Emergence Of Adult Flies Research Articles

Ovipositional Behaviour of the Parasitoid Fly, Exorista japonica (Diptera: Tachinidae), in the Laboratory: Diel Periodicity and Egg Distribution on a Host

Ovipositional behaviour, diel periodicity of oviposition and egg distribution on the host of the parasitoid fly, Exorista japonica were studied in the laboratory. The hosts provided were larvae of Mythimna separata. The rate of adult fly emergence, and the number of eggs destroyed by hosts were also examined when one egg per host was laid on different body segments of a host. When provided with two hosts every 4 h from 22:00 on day 4 for 4 consecutive days, females laid more eggs in the morning and the rate of oviposition reduced with the passage of time towards evening; no eggs were laid during the period of darkness. The mean number of mature eggs, determined by dissection, showed a similar tendency to oviposition with a peak just after the end of the dark period and a subsequent decrease, although the decline was not statistically significant. When hosts were provided for the flies at 08:00 and 20:00 for 60 min each, no significant difference was found between the number of ovipositions at each time. Therefore, there is the possibility that the diel periodicity of oviposition of E. japonica was influenced by the number of mature eggs, which accumulated mainly during the night. The eggs laid on a host were concentrated on the head and thoracic segments when 1, 2 or 3 eggs were laid per host. When one egg per host was laid on different body segments, the rate of adult emergence followed a U-shaped curve, being lower on the 6th and 7th abdominal segments, which may have been mainly due to the host's ability to remove or destroy eggs laid on its body. These results suggested that E. japonica females selectively oviposit on certain parts of the host's body, an adaptation to the defence behaviour of the host.

Timing of plowing and planting: Effects on seedcorn maggot populations in soybean

Seedcorn maggots ( Delia platura Meigen) are occasional pests of corn and soybean, especially in the Midwest region of the USA. A 2-year field study demonstrated that the presence and emergence of adult seedcorn maggots were governed by timing of tillage operations. Two distinct seedcorn maggot cohorts were recorded each year, one following an early plowing and another after a late plowing. Peak emergence of adult flies occurred following the accumulation of ca 408 thermal units. Similar trends in adult emergence were observed from plots with and without soybeans. A large population of seedcorn maggots during the second year reduced plant stand, but no seed yield differences were obtained.

Loss of circadian behavioral rhythms and per RNA oscillations in the Drosophila mutant timeless.

Eclosion, or emergence of adult flies from the pupa, and locomotor activity of adults occur rhythmically in Drosophila melanogaster, with a circadian period of about 24 hours. Here, a clock mutation, timeless (tim), is described that produces arrhythmia for both behaviors. The effects of tim on behavioral rhythms are likely to involve products of the X chromosome-linked clock gene period (per), because tim alters circadian oscillations of per RNA. Genetic mapping places tim on the left arm of the second chromosome between dumpy (dp) and decapentaplegic (dpp).

Alteration of Apple Maggot (Diptera: Tephritidae) Emergence by Cold Period Duration and Rain

The effects of cold period duration and simulated rain on adult apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh, emergence were investigated under laboratory conditions. Pupae were exposed to cold periods ranging from 9 to 191 d. There was no adult fly emergence from pupae exposed to ≤23 d of cold. The degree-day (6.5°C threshold) requirements for first and 50% emergence increased for pupae exposed to cold periods ranging from 37 to 65 d; however, flies exposed to longer cold periods (79–191 d) required fewer heat units for emergence. The effect of simulated rain (2 cm) on adult emergence was tested at various degree-day accumulations (677–1,065) during pupal development. Pupae exposed to rain at any of the degree-day accumulations tested required significantly fewer heat units for first and 50% emergence, compared with pupae not exposed to rain.

Anoxia induces rapid cold hardening in the housefly Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)

The housefly Musca domestica shows the recently described phenomenon of rapid cold hardening in which tolerance to a formerly lethal cold shock can be induced by a brief exposure to an acclimating temperature such as 30 min at 0°C. This paper describes a similar rapid increase in cold tolerance after a period of “acclimation” in an atmosphere of oxygen-free nitrogen. Direct transfer of 4-day-old pupae (pharate adults) of M. domestica from a culture temperature of +27 to −7°C for 2 h is lethal, whereas exposure to anoxic conditions at +27°C for 40 min confers a greatly enhanced tolerance to 2 h at −7°C, such that the subsequent emergence of adult flies is not significantly different from the untreated controls. Whilst the nature of the response to low temperature and anoxia is essentially similar, in comparison to cold induced rapid cold hardening the increased cold tolerance produced by anoxia is developed more rapidly, but, to a lesser extent. For instance, 21% of pupae acclimated at 0°C for 3 h survived 10 h at −7°C, whereas, after a 3 h anoxia acclimation only 1.7% of pupae survived 6 h at −7°C. It is suggested that this rapid but temporary increase in cold hardiness is part of a generalized response to a range of factors which suppress metabolism, such as low temperature and anoxia.

昆虫寄生性線虫のセンチニクバエ Boettcherisca peregrina とイエバエ Musca domestica 幼虫に対する殺虫効力

Entomogenous nematodes, Steinernema feltiae (ALL and Mexican strains), S. bibionis, S. glaseri, and Heterorhabditis heriothidis were evaluated for their infectivity to larvae of a Japanese species of flesh fly, Boettcherisca peregrina by the contact method with nematode suspension. The 3rd instar larvae of B. peregrina were forced to contact with a suspension of infective larvae of nematodes for 48hr and the mortality of treated insects calculated from adult fly emergence was determined. Both strains (ALL and Mexican) of S. feltiae and S. bibionis were most infective to B. peregrina larvae, followed by H. heriothidis, whereas S. glaseri showed no significant infectivity to larvae of the fly. To investigate the effect of temperature on infectivity of nematodes, the 3rd instar larvae of B. peregrina were incubated with a suspension of nematodes at 5 different temperatures between 15 and 35℃ for 48hr. S. feltiae (ALL and Mexican strains) were most infective at 25 and 30℃, less infective at 30℃, and showed no remarkable activity at 15 and 35℃. Loss of S. feltiae infectivity at 35℃ was due to death or weakening of nematodes at higher temperature. Loss of infectivity at 15℃, on the contrary, was caused by immobility of nematodes at lower temperature. Housefly (SRS strain) larvae were reared in a medium containing S. feltiae (ALL strain) for evaluation of its infectivity. The 2nd instar housefly larvae were placed on standard barley bran media with infective larvae of the nematode and adult fly emergence was subsequently observed. S. feltiae almost completely inhibited house fly emergence at a concentration of (10)^5 per 100g larval medium.

S-31183 Evaluated as a Direct Application Manure Treatment for Control of House Flies in Poultry Houses, 1986

Abstract Four groups of individually caged hens (14-16 hens per group) were used in each of 3 trials. The cages were suspended over concrete channels lm wide × 18 cm deep. When manure beneath the hens reached a depth of ca. 2.5cm it was treated once with an even distribution of a 0.5% granular formulation of S-31183 at rates of 0, 20, 40, and 80mg AI/m2. At the end of Trials 1 and 2 (14 days) all manure in the channels was removed prior to the subsequent trial. Manure was sampled on days 3 or 4, 7, and 14 in Trials 1 and 2, and on days 4, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 in Trial 3 and either frozen for later bioassays or immediately placed into plastic wash basins (28cm diam, 8cm deep) and held under screen emergence cones for 3 wk for adult fly emergence. For the bioassays, 4 156g paper souffle cups for each collection date were filled with manure and 25 one-day-old house fly larvae seeded into each cup. The cups were placed over sand in larger cardboard cups and held at ca. 27°C and 50% RH until the larvae pupated. Pupae were removed, counted, placed in plastic vials, and held for adults to eclose. At the end of 14 days (Trials 1 and 2) the manure was removed and the treatments were repeated.

FIELD RECOVERY OF Eucelatoria brvani ON Heliothis armigera (Hubner)

Studies made on the field recovery of Eucalatorja bryani Sabroky from Heliothis armigera Hubner indicated that there was effective parasitism from December, to April to an extent of 20 per cent and emergence of adult flies was 9 from each parasitised larvan The pencentage of parasitism and emergence of adult flies were significantly high from the larvae of Heliothis armigera collected from tomato followed by redgram and Lab-lab. A positive correlation was found to exist between the number of larvae parasitised vs. percentage of parasitism as well as with the number of adult flies emerged. Regression: equation fitted with the above variables showed that for every parasitised host larvas in the field, there would be an increase of 5.63 per cent parasitism and 3.73 adult flies emergence. These studies significantly revealed the practical utility of this parasitoid for effective parasitism on Heliothis armegera by mass multiplication and release in the field.

Bacterial Symbionts in the Sugar Beet Root Maggot, Tetanops myopaeformis (von Röder)

Aerobic heterotrophic and facultative anaerobic bacteria were isolated from all developmental stages of the sugar beet root maggot, Tetanops myopaeformis (von Röder). Two distinct bacterial symbiotic relationships were observed. Serratia liquefaciens and Serratia marcescens were found to be associated with all developmental stages. Bacterial symbiont transmission occurred from one generation to the next. Symbionts were transferred from the male reproductive system to the female reproductive system, where both an internal infiltration of the egg chorion and an external smearing of the eggs occurred during oviposition. Pseudomonas maltophilia was found in association with the larval gut and the inner surface of the puparium. Electron microscopy of the inner puparial surface revealed symbionts within the chitinous wall. In vitro symbiont chitinase production was found, using both nephelometric (turbidimetric) and N-acetylglucosamine assays. A relationship appeared to exist between adult fly emergence and enzymatic chitin degradation of the puparium by the bacterial symbionts.

Evaluation of Larvadex, a new IGR for the control of pestiferous flies on poultry ranches.

The triazine-type insect growth regulator Larvadex, or CGA-72662 ( N -cyclopropy]-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine), was evaluated against domestic flies breeding in poultry manure. A 5% soluble concentrate formulation was diluted with water and sprayed onto manure surfaces, at rates of 0.4 and 0.8 g of AI per m2. The lowe dosage yielded excellent control of Musca domestica (L.) larvae for a period of 4 weeks. It significantly inhibited emergence of adult flies from pupae resulting from larvae in treated plots for 9 weeks. Control of larvae of Fannia femoralis (Stein) found at low population densities was obtained for a period of 6 weeks, and the inhibition of adult emergence was suppressed significantly for about 5 weeks. When populations of Fannia were heavy, significant reduction in larval populations in the treated plots lasted for about 33 days, whereas significant inhibition of emergence was noted for only 13 days. This suggests that the efficacy of this material is possibly short lived when heavy density of F. femoralis exists. At the higher rate (0.8 g/m2) applied twice, larvae of muscoid flies other than Fannia , and consisting primarily of M. domestica , were controlled for about 9 weeks, whereas inhibition of adult emergence was significantly reduced for 69 days after the second treatment. F. femoralis larvae were suppressed for about 4 weeks, whereas inhibition of emergence continued for about 9 weeks. Larvadex provides control of larvae, but also shows delayed activity during transformation from larvae to pupae and pupae to adult. This IGR offers a practical option for the control of manure-breeding flies in poultry operations.

Model of Postdiapause Development in the Western Cherry Fruit Fly 1

Postdiapause developmental rates of the western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, were determined for various constant-temperature treatments and used in the construction of a simulation model. The temperature-dependent postdiapause developmental rate relationship was modeled by fitting an exponential curve to developmental rates at low to intermediate temperatures and a quadratic curve to developmental rates at higher temperatures. This developmental rate function was incorporated into the model which predicts the postdiapause development of soil-dwelling pupae of R. indifferens as influenced by soil temperatures. From these predictions, the times of the first, 10 and 25% emergence levels, and the mean time of emergence, are predicted for the entire soil column from which emergence occurs. The model was found to be highly accurate for predicting the times of these levels of adult fly emergence.

Genetic and biochemical characteristics of cyclodiene epoxidase in the housefly

Housefly strains resistant to insecticides by oxidative detoxication mechanisms possess higher levels of microsomal cyclodiene epoxidase activity as compared with two susceptible or one Dieldrin-resistant strain. The epoxidase system in strains with higher activity has apparently greater affinity for aldrin, isodrin and heptachlor, as judged by the Michaelis constants. The epoxidase activity in resistant strains increases after the emergence of adult flies and maximum activity occurs at slightly different ages in each strain. Male flies have about half of the activity of the females. The high epoxidase activity in an Isolan-resistant strain is inherited through a semidominant gene, Ox, on chromosome II.

The relative effectiveness of coumaphos as a poultry feed additive to control synanthropic fly larvae in manure.

Coumaphos was fed at 0, 20, 33, 40, and 60 ppm in poultry rations to White Leghorn layers during 2 fly-control field trials in 1964 and 1965. Adult fly emergence from insect-caged treated manure samples showed poor control of the little house fly, Fannia canicularis (L.), and the false stable fly, Muscina stabulans (Fallen); from 50 to 84% control of the coastal fly, F. femoralis Stein; from 84 to 99% control of the black garbage fly, Ophyra leucostmla (Weidemann), and only 43% control with the house fly, Musca domestica L. Infectious coryza in all birds on the 1964 test, drug treatment, and the low daily bird intake of coumaphos were responsible for depressed egg production; depression of egg production occurred with hens fed 60 ppm in 1965.

Infection of Chironomus plumosus (Diptera: Chironomidae) by a Microsporidian ( Thelohania sp.) in Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin

A new species of Microsporidia, in the genus Thelohania, was found infecting fourth-instar larvae of Chironomus plumosus in Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin, causing 61% mortality over a 29-day period and inhibiting the pupation and emergence of adult flies. Larvae became infected before the final instar, but the large masses of spores were observed only in fourth-instar larvae in which the fat bodies were well developed. Fourth-instar larvae could not be infected in the laboratory, although 97% of first-instar larvae exposed to Thelohania sp. spores became infected. The incidence of parasitism of fourth-instar larvae in Lake Winnebago often varied from one area of the lake to another, and varied greatly from one generation to the next.