Emergence Of New Classes Research Articles

Exceptional Spin Liquids from Couplings to the Environment.

We establish the appearance of a qualitatively new type of spin liquid with emergent exceptional points when coupling to the environment. We consider an open system of the Kitaev honeycomb model generically coupled to an external environment. In extended parameter regimes, the Dirac points of the emergent Majorana fermions from the original model are split into exceptional points with Fermi arcs connecting them. In glaring contrast to the original gapless phase of the honeycomb model that requires time-reversal symmetry, this new phase is stable against all perturbations. The system also displays a large sensitivity to boundary conditions resulting from the non-Hermitian skin effect with telltale experimental consequences. Our results point to the emergence of new classes of spin liquids in open systems that might be generically realized due to unavoidable couplings with the environment.

ВОЗМОЖНОСТЬ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ЗЕЛЕНЫХ ВОДОРОСЛЕЙ В КАЧЕСТВЕ УДОБРЕНИЙ В СЕЛЬСКОМ ХОЗЯЙСТВЕ

The article presents the results of algological studies of the Koshkar-ata river and the influence of green microalgae on the physiological development of various agricultural crops. Modern technologies for the production of agricultural products, based on the widespread use of pesticides and mineral fertilizers, made it possible to largely solve the problem of providing the population with food, and at the same time gave rise to multiple environmental, medical and environmental problems, problems of ecologically clean and biologically valuable food products, land rehabilitation, restoration their fertility, etc. Therefore, the emergence of new classes of pesticides with different mechanisms of action, high selectivity and low toxicity for warm-blooded animals is very modern. Currently, the development and application of new plant protection products that are not toxic to humans and animals is of global importance. Priority is given to research aimed at creating plant protection products based on microorganisms and their metabolites, as well as searching for plant substances with potential pesticidal activity. In this regard, the question arose of finding new safe fertilizers that could also be economically viable for production on an industrial scale. One of the current trends in this industry is the use of green microalgae. It was found that the use of a suspension of microalgae on various agricultural crops increased the yield of winter wheat by 30%, beans by 28%, mung bean by 15%. Thus, the use of a suspension of green algae in agriculture saves on the use of fertilizers, due to a one-time application of the crop to the soil. Moreover, seed treatment with a suspension of green microalgae protects against decay. The main economic effect is achieved by increasing the yield by 20-25%.

Дослідження впливу хімічних властивостей активних барвників на процес фотодеструкції забарвлень бавовняних трикотажних полотен

Today, reactive dyes are the most popular class used to obtain dyed cotton textile materials, and the only one for cotton knitwear. Colours obtained with reactive dyes are highly resistant to washing due to the formation of a covalent bond of the dye with the polymer. In connection with the emergence of new classes of bi- and polyfunctional reactive dyes, it is urgent to establish the regularities of the influence of their chemical structure on the lightfastness of the obtained colours. The aim of the work is to study the influence of chemical properties of reactive dyes, namely the chemical structure of chromophore, the number and type of active groups, on the lightfastness of colours obtained on cotton knitted fabrics. The study was carried out using a cotton knitted fabric prepared in an appropriate way. The dyeing of the textile material was carried out using mono-, bi- and polyfunctional dyes in the appropriate modes. In terms of chemical structure, the dyes under study were azo and disazo dyes, anthraquinone, phthalocyanine, and formazan dyes. According to the chromophore chemical structure the studied dyes were monochlorotriazine, dichlorotriazine, vinyl sulfonic and bifunctional with a monochlorotriazine / vinyl sulfone active group. For the obtained knitted fabric samples, the kinetics of colours photodestruction was investigated. Insolation of the samples was carried out on the RF 1201 BS (REFOND) device with a mercury-tungsten lamp with periodic determination of samples colour differences using a PCE-TCR 200 colorimeter. The article presents the results of a study of the dependence of dyed cotton knitted fabric samples lightfastness on the chemical properties of reactive dyes. The chemical class of dyes has been established, which have low resistance to light in comparison with other investigated chromophore systems. In addition, the dependence of the cotton knitted fabric colours lightfastness on the chemical structure and the number of active groups was found.

MOSAIK: A Formal Model for Self-Organizing Manufacturing Systems

In this article, we review past and current system architectures displaying self-organization in the domain of manufacturing. Based on a corpus of 84 reference papers, we find that multiagent systems (MAS) play a significant role in self-organization, especially MAS featuring bio-inspired algorithms for agent coordination. The emergence of new classes of cyber-physical systems further strengthens the prevalence of MAS on the subject. As outcome of our review, we devise the MOSAIK model, a generic model synthesizing all system architectures found in our corpus. The MOSAIK model can be used as a reference for formally comparing distinct architectures. We also use it to identify gaps for future research on self-organizing manufacturing systems. The model includes the central concepts of Agent and Artifact, which suggest that the Web is an adequate communication infrastructure for modern manufacturing systems: Agents become (autonomous) Web Agents and Artifacts become resources exposed by Web servers.

Емпірична ідентифікація креативного класу в українському суспільстві

Institutional shifts in the labour market during the transition to a post-industrial economy have blurred the boundaries of the traditional classes, including the middle class. The emergence of new classes requires their appropriate theoretical and empirical study. The article dwells upon the empirical identification of the “creative class” in modern Ukrainian society. Author suggests a […]

The Mosaic street - partial gentrification in Bucharest

Most post-socialist gentrification researchers have shown the importance of political transformations and the role of the state played in this process, focusing on changes in the property regime and how they led to the emergence of new classes of gentrifiers and excluded. Without contradicting such a thesis, the article highlights the importance of the cultural features, demonstrating that the city is shaped not only by political and economic forces, but also by the symbols that people attach to the space. This ethnographic research explores the physical, aesthetic, functional and cultural transformations of Vasile Lascar street, an old street in the center of Bucharest, in the micro context of changing daily practices for certain categories of population and in the wider context of some political laws or urban projects. The research confirms the results of other studies on urban transformations in the post-socialist states, where, as in the case of the studied street, gentrification took place only selectively and partially and was seen by the locals rather as a natural process, then a brutal intrusion into their lives. The way in which a simple street in Bucharest has been transformed reiterates the debate on the existence of a post-socialist gentrification, outlining an urban space of contrasts and particularities compared to the global city.

Incremental hashing with sample selection using dominant sets

In the world of big data, large amounts of images are available in social media, corporate and even personal collections. A collection may grow quickly as new images are generated at high rates. The new images may cause changes in the distribution of existing classes or the emergence of new classes, resulting in the collection being dynamic and having concept drift. For efficient image retrieval from an image collection using a query, a hash table consisting of a set of hash functions is needed to transform images into binary hash codes which are used as the basis to find similar images to the query. If the image collection is dynamic, the hash table built at one time step may not work well at the next due to changes in the collection as a result of new images being added. Therefore, the hash table needs to be rebuilt or updated at successive time steps. Incremental hashing (ICH) is the first effective method to deal with the concept drift problem in image retrieval from dynamic collections. In ICH, a new hash table is learned based on newly emerging images only which represent data distribution of the current data environment. The new hash table is used to generate hash codes for all images including old and new ones. Due to the dynamic nature, new images of one class may not be similar to old images of the same class. In order to learn new hash table that preserves within-class similarity in both old and new images, incremental hashing with sample selection using dominant sets (ICHDS) is proposed in this paper, which selects representative samples from each class for training the new hash table. Experimental results show that ICHDS yields better retrieval performance than existing dynamic and static hashing methods.

An End-to-End Reliability Framework of the Internet of Things.

The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm feeds from many scientific and engineering fields. This involves a diversity and heterogeneity of its underlying systems. When considering End-to-End IoT systems, we can identify the emergence of new classes of problems. The best-known ones are those associated to standardization for better interoperability and compatibility of those systems, and those who gave birth of new paradigms like that of Fog Computing. Predicting the reliability of an End-to-End IoT system is a problem belonging to this category. On one hand, predicting reliability can be mandatory, most times, before the deployment stage. On another hand, it may help engineers at the design and the operational stages to establish effective maintenance policies and may provide the various stakeholders and decision-makers a means to take the relevant actions. We can find in the literature works which consider only fragments of End-to-End IoT systems such as those assessing reliability for Wireless Sensors Networks (WSN) or Cloud subsystems, to cite just a few. Some other works are specific to well-defined industries, like those targeting reliability study of E-health and Smart-Grid infrastructures. Works that aims to assess reliability for an End-to-End IoT system are remarkably rare and particularly restrained in terms of expressiveness, flexibility, and in their implementation time complexity. In this paper, we apply the Reliability Block Diagram (RBD) paradigm to set up a framework for End-to-End IoT system reliability modeling and analysis. Our contribution is four-fold: we propose an IoT network-based layered architecture, we model in depth each layer of the proposed architecture, we suggest a flow chart to deploy the proposed framework, and we perform a numerical investigation of simplified scenarios. We affirm that the proposed framework is expressive, flexible, and scalable. The numerical study reveals mission time intervals which characterize the behavior of an IoT system from the point of view of its reliability.

An Overview of Electric Machine Trends in Modern Electric Vehicles

Electric machines are critical components of the drivetrains of electric vehicles. Over the past few years the majority of traction drive systems have converged toward containing some form of a permanent magnet machine. There is increasing tendency toward the improvement of power density and efficiency of traction machines, thereby giving rise to innovative designs and improvements of basic machine topologies and the emergence of new classes of machines. This paper provides an overview of present trends toward high specific power density machines for traction drive systems. The focus will be on current technology and the trends that are likely to be pursued in the near future to achieve the high specific power goals set for the industry. The paper discusses machines that are applied in both hybrid and battery electric drivetrains without distinction and does not discuss the associated power electronic inverters. Future electric machine trends that are likely to occur are also projected.

Unmasking the potential as antibiotic makers of three Streptomyces strains isolated in a high-altitude ecosystem in Colombia

The current threat of antimicrobial resistance, the surge in antimicrobial compounds rendered obsolete and the slow emergence of new classes of antibiotics havetriggeredan urgent call for novel alternatives to treat infectious diseases. The vast microbial diversity of unexplored environments and the chemical and structural variety of specialised metabolites within it stand as one of the central points to tackle this challenge. This work focuses on the exploration of the potential for antimicrobial compounds in three new Streptomyces strains – Streptomyces sp. CG885, Streptomyces sp. CG893 and Streptomyces sp. CG926- isolated in the Natural National Park Los Nevados (Colombia) and with proved production of active metabolites against several ESKAPE pathogens. To this purpose, we constructed a 16S rRNA phylogenetic tree and studied the specialised metabolite potential of these isolates using a genome mining approach [1] to predict the presence of putative Biosynthetic Gene Clusters (BGCs). Findings from this bioinformatic prediction were linked with analysis from active extracts obtained through agar plate extraction to inform prioritization of clusters. So far, the computational analysis has predicted between 68 to 93 specialised metabolite BGCs for each strain. Interestingly, most of these compounds show less than 15 % similarity to any known compound in the database and around 69 clusters seem related to previously uncharacterised RiPPs, NRPS and PKS. Further work will focus onthe validation and study of those clusters linked to compounds with potential in clinical development.

Survey of Memory Management Techniques for HPC and Cloud Computing

The emergence of new classes of HPC applications and usage models, such as real-time HPC and cloud HPC, coupled with the increasingly heterogeneous nature of HPC architectures, requires a renewed investigation of memory management solutions. Traditionally, memory is shared by an operating system using segmentation and paging techniques. At the same time, new classes of applications require Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees. As such, the typical practice of reserving a subset of the supercomputer to a single application becomes less attractive, leading to the exploration of cloud technologies. In this context, a viable scenario is that of multiple applications, with different QoS levels, coexisting on the same deeply heterogeneous HPC infrastructure and sharing resources. However, for this scenario to succeed in practice, resources, including memory, need to be allocated with a vision that includes both the application requirements and the current and future state of the overall system. In this survey, challenges of memory management in HPC and Cloud Computing, different memory management systems and optimisation techniques to increase memory utilisation are discussed in detail.

CASE OF TREATMENT OF A PATIENT WITH AN AGGRESSIVE FORM OF METASTATIC MELANOMA OF THE SKIN

Metastatic melanoma of the skin today remains a difficult task. A revolution in treatment was the emergence of new classes of drugs: inhibitors of regulatory molecules of the key stages of the immune response and tyrokinase receptors, which in mono-mode showed an advantage compared to standard treatment regimens, and their combination is objectively better result compared to mono-mode. Genetic profiling was indispensable for choosing personalized treatment approaches. In the absence of treatment standards for patients with advanced MK, local doctors rely on individual clinical cases, trying to classify them into similar clinical scenarios, which differ in each case. Some authors recommend that these scenarios be included in clinical trials, either as inclusion criteria or stratification factors. Thus, this approach may be a way of personalizing the treatment of patients with MMC. Materials and methods. A 29-year-old patient with MK back surgery was operated on with subsequent adjuvant immunotherapy. When the disease progressed, the patient was prescribed sequentially immuno-, chemo- and combination therapy with anti-CTL4 + PD-1 inhibitors, sanitary excision of soft tissue metastases, a combination of BRAF + MEK inhibitors, polychemotherapy. Results. The personalized therapy of the patient with MMC has led to an increase in the overall duration and quality of life. Conclusion. Despite the consistent application of the majority of the known available treatment regimens to the patient, stabilization of the condition was only possible for a short time. To achieve a complete or partial response to any of the types of treatment failed. But this case can be considered a variant of personalized therapy, which allowed to slow down the development of the disease, keep the patient in good health and a long time, an active lifestyle, improve its quality, which is already a great achievement. The life expectancy without progression in this patient was 9 months, the total life expectancy from the start of treatment was 44 months.

Emergence of New Stimulus Classes by Exclusion in Children and Adolescents

Children and adolescents from four age groups (4, 8, 11, and 14 years of age) learned the baseline conditional relations for the emergence of two three-member equivalence classes. Then, they were exposed to exclusion trials that included baseline stimuli as defined stimuli to be rejected, while another, undefined stimulus had to be selected in the presence of an undefined sample. Emergent performance in symmetry and transitivity relations with stimuli related by exclusion was tested to probe for evidence of the emergence of a new stimulus class (class 3). Then, participants were exposed to new exclusion trials which employed class 3 stimuli as defined stimulus, and symmetry and transitivity conditional relations were again tested with the new stimuli related by exclusion to identify the emergence of a new class (class 4). Participants of the four age groups showed emergence and expansion of equivalence classes by exclusion, and use of the exclusion class stimuli as a basis for the emergence of a new class by exclusion. The likelihood of equivalence emergence with stimuli related by exclusion decreased in 5-year-old children when symmetry and transitivity were tested for exclusion classes, but did not for baseline classes. Some sources of control for accurate responding to the tests are discussed.

Application of the photocatalysis for the water purification and forthcoming irrigation

The considerable development of agricultural and industrial activity, has led to the emergence of new classes of organic pollutants say "persistent" which are resistant to the processes of conventional treatment of the waters. The photocatalysis represents of our days, emerging solution to the problems of pollution of groundwater environments, because that can degrade organic matter in basic products and less toxic. This technique associated with a biological method "bio-monitoring" allows to purify the waters effectively, simple and less costly. The use of photocatalytic process in the presence of photocatalyst SnO2 and Lemna minor under UV light has revealed a decrease in the absorbance by report to the initial state and that the rate of absorption varies from 7% to 33% for wastewater and 7% to 34% for the waters of the dam Dahmouni. The treatment of the waters by photocatalysis associated with the lenses of water could be a reality in the countries with strong sunlight to here to a dozen years. This technique is interesting both from the point of view of technology that from the environmental point of view. In effect, this technique may be extended to large scale for addressing releases industrial or domestic or for the purification of contaminated waters.Two water resourses including the dam Dahmounie and wastewater treatment plant in the city of Tiaret are in in the focus of this study.

Advances in oncological treatment: limitations of RECIST 1.1 criteria.

RECIST 1.1 criteria are the standard for the response assessment of most solid tumors on computed tomography (CT). Nevertheless, the emergence of new classes of treatment in the lasts decades has brought new challenges in the evaluation of response. A PubMed online database literature search was performed in order to identify papers in English with full text available published up to September 2017. Some oncologic treatments, such as antiangiogenic agents, immunotherapy and local treatments, have proven to be effective despite atypical patterns of response. In patients undergoing these treatments, size-based evaluations, such as RECIST1.1, show some limitations, since they often underestimate the response. Some modified criteria have been proposed to improve the response assessment in several specific settings, such in gastrointestinal stromal tumors treated by antiangiogenic agents, hepatocellular carcinoma treated by local ablation or solid tumors treated by immunotherapy. New techniques of image analysis and imaging modalities other than CT, such as magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography, may provide additional information and amend some of the limitations of size-based criteria. The emergence of new treatment paradigms and the increasing trend toward personalizing treatment should be associated with a concomitant evolution of response assessment, in both research and clinical settings.

EXPERIENCE IN THE USE OF ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS IN OUTPATIENT CLINICS

Since 2011, with the emergence of new classes of antithrombotic drugs – inhibitors of the activated X coagulation factor (rivoroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban) and thrombin inhibitor (dabigatran), antithrombotic therapy has received a new impetus to development and wider introduction into practice. New oral anticoagulants (NOAC) do not require laboratory monitoring for correction and dose selection, which makes their appointment more simple and convenient, compared with vitamin K antagonists (warfarin). The purpose of the presented work was to evaluate the efficacy and The safety of anticoagulant therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation in out-patient practice. The study was conducted for 1 year. There were 168 patients (108 men, 60 women, mean age 70. 6 ± 2.46 years) with atrial fibrillation. 90 patients received PLA (53% – dabigatran, 41% – rivaroxaban, 6% – apixaban), 78 – warfarin. 74% of patients included in the study had 3 or more points on the scale CHA2DS2-Vasc. During the observation period in the PLA group, ONMC was registered in 2 patients (2.2%), PE – 0. In 1 patient, embolism in the brachial artery was observed against the background of anticoagulant withdrawal due to the planned surgical intervention. In the group receiving warfarin as an anticoagulant, 2 strokes were registered during the year (2.3%) (1 of them fatal). The frequency of bleeding in the PLA group: large – 0, macrogematuria – 3, nasal 2, conjunctival – 2. In the warfarin group: large – 1 (fatal stratification of the aneurysm of the abdominal aorta), macrogemaria – 4, nasal 1, conjunctival – 1. Reliable differences in The frequency of bleeding was not revealed.

Emerging Cytokines in Allergic Airway Inflammation: A Genetic Update

Purpose: We aim to discuss the current status of knowledge on the role of recently identified cytokines in airway hyper responsiveness as well as the genetic predisposition conferred by their coding genes to asthma. Methods: We focused on three cytokines and their coding genes,IL-9, IL-17, and IL-22, and conducted a narrative review of all the relevant publications known to the authors. Results: A great body of evidence regarding the involvement of these three cytokines in asthma was discussed and interpreted. These range from studies on the murine models of asthma to clinical and human genetic approaches. Despite the large amounts of information existing on the genetics of IL-9 and IL-17, there is a lacking trend towards the IL-22 genetic studies in asthma. Conclusion: The emergence of new classes of T-helper effector cells and their cytokines has led to a change in our understanding of asthma pathogenesis. This has created both new opportunities and challenges for researchers involved in this field, and is likely to result in improvements and progress in identifying and developing novel therapeutic measures and innovative treatments for asthma. Keywords: Airway hyper responsiveness, asthma, cytokine, gene.

Analysis of existing approaches to setting the intelligent management systems of transport undertakings

The problem of designing intelligent management systems (IMS) of dynamically variable objects (DO), operating under significant a priori uncertainty is considered. The analysis of existing approaches to developing DO IMS, methods, models and algorithms of their construction based on the integration of classical methods of management theory and artificial intelligence methods was presented. As examples of DO, rolling stock (TU) of the multi-mode enterprises is examined. The range of unresolved problems is identified, the purpose and objectives for the solution are formulated. Currently, the problem of designing the automatic management systems of dynamically variable objects is characterized by the transition from the paradigm of adaptive management to the paradigm of intelligent management. This is caused by a continuous complication of management objects and conditions of their operation, the emergence of new classes of computing means (in particular, distributed computing systems), high-performance telecommunications channels, and a sharp increase in the reliability and efficiency requirements for management processes under significant a priori and a posteriori uncertainty. Accounting of these factors is possible only on the basis of transition from hard algorithms of parametric and structural adaptation to the anthropomorphic principle of management formation.

Class after Communism

After 1989, class appeared to be everywhere and nowhere. The messy consequences of the emergence of new classes and new types of economic inequalities were plain for all to see, but no one uttered the term “class.” The concept appeared illegitimate because of associations with the old regime, even though it always had more success explaining developments in the capitalist world east Europe was entering than the state socialist world it was leaving. The media and academy adopted a discourse of “normality” instead: New rules resulted not from policy choices empowering certain groups at the expense of others but from necessity, and people just had to adapt. Because the economic collapse nevertheless elicited much anger and frustration, the absence of class talk contributed to a proliferation of nationalist talk, and thus had political consequences. The paper rehearses reasons for the decline of class analysis in the region, and notes the post-1989 fascination with the “middle class.” It explores the evolution of class analysis during the communist period, culminating in the embrace of a stratification theory that resisted discussion of power, which made sense at the time but became a burden after 1989. Several critical class analyses of state socialism, from the 1930s to today, are then introduced, demonstrating both their relevance and their unfortunate absence from debates. New types of class analyses promoted by younger scholars and activists are emerging, however, and are discussed in the summaries of the other essays in this collection.

Engineering Biocatalysts for Synthesis Including Cascade Processes

1 When preparing an Editorial summary for a special issue it is always interesting to look back at previous recent editorials to gain a sense of how far the field has advanced and how the focus of research has moved forward. In 2011, Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis published a themed issue, containing 31 papers, many of which addressed the challenge of engineering biocatalysts such that they could be used for chemical synthesis (see: Biocatalysis – A Gateway to Industrial Biotechnology).1 During the past decade, there has been a global effort to bring new biocatalyst platforms into practical usage, both in academic and industrial laboratories, resulting in the emergence of new classes of enzymes, such as transaminases, amine oxidases, ene reductases, nitrilases, Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases and aldolases. Many, if not all, of these new biocatalysts have been subjected to extensive protein engineering and directed evolution in order to tailor their properties such as substrate scope, stereoselectivity, stability and catalytic activity. Coupled with the emergence of powerful sequence-based algorithms for mining genomes, the field of biocatalysis is now better equipped than ever before to both discover new enzymes and also engineer them to make them fit for purpose. As the toolbox of practical biocatalysts continues to rapidly expand, so the emphasis of research starts to shift towards application of these new enzymes to target molecule synthesis, including combinations of biocatalysts in cascade processes in vitro. The latter approach, which embraces both “systems biocatalysis” and also “synthetic biology”, represents a logical development for the field since in essence it seeks to emulate the way in which Nature constructs the diverse array of natural products such as alkaloids, terpenes, steroids, polyketides, etc. With respect to cascade reactions, biocatalysts possess one major advantage compared to non-enzyme-based catalysts, namely that they essentially all work under the same reaction conditions, i.e., aqueous solvent, ambient temperature and pressure, pH 5.0–8.0. When using biocatalysts there is no need to resort to very low or high temperatures or to switch solvents in order to maximise activity. Other than most chiral organocatalysts or ligands of metal catalysts, which after use must often laboriously be synthesised again, a biocatalyst can be re-produced from its DNA template with comparably low effort by using the intrinsic biological machinery. We should regard these aspects of biocatalysis as precious gifts, which will greatly aid the development of the field as researchers seek to construct more structurally complex target molecules by employing combinations of engineered biocatalysts. This special issue presents 34 papers from leading researchers in biocatalysis and is comprised of 5 reviews, 6 communications and 23 full papers. The 5 reviews from leading experts in their fields cover emerging topics as diverse as designed cascade reactions, imine reductases, dynamic kinetic resolutions, sialic acid derivatives and creation of artificial metalloenzymes. The original research papers address the entire range of contemporary themes in biocatalysis including new enzyme classes for synthesis as well as methods for their discovery, development and ultimately scale-up and application. As highlighted above, there is an increasing focus on combining two or more enzymes together in a single reaction flask in order to solve challenges ranging from cofactor recycling, in situ racemisation, synthesis of functionalised carbohydrates to in vivo pathway engineering. Readers of this issue will not only gain a timely insight into the current themes and state-of-the-art of this highly dynamic field but may also themselves reflect upon what new challenges the field of biocatalysis should tackle in the next 5 years.