into AlF3 upon long-term cycling owing to HF scavenging. Our findings will open the door to the use of cellulose-based functional separators for high-performance SIBs.

A Supercritical CO2 Waste Heat Recovery System Design for a Diesel Generator for Nuclear Power Plant Application

After the Fukushima accident, the importance of an emergency power supply for a nuclear power plant has been emphasized more. In order to maximize the performance of the existing emergency power source in operating nuclear power plants, adding a waste heat recovery system for the emergency power source is suggested for the first time in this study. In order to explore the possibility of the idea, a comparison of six supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2) power cycle layouts recovering waste heat from a 7.2 MW alternate alternating current diesel generator (AAC DG) is first presented. The diesel engine can supply two heat sources to the waste heat recovery system: one from exhaust gas and the other from scavenged air. Moreover, a sensitivity study of the cycles for different design parameters is performed, and the thermodynamic performances of the various cycles were evaluated. The main components, including turbomachinery and heat exchangers, are designed with in-house codes which have been validated with experiment data. Based on the designed cycle and components, the bottoming S-CO2 cycle performance under part load operating condition of AAC DG is analyzed by using a quasi-steady state cycle analysis method. It was found that a partial heating cycle has relatively higher net produced work while enjoying the benefit of a simple layout and smaller number of components. This study also revealed that further waste heat can be recovered by adjusting the flow split merging point of the partial heating cycle.

Research on Intelligent Diagnosis Technology of Emergency Diesel Generator in Nuclear Power Plant Based on New Monitoring Method

As the emergency power source of nuclear power plant, the emergency diesel generator sets need to provide power for the safety system of nuclear power plant after all external power sources of nuclear power plant are lost, to ensure the safe shutdown of nuclear power plant and prevent the leakage of radioactive materials to the environment. In view of the critical role of emergency diesel generator sets in ensuring the safe operation of the power station, high reliability is needed. Therefore, how to accurately monitor the state of diesel engine and how to diagnose the faults has become an urgent problem to be solved. In this paper, status monitoring system for diesel engine is designed and developed based on LabVIEW and new monitoring method to realize real-time and continuous collection during the operation of the diesel engine, intensive collection during the alarm process, and data display and storage. It can provide data support for fault diagnosis. The operation results show that the system has high reliability and meets the requirements of field inspection, regular test and fault analysis.

Incorporating External Effects into Project Sustainability Assessments: The Case of a Green Campus Initiative Based on a Solar PV System

We demonstrated that a green campus initiative can reduce the carbon footprint of a university and improve the disaster resilience of the local community. A project sustainability assessment framework was structured to support the initiative. First, an on-campus solar photovoltaic (PV) system was designed. The project performance in terms of financial cost and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions was assessed using life cycle cost analysis (LCC) and a life cycle assessment (LCA), respectively. Then, we explored the incorporation of positive social impacts on the local community in the context of natural disaster-prone Japan. Indicators for improving the disaster resilience of the residents were defined based on the Sendai Framework. Our results showed that the proposed solar PV system could provide an electricity self-sufficiency rate of 31% for the campus. Greenhouse gas emissions of 0.0811 kg CO2-eq/kWh would decrease the annual emissions from campus electricity use by 27%. Considering the substituted daytime electricity purchase, a payback period of 12.9 years was achievable. This solar PV system could serve as an emergency power source to 4666–8454 nearby residents and 8532 smart city residents. This external effect would encourage stakeholders like local government and developers to participate in the project.

Rancang Bangun Pembangkit Nanohidro Untuk Keperluan Darurat Di Alam Terbuka

Currently various outdoor activities are carried out by the community. These activities are sometimes carried out for several days. To support these activities, emergency power sources are needed to recharge the batteries for lighting, communication equipment and other electronic equipment. Emergency power sources used by many people are powerbank with a limited capacity. If the outdoor activities are carried out for several days, the powerbank will not be sufficient to meet the needs. Therefore, a small scale power plant is needed by utilizing the existing natural resources such as water flow or wind. This research aims to design and to make a prototype of a nanohydro power plant that can be used to meet electrical energy needs during outdoor activities. The research begins with designing a nanohydro power plant system includes a water turbine, mini generator, and battery charger. After that, the generator prototype was made. The prototype was tested in the laboratory and on the river. Tests are carried out in no-load and loaded conditions. In each test, a voltage measurement is carried out on the generating system. The laboratory test results show that the mini generator can generate voltage from 0.57 - 6.40 V when rotated at speeds of 150 - 3000 rpm. When tested in a river with water velocity varying from 0.25 to 0.45 m/s, the generator can generate a voltage of 1.9 - 3.1 V.

Designing high energy conversion efficient bio-inspired vitamin assisted single-structured based self-powered piezoelectric/wind/acoustic multi-energy harvester with remarkable power density

Development of flexible, durable and biocompatible piezoelectric/acoustic/wind multi-functional energy harvester with remarkable energy conversion efficiency, high current, and power density is of great challenge in scavenging electricity from multi-modes of energy sources for powering real smart electronics and e-healthcare monitoring devices. Here, bio-inspired vitamin B2 (VB2) assisted PVDF based multifunctional advanced energy material with high out-of-plane piezoelectric co-efficient of ~ –50.3 pC/N, is reported first time for harvesting huge electrical energy from multi-modes of alternative energy sources in a single device. Thus, an entirely organic based fully biocompatible piezoelectric nanogenerator (PNG) having multifunctional energy harvesting capabilities at a time (mechanical/acoustic/wind) has been designed by integrating VB2 with PVDF. VB2 is introduced in energy-harvesting family for first time as an effective β-phase (~93%) stabilizer for PVDF and would be better replacement of non-toxic expensive stabilizers. The fabricated nanogenerator reveals high output current (≈12.2 μA) and voltage (≈61.5 V), theoretically verified with finite element method (FEM) based simulation. The device with fast-charging capability shows remarkable peak power density of ≈9.3 mW/cm3 and ultrahigh energy conversion efficiency (≈62%) enabling lightening more than 100 LEDs directly and can power up a CD motor/mobile through capacitor charging. Moreover, generation of electricity from various noises allows potentiality of the device as an artificial acoustic ultra-sensor. Thus, it would provide more opportunities towards next generation multifunctional emerging power sources and in e-healthcare monitoring.

Monte Carlo Simulation approach for economic risk analysis of an emergency energy generation system

Electric generators are largely employed as emergency power sources by preventing some facilities from sudden interruptions of electric energy supply. They may also be used to reduce the energy demand from the power grid by providing electricity over the peak periods. This paper aims to evaluate the owners' economic risk of purchasing an electric generator in order to provide energy during the peak time. The study considers different rated powers of diesel and natural gas-based generators as well as cases with and without an extra expense due to the carbon credit (CCr), which is a cost generated by the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). Net Present Value (NPV) is used as a method for the economic feasibility analysis while Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS), a stochastic approach, is performed to evaluate the economic risk. To verify the applied methodology and accomplish the goals of this work, a Brazilian university project is taken as a case study and the campus is assumed to be an investor of an electric generator. The analysis is performed considering that the facilities are fed energetically during short periods of the day. All rules from Brazilian energy market are taken into consideration. Diesel and natural gas-based generators are able to guarantee a low risk of return on investment to investors and such risk is truly dependent on the generator rated power. Diesel generators present a narrow range of rated powers with a high probability of positive NPV whereas natural gas-based engines show a wide range of them with a null risk of an unprofitable purchase. In cases where carbon credits are considered as extra costs, the probability of a failed business is always higher than the cases they are not taken into account, although the carbon credits have no high sensitivity in the risk analysis.

Single Step, Electrochemical Preparation of Copper-Based Positive Electrode for Lithium Primary Cells.

Lithium primary cells are commonly used in applications where high energy density and low self-discharge are the most important factors. This include small coin cells for electronics, power backup batteries for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor memory or as a long-term emergency power source. In our study we present a fast, electrochemical method of the positive electrode preparation for lithium primary cells. The influence of the current density and oxygen presence in a solution on the preparation of the electrode and thus its electrochemical behavior is examined. Electrode compositions were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The prepared electrodes may be used in Li cells as competition to Zn-MnO2 primary batteries.

КОМПЛЕКСНОЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКИХ РЕЖИМОВ В СЕТЯХ ВНЕШНЕГО И ВНУТРЕННЕГО ЭЛЕКТРОСНАБЖЕНИЯ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ С СОБСТВЕННОЙ ГЕНЕРАЦИЕЙ

When integrating own generation including emergency power supply sources it is necessary to perform an atypical at the present time complex of calculations of electrical regimes in internal power supply schemes of enterprises including the calculations of steady and optimized regimes, electromechanical transients and power quality indicators. The PURPOSE of the study is to identify the potential risks of accidents resulting in the interruption of power supply of particularly responsible electric receivers when connecting to internal power supply systems of own generation facilities including emergency power supply sources both in parallel and stand-alone operation mode with the power system. The METHODS used include conducting specialized studies of the parameters of electrical modes and a complex of calculations of steady and optimized modes, electromechanical transients and power quality indicators in the DIgSILENT PowerFactory software package. RESULTS. The articles presents the problematic aspects revealed in the specialized researches and integrated modeling of electrical modes in the networks of external and internal power supply of enterprises with own generation and emergency power sources, as well as the measures recommended in order to improve the reliability of consumer power supply. CONCLUSIONS. It is necessary to raise the requirements for the volume of electric mode modeling in the networks of external and internal power supply of enterprises with own generation facilities and emergency power supply sources both at the design stage and during energy inspections in order to to verify the validity of the adopted design decisions.

Feasibility study of power generation using a turbine mounted in aircraft wing

The main objective of this study is to increase the aerodynamic efficiency of turbine mounted novel wing. The main motive behind this work is to reduce the drag by attaining the positive velocity gradient and generate power by converting the stagnation pressure which also acts as emergency power source. By using the energy source of free stream air, Mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. The obtained power is presented in terms of voltage generated at various angles of attack with different Reynolds number. Experimental analysis is carried out for NACA4415 airfoil at various angles with respect to free stream ranging from 0deg to 30deg from laminar to turbulent Reynolds number. The results were obtained using the research tunnel at IARE aerodynamic facility center. The aerodynamic advantage of this design in terms of voltage is 9.5 V at 35m/s which can be utilized for the aircraft on board power systems.

A self-supporting approach to EV agent participation in smart grid

The capability of an Electric Vehicle (EV) as an emergency power source for self-supporting in a Smart Grid is investigated. A multi-agent system including microgrid agent, home agents, and EV agents is defined to manage outages. The functions of agents are explained during the outage and in normal conditions. The microgrid agent orders the islanding operation of the homes in the faulty region. The home agent allocates the loads and the required power from the EVs to optimize the costs during the outage. The EV agent infers the stochastic behavior of the EV used for optimization. It also controls the active and reactive power flow of the EV according to the smart home commands. The simulations of the energy management of the proposed system during a fault in the microgrid for the faulty region, or a fault at the main feeder of the microgrid show promising results.

Development and Study of Gas-Diffusion Cathodes in Cylindrical Cells of Air-Aluminum Electrochemical Generator

Possibility of substantially improving the specific characteristics of the cell of an air-aluminum electrochemical generator by passing to its cylindrical design is demonstrated. This made it possible to raise the efficiency of aluminum utilization and to simplify the system that maintains the thermal balance of a cell and an array. It was found that, to reach the best parameters of a cylindrical cell of an air-aluminum electrochemical generator, it is necessary to fabricate gas-diffusion cathodes on the basis of the following factors: type of carbon black (Timcal), type of activated carbon (UAF), and relative amounts of hydrophobized carbon black and activated carbon in the active layer (2.5: 1). The results obtained in the study and the achieved characteristics of the air-aluminum electrochemical generator demonstrated that it is possible in principle to use this generator as a portable backup and emergency power source and also in power supply of urban electrically powered automobiles.

Structural control with tuned inertial mass electromagnetic transducers

Summary This paper investigates the validity of the tuned inertial mass electromagnetic transducer (TIMET) applied to building structures subjected to seismic motions. The TIMET is a device inspired by two innovative structural control devices proposed recently, that is, tuned viscous mass damper and electromagnetic transducer. The TIMET consists of a spring, an inertial mass produced by a ball screw mechanism, and an electromagnetic transducer part composed of a motor and an electrical circuit. The stiffness of the spring is tuned such that the inertial mass resonates with the vibrating building. This makes the motor installed in parallel with the inertial mass run up in an efficient way, and the vibration energy is converted to electrical energy effectively. As a result, vibration of the building decays fast and electrical energy is stored. This generated energy that is reusable for the self-powered control systems, structural health monitoring, emergency power source, and so on. In this paper, through numerical simulation studies employing the scaled three-story building model proposed for benchmark studies, the vibration reduction and energy harvesting capabilities of the TIMET is explored and the application potentiality to civil structures is discussed.

건물 에너지관리용 NANITM 전기저장장치 실증을 통한 사업화 모델 연구

As an Energy Storage Systems (ESS) can be a possible emergency power source, the market for ESS has increased to respond to the energy demands in commercial buildings. To demonstrate the ESS for commercial buildings located in urban areas, the Sodium Nickel Chloride (NANISUPTM/SUP) battery systems was chosen because it is chemically safe. The system has been operated for more than a year to verify the stability and profitability. Therefore, a business model of an ESS for commercial buildings is proposed based upon the long-term actual proof operation.

Development and study of aluminum-air electrochemical generator and its main components

Abstract Aluminum-air power sources are receiving increased attention for applications in portable electronic devices, transportation, and energy systems. This study reports on the development of an aluminum-air electrochemical generator (AA ECG) and provides a technical foundation for the selection of its components, i.e., aluminum anode, gas diffusion cathode, and alkaline electrolyte. A prototype 1.5 kW AA ECG with specific energy of 270 Wh kg −1 is built and tested. The results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of AA ECGs as portable reserve and emergency power sources, as well as power sources for electric vehicles.

Hybrid Energy Storage System Composed of Electric and Hydrogen Energy Storage Systems Having Emergency Power Source Function for Compensating Fluctuating Output Power of Renewable Energy Sources

Hybrid Energy Storage System Composed of Electric and Hydrogen Energy Storage Systems Having Emergency Power Source Function for Compensating Fluctuating Output Power of Renewable Energy Sources

Examination of scintillator-photovoltaic cell-based spent fuel radiation energy conversion for electricity generation

Using computational models, this research examined electricity generation from spent nuclear fuel and its possible uses. The proposed approach was based on converting gamma radiation energy into electricity using scintillators and photovoltaic cells. The work includes performing gamma radiation environment analysis around spent fuel, scintillated photon analysis, and photovoltaic cell analysis for electricity generation. The OrigenArp code was used for gamma radiation environment analysis and the MCNPX 2.7.0 code was used for analyzing scintillation process. For the scintillated photon analysis and photovoltaic cell analysis, a new simulation model was developed and validated based on comparison with experimental data. The effect of self-absorption and radiation damage within the scintillator was described by using experimental data. Based on using 14 energy conversion system units in a spent fuel storage pool in a PWR with CdWO4 as scintillator and SiO2 as photovoltaic cell, generation of electric energy was estimated to range between a few hundred watts and a few watts depending on the cooling time. The estimated amount of electric power generation from spent fuel energy conversion was not enough for large scale applications. But the converted electric power could be utilized as emergency power source in an operating nuclear power plant for various detection and monitoring purposes and for the support of spent fuel pool cooling pump operations.