Notropis Atherinoides Research Articles

Effects of Turbidity on Prey Consumption by Prairie Stream Fishes

Abstract Reduced suspended-sediment loads (i.e., turbidity) in many Midwestern prairie rivers have been hypothesized as contributing to the replacement of species that historically occupied highly turbid main-channel habitats by visually feeding species that are competitively superior in less-turbid waters. We examined the relationship between prey consumption and turbidity for six fish species from the Canadian River (New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas) and found experimental support for this hypothesis. Among species adapted to highly turbid main-channel habitats, we found that prey consumption by the peppered chub Macrhybopsis tetranema and flathead chub Platygobio gracilis was unaffected (P > 0.12) by elevated turbidity, whereas prey consumption by the Arkansas River shiner Notropis girardi was reduced (P < 0.01). Among species characteristic of less-turbid habitats, prey consumption by the emerald shiner N. atherinoides, red shiner Cyprinella lutrensis, and sand shiner N. stramineus was reduced (P < 0.0...

Long-Term Changes in the Fish Assemblages of the Big Blue River Basin 40 Years after the Construction of Tuttle Creek Reservoir

Long-term changes in the fish assemblage of the Big Blue River basin, Kansas, were examined by comparison of a stream survey conducted prior to the construction of Tuttle Creek Reservoir (1957 to 1958) with two surveys conducted approximately 40 years later. The most recent survey, in 2001, included 14 of the original sites sampled in the late 1950s. The most notable changes to the fish assemblages were the introduction and presumed establishment of four species (Notropis atherinoides, Pimephales vigilax, Gambusia affinis, and Notemigonus crysoleucas) and the apparent extirpation of Macrhybopsis aestivalis. Other than the loss of M. aestivalis, incidence and relative abundance of other species remained similar to that which occurred before the construction of the reservoir. Percent similarity of the fish assemblage between the 1950s and the recent samples ranged between 34.7% and 84.4%, dependent on stream type (mud, gravel, or sand substrate). In addition, species incidence patterns were significantly concordant between the 1950s and the two recent surveys, with the exception of mud-bottomed streams sampled during 2001. Finally, Jaccard's index was used to compare assemblage similarity between 14 sites sampled in both the late 1950s and 2001. Although assemblage similarity between time periods was on average low (x̄ = 0.411), a Mantel test suggested a significant concordance between sampling periods, indicating the spatial structure of the assemblage was stable. We conclude that Tuttle Creek Reservoir has served as a source for the establishment and subsequent dispersal of introduced species in the Big Blue River system and that it is important to monitor routinely these assemblages because species may continue to invade the Big Blue River system with unpredictable consequences for the native fish fauna.

Life History Attributes of Fishes along the Latitudinal Gradient of the Missouri River

Abstract Populations of two short-lived species (emerald shiner Notropis atherinoides and sicklefin chub Macrhybopsis meeki) and three long-lived species (freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens, river carpsucker Carpiodes carpio, and sauger Stizostedion canadense) were studied in the Missouri River to examine spatial variations in life history characteristics across a latitudinal and thermal gradient (38°47′N to 48°03′N). The life history characteristics included longevity (maximum age), the rate at which asymptotic length was approached (K from the von Bertalanffy growth equation), the mean back-calculated length at age, and growth rates during the first year of life (mm/degree-day and mm/d). The mean water temperature and number of days in the growing season averaged 1.3 times greater in the southern than in the northern latitudes, while degree-days averaged twice as great. The longevity of all species except freshwater drum increased significantly from south to north, but the relationships between maxim...

Modeling possible cooling-water intake system impacts on Ohio River fish populations.

To assess the possible impacts caused by cooling-water intake system entrainment and impingement losses, populations of six target fish species near power plants on the Ohio River were modeled. A Leslie matrix model was constructed to allow an evaluation of bluegill, freshwater drum, emerald shiner, gizzard shad, sauger, and white bass populations within five river pools. Site-specific information on fish abundance and length-frequency distribution was obtained from long-term Ohio River Ecological Research Program and Ohio River Sanitation Commission (ORSANCO) electrofishing monitoring programs. Entrainment and impingement data were obtained from 316(b) demonstrations previously completed at eight Ohio River power plants. The model was first run under a scenario representative of current conditions, which included fish losses due to entrainment and impingement. The model was then rerun with these losses added back into the populations, representative of what would happen if all entrainment and impingement losses were eliminated. The model was run to represent a 50-year time period, which is a typical life span for an Ohio River coal-fired power plant. Percent changes between populations modeled with and without entrainment and impingement losses in each pool were compared to the mean interannual coefficient of variation (CV), a measure of normal fish population variability. In 6 of the 22 scenarios of fish species and river pools that were evaluated (6 species × 5 river pools, minus 8 species/river pool combinations that could not be evaluated due to insufficient fish data), the projected fish population change was greater than the expected variability of the existing fish population, indicating a possible adverse environmental impact. Given the number of other variables affecting fish populations and the conservative modeling approach, which assumed 100% mortality for all entrained fish and eggs, it was concluded that the likelihood of impact was by no means assured, even in these six cases. It was concluded that in most cases, current entrainment and impingement losses at six Ohio River power plants have little or no effect at the population level.

Growth rate responses of Missouri and Lower Yellowstone River fishes to a latitudinal gradient

Growth rate coefficients estimated for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, emerald shiners Notropis aherinoides, freshwater drums Aplodinotus grunniens, river carpsuckers Carpiodes arpio and saugers Stizostedion canadense collected in 1996–1998 from nine river sections of the Mssouri and lower Yellowstone rivers at two life‐stages (young‐of‐the‐year and age 1+ years)were significantly different among sections. However, they showed no river‐wide latitudinal trend except for age 1+ years emerald shiners that did show a weak negative relation between growth and both latitude and length of growing season. The results suggest growth rates of fishes along the Missouri River system are complex and could be of significance in the Management and conservation of fish communities in this altered system.

Growth rate responses of Missouri and Lower Yellowstone River fishes to a latitudinal gradient

Growth rate coefficients estimated for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, emerald shiners Notropis aherinoides, freshwater drums Aplodinotus grunniens, river carpsuckers Carpiodes arpio and saugers Stizostedion canadense collected in 1996–1998 from nine river sections of the Mssouri and lower Yellowstone rivers at two life-stages (young-of-the-year and age 1+ years)were significantly different among sections. However, they showed no river-wide latitudinal trend except for age 1+ years emerald shiners that did show a weak negative relation between growth and both latitude and length of growing season. The results suggest growth rates of fishes along the Missouri River system are complex and could be of significance in the Management and conservation of fish communities in this altered system.

Phylogenetic Relationships of Cyprinid Fishes in SubgenusNotropisInferred from Nucleotide Sequences of the Mitochondrially Encoded CytochromebGene

Cytochrome b sequences (1140 bp) from 16 species considered to be members of subgenus Notropis and several outgroup taxa were analyzed phylogenetically. Phylogenetic analysis of cytochrome b was sensitive to sampling of outgroup taxa, probably resulting from substitutional rate heterogeneity among outgroups. Maximum-likelihood analysis was more robust to these effects as compared to maximum parsimony. Both maximum parsimony and maximum-likelihood analysis supported removal of Notropis candidus and Notropis shumardi from subgenus Notropis. Monophyly of the 14 remaining species was supported by the maximum likelihood analysis. Regardless of the method of analysis or use of outgroup taxa, phylogenetic analysis of cytochrome b indicated strong support for the following hypothesis of relationships: ((Notropis rubellus, Notropis suttkusi), (Notropis amoenus, Notropis stilbius, ((Notropis atherinoides, Notropis oxyrhynchus), (Notropis amabilis, Notropis jemezanus)))). This phylogenetic hypothesis implies that morphological characters associated with increased olfaction were derived independently among members of subgenus Notropis, perhaps in response to life in more turbid habitats.

Fish-Mediated Nutrient and Energy Exchange between a Lake Superior Coastal Wetland and its Adjacent Bay

Little has been done to quantify fluxes of organisms, nutrients, and energy between freshwater coastal habitats and adjacent offshore waters or to evaluate the ecological implications of these exchanges on a whole-lake basis. To test the hypothesis that fish-mediated transport might play an important role in the flux of nutrients and energy between coastal wetlands and adjacent lake waters, net carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and energy fluxes were estimated in forage fish between a Lake Superior coastal wetland and an adjacent bay. This was accomplished by sampling fish at the inlet/outlet of Bark Bay Slough for 1 week per ice-free month in 1995. Average carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus content of the 20 species analyzed was 45.1, 11.3, and 2.45% of dry-weight, respectively. Estimates of organism, nutrient, and energy movement revealed a net export from the slough to the adjacent Bark Bay, due largely to emigration of YOY yellow perch, Perca flavescens (> 40,000 individuals), YOY northern pike, Esox lucius (> 600 individuals), and yearling emerald shiner, Notropis atherinoides (> 8,000 individuals) in June and July, and YOY brown bullhead, Ameiurus nebulosus (> 500 individuals) in October. Since these fish movements resulted in relatively small fluxes of nutrients (1,376 g carbon, 335 g nitrogen, 73 g phosphorus) and energy (65,100 kJ) from the wetland to the lake, the most significant influence of forage fish emigration on Lake Superior may be through subsequent trophic interactions in nearshore habitats. However, assessment of the significance of the nutrient and energy results awaits a more complete budget for these ecosystems.

Daily Fish and Zooplankton Abundances in the Littoral Zone of Lake Texoma, Oklahoma-Texas, in Relation to Abiotic Variables

Many studies have shown the effects of yearly or monthly environmental conditions on the structure of fish and zooplankton communities. Environmental conditions can also vary greatly on much shorter time scales. We tested the effects of abiotic conditions on the daily abundance of fish and zooplankton in the littoral zone of Lake Texoma, Oklahoma-Texas. After date was removed statistically from the analysis, no environmental variables were particularly important in determining the daily abundance of zooplankton, whereas, numbers of fish in the littoral zone were related to changes in wind velocity and wave height. Regressions of daily fish abundance against wave height showed that the response differed among species and among life-history intervals within species. Numbers of juvenile Dorosoma petenense, Notropis atherinoides, and Morone chrysops were positively correlated with wave height, whereas juvenile Menidia beryllina were negatively correlated with wave height. We suggest that changes in the abundance of particular species may be associated with (1) avoidance of inshore areas to escape possible physical damage by wave induced turbulence, (2) attraction to inshore areas to feed on prey organisms suspended in the water column by wave induced turbulence, and (3) avoidance of inshore areas to escape high predator abundance and increased possibility of being eaten due to turbulence.

Records and Status of the Bullhead Minnow (Pimephales vigilax) and Emerald Shiner (Notropis atherinoides) in Streams in Central Kansas

From 1996 through 1998, we sampled fishes in the Solomon, Saline, and Arkansas rivers in central Kansas. We collected quantitative samples with seines or a backpack electrofishing unit. Specimens were preserved as museum vouchers deposited in the Sternberg Museum of Natural History (MHP) at Fort Hays State University or recorded in the field and released. Species of fishes collected in the counties through which these rivers flow are summarized on maps by Cross (1967) and Cross and Collins (1995). Eberle and others (1995) and Eberle, Wenke, and Welker (1997) reported additional county records. In the 1996-1998 surveys, we collected specimens of bullhead minnows (Pimephales vigilax) and emerald shiners (Notropis atherinoides) that represented range extensions for these species upstream from previous collection sites in the Solomon and Saline rivers within the Kansas River Basin. We also collected bullhead minnows for the first time in the Arkansas River in Barton and Rice counties.

Entrainment and impingement studies at two power plants on the Wabash River in Indiana

Abstract Fish entrainment and impingement studies were conducted at Cayuga and Wabash River generating Stations in 1987 and 1988, respectively. Concurrent river samplings were conducted upstream from the stations to assess adult fish and ichthyoplankton populations. The original 316(b) studies at these stations were conducted in 1976–1977 and concluded that the stations were having minimal adverse impact on the Wabash River fish community. The state regulatory agency did not agree with this interpretation and requested the subsequent 1987 and 1988 studies. The major issue at these once-through cooling power plants was the large water withdrawals at Cayuga and Wabash River Stations [1318 and 1096 cubic feet per second (cfs) maximum plant flows, respectively], in contrast to the relatively low average annual Wabash River flows (10,070 and 11,110 cfs, respectively). The close proximity of the stations (35 river miles apart) together with the high percentage of water withdrawn suggest that the potential risk of unacceptable impacts is high. The six-month impingement estimates for Cayuga and Wabash River Stations were 15,086 and 11,401 fish, respectively. Impingement catches at both stations were dominated by young-of-the-year (YOY) channel catfish and gizzard shad. In addition, small minnows (primarily bullhead minnow and emerald shiners) were commonly impinged at Cayuga Station. Minnows (predominantly spotfin shiner, bullhead minnow and emerald shiner) were also the dominant species in the river samplings upstream from the stations. In the entrainment samplings, an estimated 26,920,382 and 107,503,876 fish eggs and larvae were entrained each year at Cayuga and Wabash River Stations, respectively. Ictiobinae (buffaloes and carpsuckers) and Cyprinidae (minnows and shiners) were the dominant ichthyoplankton in the river. Approximately 3.5 and 23% of the total river ichthyoplankton were entrained at Cayuga and Wabash River Stations, respectively. Gizzard shad at Cayuga Station, and Ictiobinae and Cyprinidae at Wabash River Station (WRS) were the dominant taxa entrained by the stations. Unusually low river flows during the spring and summer of 1987 and 1988 provided worst-case conditions for entrainment and impingement at the stations. However, the relatively low impingement and entrainment numbers during these worst-case conditions indicated that these stations were not adversely affecting the Wabash River fish community.

Fish survival on fine mesh traveling screens

Abstract The survival of fish impinged on 1-mm mesh Ristroph-type traveling screens was evaluated at Somerset Station, a 625-MW coal-fired electric generating station located on the south shore of Lake Ontario. Somerset Station was designed and built with an offshore intake, discharge and fish return system. Survival testing was conducted over a 4-year period that included all four seasons. Test fish were diverted from the fish return and held for 96 h for observation. Following observation, a specially constructed screening table was used to differentiate test fish that typically would have been impinged on a standard 9.5-mm mesh screen from smaller individuals that typically would be entrained. Twenty-eight species were tested, and collections were dominated by five species: alewife, emerald shiner, gizzard shad, rainbow smelt, and spottail shiner. Survival rates commonly approached or exceeded 80%, and were influenced by species, fish size or life stage, season and fish condition. Results are interpreted in terms of survival rates demonstrated elsewhere for entrained fish and fish impinged on alternative traveling screen technologies.

Survival and Hatching Success of Stonefly Eggs (Paragnetina media) Following Ingestion by Three Stream Fishes

ABSTRACT The effects of predation by three stream fishes (emerald shiner, creek chub, and mottled sculpin) on the survival and hatching success of eggs of the northern stonefly, Paragnetina media (Walker), were investigated with feeding and incubation experiments. Stonefly eggs displayed a 75% survival rate through the digestive system, but no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed in the recovery of intact eggs from the three fishes. Approximately 73% of the eggs that passed through the emerald shiners and mottled sculpins hatched within 60 days. Significantly fewer eggs (p = 0.002, 63%) hatched following passage through the creek chubs. Previous studies have shown that stonefly eggs can survive periods of freezing, desiccation, and harsh physical conditions. The present study shows that stonefly eggs can also survive passage through the digestive system of predatory stream fishes and this may represent a previously uninvestigated mechanism for localized dispersal.

Diplostomatid Eye Flukes in Young-of-the-Year and Forage Fishes in the St. Lawrence River, Quebec

Sixteen species of young-of-the year and forage fishes (alewife Alosa pseudoharengus, northern pike Esox lucius, common carp Cyprinus carpio, emerald shiner Notropis atherinoides, rosyface shiner Notropis rubellus, white sucker Catostomus commersoni, silver redhorse Moxostoma anisurum, brown bullhead Ameirurus nebulosus, trout-perch Percopsis omiscomaycus, rock bass Ambloplitis rupestris, pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus, smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu, largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus, johnny darter Etheostoma nigrum, and logperch Percina caprodes) collected from five sites in the St. Lawrence River in 1997–1998 were examined for eye flukes. Twelve species were infected with metacercariae of Diplostomum spp. Benthic fishes, including brown bullhead and white sucker possessed the heaviest infections. Where spatial comparisons were possible, no geographic difference in infection levels of Diplostomum spp. metacercariae was observed. Monthly or seasonal differences in mean abundance, mean intensity, and prevalence of Diplostomum spp. metacercariae were observed for emerald shiners between May and June 1998, for white suckers between July and September 1997, and for brown bullhead between July and August 1997. Diplostomum spp. metacercariae were found largely in the vitreous humor of brown bullheads. In all other species, the vast majority of parasites were found in the lens. Other diplostomatid metacercariae (Tylodelphys spp., Neascus spp.) occurred infrequently and only in the vitreous humor. These results demonstrate that most of the fish species examined from the St. Lawrence River become infected with metacercariae of Diplostomum spp. during their first years of life. Recruitment of metacercariae appears to occur during spring–early summer and late summer, matching observations made in other systems in Europe and North America.

Changes in Age-0 Fish Growth and Abundance Following the Introduction of Zebra Mussels Dreissena polymorpha in the Western Basin of Lake Erie

Abstract We compared fish growth and abundance from the western basin of Lake Erie before (1983–1988) and after (1989–1993) establishment of zebra mussels Dreissena polymorpha to determine if growth and abundance of age-0 fish changed following zebra mussel introduction. We found no significant differences in age-0 growth for yellow perch Perca flavescens, walleye Stizostedion vitreum, freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens, gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum, alewife Alosa pseudoharengus, white bass Morone chrysops, white perch Morone americana, spottail shiner Notropis hudsonius, emerald shiner Notropis atherinoides, trout-perch Percopis omiscomaycus, and rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax before and after zebra mussel establishment. Zooplankton abundance may still be sufficient following zebra mussel establishment to support the same age-0 fish growth. Fish may be switching earlier or relying more on other prey types, especially the more abundant benthic invertebrates. Some fish may be supplementing their diet ...

Impingement and Entrainment of Fishes Within a High Volume-Low Velocity Deep Water Intake System on Lake Michigan

ABSTRACT We determined the extent of fish entrainment and impingement for a low velocity-high volume Lake Michigan water intake system where the entrance of the intake system occurred in deep waters. There was no evidence of any fish entrainment probably because of the location of the entrance to the water intake system. Fish impingement was also low and comparable to the lowest impingement found for power plant intakes. The number of impinged fish was 93 fishes for 58 sampling dates from April 23 to November 13. Of the 93 fishes, 61 were alewives, 11 were yellow perch, an the remainder included black crappie, black bullhead, bloater, bluegill, emerald shiner, johnny darter, pumpkinseed, slimy sculpin, and spotfin shiner. The impact of this intake systemon the fish community was insignificant, since the estimated total of impinged fishes during the operating season of the intake was 280.

A Bioenergetics Modeling Evaluation of Top-down Control of Ruffe in the St. Louis River, Western Lake Superior

Ruffe ( Gymnocephalus cernuus), were accidentally introduced into the St. Louis River estuary, western Lake Superior, in the mid 1980s and it was feared that they might affect native fish through predation on eggs and competition for forage and habitat. In an effort to control the abundance of ruffe and limit dispersal, a top-down control strategy using predators was implemented in 1989. We used bioenergetics modeling to examine the efficacy of top-down control in the St. Louis Riverfront 1991 to 1994. Five predators––northern pike ( Esox lucius), walleye ( Stizostedion vitreum vitreum), small-mouth bass ( Micropterus dolomieui), brown bullhead ( Ictalurus nebulosus), and yellow perch ( Perca flavescens)––were modeled to determine their consumption of ruffe and four other native prey species––spottail shiner ( Notropis hudsonius), emerald shiner ( Notropis atherinoides), yellow perch ( Perca flavescens), and black crappie ( Pomoxis nigromaculatus). Although predators ate as much as 47% of the ruffe biomass in 1 year, they were not able to halt the increase in ruffe abundance. The St. Louis River is an open system that allows predators to move freely out of the system, and the biomass of managed predators did not increase. A selectivity index showed all five predators selected the native prey and avoided ruffe. The St. Louis River has several predator and prey species creating many complex predator-prey interactions; and top-down control of ruffe by the predators examined in this study did not occur.

Relative Abundance and Distribution of Ruffe ( Gymnocephalus cernuus) in a Lake Superior Coastal Wetland Fish Assemblage

Fish assemblages from Allouez Bay Wetland in the St. Louis River estuary were sampled with fyke-nets from May to October, 1995, to characterize typical use patterns in different seasons and microhabitats. The relative abundance and distribution of ruffe ( Gymnocephalus cernuus) in these habitats was of interest because their recent invasion into the Great Lakes has the potential to disrupt native fish assemblages. A total of 15,867 fish comprised of 34 species were captured in 2,300 h of netting. The majority offish over the whole study were caught in the outer marsh (63%, 9,957 individuals), and seasonally during late June (7,384 individuals/4 net-nights) and early May (2,281 individuals). Yellow perch ( Perca flavescens), brown bullhead ( Ameiurus nebulosus), emerald shiner ( Notropis atherinoides), and silver redhorse ( Moxostoma anisurum) were the most abundant species, comprising 85 percent of the total catch. Ruffe was the seventh most abundant species captured (294 individuals), comprising only two percent of the total catch. They were the fifth most abundant species in the outer marsh, but only thirteenth most abundant in the inner marsh. Ninety-one percent of all ruffe (268 individuals) were caught in the outer marsh. Of the 75 species by life-stage combinations derived by classifying all individuals captured into one of 3 life stage categories (YOY, yearling, and adult), yearling ruffe were the twelfth most abundant, adult ruffe were sixteenth, and YOY ruffe were twenty-seventh. While ruffe have been the most abundant fish captured in bottom trawls in St. Louis River estuary during the 1990s, our results indicate the invasion of ruffe in shallow, heavily vegetated areas like those in Allouez Bay has been much less successful. Our results also suggest further degradation of coastal wetlands and other vegetated habitats would eliminate significant refugia from ruffe competition and could lead to increased dominance of ruffe in shallow water habitats in the Great Lakes.

Behavioral interactions between coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus shawytscha) and prey fish species

Abstract— The predator‐prey behavioral interactions between two salmon species, coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and their prey species were examined under laboratory conditions. These behaviors were studied to determine the bases for prey selection by salmon in Lake Michigan and ultimately facilitate predictions on shifts or changes in salmon diets. Chinook and coho salmon captured all prey items in the open water portion of the aquarium, and they had similar attack behaviors. Average attack swimming speeds varied from 2.6 to 3.6 m/s, and average escape swimming speeds varied from 2.6 to 2.9 m/s. There were no significant differences in attack swimming speeds and escape swimming speeds. There was a significant difference in median reactive distances between the prey captured and those that escaped. There was no reactive distance (0.00 m) for 96% and 98% of the successfully captured prey by chinook and coho salmon, respectively. Only 4% and 10% of the unsuccessful attacks by chinook and coho salmon, respectively, had no reactive distance (0.00 m). Salmon would repeatedly attack a school and capture individuals separated from the school. Alewives, bloaters and fathead minnows were easy prey because they remained in the open water portion of the aquarium and stayed in schools until only a few individuals remained. The schooling behavior of spottail shiners and emerald shiners was an effective anti‐predation tactic against salmon attacks. After some experience with yellow perch, salmon were reluctant to attack them and would often break off attacks on them. When coho salmon were presented with different proportions of bloaters and yellow perch, they significantly attacked and captured bloaters in preference to yellow perch.

A Survey of the Bait Industry in the North-Central Region of the United States

Abstract We obtained information from a survey on characteristics of the bait industry and estimates of quantities and values of bait in 1992 in six north-central states: Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. Baitfish, ranked in decreasing order of volume sold, were fathead minnows Pimephales promelas; a group of fishes sold as “lake shiners,” including the emerald shiner Notropis atherinoides, the spottail shiner N. hudsonius, and the sand shiner N. stramineus white suckers Catostomus commersoni golden shiners Notemigonus crysoleucas: a group sold as “chubs,” including the hornyhead chub Nocontis biguttatus and the creek chub Seinotilus atromaculatus and others. Estimated volumes of fish sold ranged from about 24,000 gal in South Dakota to 164,000 gal in Minnesota. Nonfish baits, ranked in decreasing order of quantity sold, were night crawlers Lumbricus spp.: grubs (waxes Galleria mellonella, Lepidoptera: mousies Eristalis spp., Diptera; spikes Calliphora spp., Diptera); leech...