Emblica Officinalis Fruit Extract Research Articles

Screening of anti-ulcer activity of Emblica officinalis fruit extract on NSAID-induced peptic ulcer model in albino rats

Background: Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a prevalent health concern. Although proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), H2 receptor blockers, prostaglandin analogs, etc., are available as anti-ulcer agents, they have their own limitations. The clinical assessment of these medications revealed adverse effects, relapse frequency, and tolerance development, raising doubts about their effectiveness. Thus, there is a need to search for newer synthetic and herbal formulations that have fewer side effects and improved efficacy. Emblica officinalis (EO) or amla has shown to have antioxidant and antisecretory properties; hence, it was chosen for the study. Aims and Objectives: (1) The aim of this study was to screen the anti-ulcer activity of EO aqueous fruit extract in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced peptic ulcer models of albino rats and (2) to compare the anti-ulcer effect of EO aqueous fruit extract with the standard drug omeprazole. Materials and Methods: Four groups comprising six albino rats each were formed. Group 1 (the control) received distilled water, followed by indomethacin 25 mg/kg orally. Group 2 (standard) received omeprazole 10 mg/kg, followed by indomethacin 25 mg/kg. Groups 3 and 4 received the aqueous extract of EO in 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg doses, respectively, followed by indomethacin at 25 mg/kg. After 1 h of indomethacin administration, the stomach was examined for ulceration. The severity score was determined to calculate the ulcer index (UI) and percentage inhibition. The results were analyzed statistically using the Mann–Whitney U-test (SPSS software version 22). Results: In the screening model mentioned above, the test agent at dosages of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg body weight resulted in a significant decrease in total severity score, UI, and percentage inhibition as compared to the control group. The comparison of the results of the standard drug omeprazole with those of the test groups was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: The gastroprotective activity of amla (EO) may be due to its antioxidant and antisecretory properties. This study proves the gastroprotective action of EO.

ROLE OF EMBLICA OFFICINALIS IN COPPER INDUCED LIVER TOXICITY IN ADULT ALBINO RATS

Background: Copper (Cu) is an important heavy metal used widely in all industries. However, its toxicity on various organs is established. Emblica officinalis, commonly known as Amla, is a potential antioxidant and can prevent Cu induced hepatotoxicity. 
 Objective: To evaluate the effects of Emblica officinalis extract on liver histology and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) levels after Cu induced toxicity on adult albino rats.
 Methods: This was an experimental study of 28 days duration. 36 adult male albino rats were divided into three groups of twelve animals each. Group A was control group in which rats were given 1.5 ml normal saline while group B rats were given CuSO4 200mg/kg b.w./day. Rats in Group C were given both CuSO4 (200mg/kg b.w/day) and Emblica officinalis fruit extract (300mg/kg bw/day). The agents were fed via orogastric tube for four weeks and rats were sacrificed 24 hours after administration of last dose.
 Results: Cu treated rats showed necrosis of hepatocytes and Increased serum ALT levels. Emblica officinalis co-treatment attenuated Cu-induced hepatic necrosis and variation in ALT levels. The difference among the groups was statistically significant with p-value <0.05.
 Conclusion: Emblica officinalis fruit extract improves liver function in Cu induced hepatotoxicity by limiting oxidative damage.

Emblica officinalis Reduces Copper Mediated Inflammation And Preserves Liver Morphology InThe Murine Model

Introduction: Copper (Cu) is a metal widely used in agriculture and in industries. Its hepatotoxicity is established in literature. Emblica officinalis, locally known as Amla, has many beneficial health effects and is scientifically reported to be a powerful antioxidant. Aim & Objective: To determine the role of Emblica officinalis fruit in reducing Cu induced inflammation and distortion of hepatic lobules of adult albino rats. Place and duration of Study: The study was done in the Department of Anatomy, Shaikh Zayed Medical College, Lahore for a period of 4 weeks. Material & Methods: 36 Adult male albino rats were equally divided into three groups (A, B, C) by randomization and acclimatized for 1 week. 1.5 ml of normal saline was given to rats of Group A (control) and CuSO4 (200mg/kg b.w./day) was given to those in group B (Cu treated) once daily via orogastric tube. Rats in group C (Cu+EO treated) were given both CuSO4 (200mg/kg bw) and Emblica officinalis fruit extract (300mg/kg bw) once daily by orogastric intubation. The animals were sacrificed after 28 days and livers were dissected out for histological study. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 22. Results: Cu treated rats developed significant distortion of liver architecture and inflammation while Emblica officinalis co-treatment lead to decreased inflammation with preservation of shape of hepatic lobule. These findings were further confirmed by difference in diameters of hepatic lobules between control, Cu-, Cu+EO- treated groups. Conclusion: Emblica officinalis, by limiting oxidative damage, ameliorates hepatic inflammation and preserves liver architecture. Therefore, its use as a hepatoprotective agent should be encouraged.

Formulation and evaluation of cost effective herbal sunscreen gel from aqueous extracts of different fruits of Mizoram, India

Background: Herbal cosmetics have been in tremendous demand in the market due to their unique properties and minimal side effects. The popularity of herbal cosmetics is mainly due to the effect produced by the herbal extract used and its inherent suitability for routine use in daily life. Herbal cosmetics also avoid adverse effects compared to synthetic products.
 Herbal extracts show remarkable photo protection owing to their ability to absorb ultraviolet (UV) rays, and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. Moreover, herbal cosmetics offer the means of less costly products compared to synthetic ones. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to formulate and evaluate cost-effective herbal sunscreen gel containing aqueous fruit extract of Emblica Officinalis (Indian gooseberry) belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae, Daucus carota (Carrot), family- Apiaceae, Carica papaya (Papaya), family-Caricaceae, Punica granatum (pomegranate), family-Punicaceae and latex of leaves of Aloe barbadensis, family-Liliaceae. 
 Methods: The fruits were grinded with a mixer grinder, extracted with distilled water, and then filtered. The Sun protection factor (SPF) of the extracts was determined using a UV visible spectrophotometer followed by different formulations (F1, F2, F3) of sunscreen gel. 
 Results: The SPF value of the herbal extract of Indian gooseberry, Carrot, Aloe Vera, Papaya, and Pomegranate were found to be 0.779±0.616, 2.527±2.213, 0.349±0.318, 2.794±2.976, 2.468±2.313 respectively. The SPF values of formulated gel F1, F2, and F3 are 5.293 ± 0.680, 3.537 ± 0.494, and 3.914± 0.501 respectively. Among the formulations, F1 showed the highest SPF value and better physicochemical properties. After accelerated stability studies, formulated sunscreen did not loss its potency. 
 Conclusions: We can conclude that formulated herbal sunscreen gel may protect skin from harmful UV radiation and can be used as an alternative source of cost-effective sunscreen formulations.

Phytochemical Analysis andIn vitroEvidence of Antimalarial, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Ethanol Extract ofEmblica officinalisFruit

Introduction:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimalarial, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of Emblica officinalis fruit ethanol extract.Methods:Emblica officinalis fruit extract was prepared using the Soxhlet apparatus at room temperature for 48 hours with 99% ethanol and 1% of double distilled water. GCMS was used to determine the phytoconstituent profile of an extract of Emblica officinalis fruit, and in-vitro assays were used to assess the biological activities.Results:Malic acid, pyrogallol, cinnamic acid, pidolic acid, L-glucose, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid, heneicosane, and levoglucosenone were identified in the extract by GCMS analysis. Ethanol extract of Emblica officinalis fruit showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with EC50=13.68 g/ml and antibacterial activity with MIC=6.25µg/ml and MIC=12.5 µg/ml on Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi respectively. Also, significant antifungal activity of the extract was observed with MIC=6.25µg/ml on Aspergillus niger.Conclusion:The extract showed excellent affinity to scavenge the free radicals and protection of protein denaturation, which indicates its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects respectively. These protective effects are possibly due to therapeutically active compounds available in Emblica officinalis fruit.

Ethanolic Fruit Extract of Emblica officinalis Suppresses Neuroinflammation in Microglia and Promotes Neurite Outgrowth in Neuro2a Cells.

Inhibiting neuroinflammation and modulating neurite outgrowth could be a promising strategy to prevent neurological disorders. Emblica officinalis (EO) may be a potent agent against them. Although EO extract reportedly has anti-inflammatory properties in macrophages, there is limited knowledge about its neuroprotective activity by suppressing microglia-mediated proinflammatory cytokine production and inducing neurite outgrowth. The present study aimed to elucidate the effect of EO fruit extract on the lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced neuroinflammation using microglial (BV2) and neuroblastoma (Neuro2a) cells. The results demonstrated that, in LPS-treated BV2 cells, EO fruit extract reduced nitric oxide, interleukin-6, and tumor necrotic factor-α production. It also enhanced the neurite length of Neuro2a cells, which was linked to the upregulation of TuJ1 and MAP2 expressions. In conclusion, these findings indicate that the ethanolic extract of EO fruits has promising neuroprotective potential to exhibit antineuroinflammation activity and accelerative effect on neurite outgrowth in vitro. Therefore, EO fruit extract can be considered a novel herbal medicine candidate for managing neuroinflammatory diseases.

Phytofabrication of Selenium Nanoparticles From Emblica officinalis Fruit Extract and Exploring Its Biopotential Applications: Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Biocompatibility.

In the present study, phytofabricated selenium nanoparticles (PF-SeNPs) were prepared from aqueous fruit extract of Emblica officinalis in a facile, green, economic, tactic and eco-friendly way. The aqueous fruit extract of E. officinalis was found to be rich with various secondary metabolites including phenolics (59.18 ± 2.91 mg gallic acid equivalents/g), flavonoids (38.50 ± 2.84 mg catechin equivalents/g), and tannins (44.28 ± 3.09 mg tannic acid equivalents/g) and determined that highly appropriate for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles. The facile phytofabrication of PF-SeNPs was confirmed by UV-visible and FTIR spectroscopic analysis. The XRD pattern and Raman spectroscopy showed that synthesized PF-SeNPs were amorphous in nature. The Zeta potential analysis confirmed that PF-SeNPs were negatively charged (-24.4 mV). The DLS analysis revealed that PF-SeNPs were in nano size and less aggregated with poly-dispersity index of less than 0.2. The SEM images depicted that PF-SeNPs were spherical in shape. The EDX analysis revealed that PF-SeNPs were constituted with Se (61.60%), C (29.96%), and O (4.41%). The HR-TEM analysis determined that PF-SeNPs were in nano size with an average diameter of 15–40 nm. The PF-SeNPs have offered fascinating bio-potential applications, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial and biocompatibility. They have also exhibited dose-dependent free radical scavenging activity, and EC50 was determined as 15.67 ± 1.41 and 18.84 ± 1.02 μg/mL for DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively. The PF-SeNPs has also shown the wide range of antimicrobial activity on foodborne pathogens, and it was found to be highly efficient on fungi followed by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The biocompatibility of PF-SeNPs was assessed in N2a cells with much higher IC50 value (dose required to inhibit 50% of cell viability) compared to sodium selenite. Also, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and caspase-3 were much less altered on treatment of PF-SeNPs related to sodium selenite. The cytotoxic studies clearly determined that PF-SeNPs was much less toxic and safer related to sodium selenite. Thus, PF-SeNPs could find suitable application as antioxidant and antimicrobial agent in food, biomedical, and pharmaceutical industry.

Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) Analysis, Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Emblica officinalis Fruit Extract

Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) Analysis, Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Emblica officinalis Fruit Extract

Emblica officinalis-loaded poly(ε-caprolactone) electrospun nanofiber scaffold as potential antibacterial and anticancer deployable patch

Emblica officinalis fruit extract has been incorporated into polymer nanofiber scaffold and the resulting scaffold showed excellent antibacterial and anti-proliferative properties.

Attenuation of Arsenic-Induced Dyslipidemia by Fruit Extract of Emblica Officinalis in Mice

Introduction: In our earlier studies, we reported that arsenic-induced enhanced oxidative stress, apoptosis, immunotoxicity and inflammation in the spleen and thymus of mice and hepatotoxicity have been protected through treatment with Emblica officinalis (amla). The present study is focused on to the efficacy of amla in mitigation of arsenic-induced dyslipidemia and alterations in inflammatory biomarkers in the blood of mice. Materials and Methods: Mice were randomly divided into four groups and treated with sodium arsenite (3 mg/kg b.w., per os), amla (500 mg/kg b.w., per os) and simultaneously with arsenic and amla daily for 30 days. Results: Arsenic treatment altered the hematological and lipid profile by increasing total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), phospholipid (PL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels and decreasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels as compared to controls. Treatment with arsenic also disturbed the levels of inflammatory biomarkers. Concurrent treatment with arsenic and amla significantly restored serum TC level (0.83-fold), TG level (0.92-fold), LDL level (0.72-fold), PL level (1.29-fold), and increased HDL level (1.4-fold). Inflammatory cytokine levels were also corrected significantly as serum interleukin-8 level (0.6-fold) and C-reactive protein level decreased (0.7-fold) respectively, while interleukin-10 level was increased (1.5-fold) as compared to those treated with arsenic alone. The alterations in hematological parameters were also found to be normalized by treatment of amla. Conclusion: The results of the present study strengthen the fact that nutritional supplement of amla in arsenic affected areas might improve the adverse effects of arsenic on lipid profile.

Enhanced Sunlight driven photocatalytic performance and visualization of latent fingerprint by green mediated ZnFe2O4–RGO nanocomposite

The present study reveals a simple and efficient method for the green reduction of graphene oxide (GO) employing Emblica officinalis fruit extract as a reducing agent. Here, a green sol–gel method has been reported for the preparation of ZnFe2O4 and ZnFe2O4-reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanocomposite (NCO) using Aloe Vera extract as a capping agent. PXRD, FT-IR, SEM, TEM and HRTEM confirmed the analytical aspects of synthesized samples. The band gaps of prepared samples were estimated by UV–Vis analysis. PL quenching appears due to the interaction between the surface of the ZnFe2O4 and RGO sheets. The photoluminescence analysis indicates that the present NCO is an effective white component in display applications. The NCO was found to be an alternate to traditional luminescent powder for a safe detection and qualitative improvement of latent fingerprints deposited onto different surfaces. Further, excellent photocatalytic properties of NCO when compared to that of the commercial P25 for various other dye degradation under Sunlight can be attributed to its specific electrical properties and well connected arrangement derived from the structural support of ZnFe2O4 and RGO. This results in significant electron-acceptor/transport of RGO material that are able to decrease the photo-generated electron–hole recombination thus enhancing the photocatalytic performance.

WITHDRAWN: Protective effect of Emblica officinalis fruit extract on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in female rats

Cisplatin is one of the most common chemotherapeutic agent used in different solid tumors, but its main limiting factor is dose dependent nephrotoxicity. This study was designed to evaluate the protective role of Emblica officinalis against cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in female rats. Emblica officinalis was orally administered for 10 days in 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight. On day 7, 8 mg/kg of cisplatin was administered intra-peritoneally to rats in all groups. Serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and antioxidant levels were measured on day10. The renal damage was evaluated by histopathological, transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemical analysis. We found that 200 mg/kg dose of Emblica officinalis significantly inhibited the elevation of biochemical parameters i.e. serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and oxidant stress marker (malondialdehyde) and increases the reduced levels of antioxidant markers (GSH and SOD). The immunohistochemical analysis reveals increased expression of various apoptotic and inflammatory biomarkers i.e. caspase-3, interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in cisplatin group, which were significantly lowered by Emblica officinalis (200 mg/kg). Cisplatin treated rats have shown acute tubular necrosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells in rat kidney which was reversed after treatment with Emblica officinalis. Ultrastructural changes in renal tissues were studied by dysfunction in mitochondria and proximal tubule cells by transmission electron microscopy. In-silico studies revealed that ellagic acid is responsible for its nephroprotective effect. The above findings conclude that the Emblica officinalis may be used as add on therapy with cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity.

Plant mediated green synthesis and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles using Emblica officinalis fruit extract

A green straight forward method of synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in an aqueous medium was designed using Emblica officinalis (EO) fruit extract as stabilizer and reducer. The formation of AgNPs depends on the effect of extract concentration and pH were studied. The AgNPs was synthesized using E.officinalis (fruit extract) and nanoparticles were characterized using UV–Vis spectrophotometer, the presence of biomolecules of E.officinalis capped in AgNPs was found by FT-IR analysis, shape and size were examined by SEM and XRD. The XRD analysis respects the Bragg’s law and confirmed the crystalline nature of silver nanoparticles. From XRD the average size of AgNPs was found to be around 15nm. AFM has proved to be very helpful in the determination and verification of various morphological features and parameters. EO fruit extract mediated AgNPs was synthesized and confirmed through kinetic behavior of nanoparticles. The shape of the bio-synthesized AgNPs was spherical. Potent biomolecules of E.officinalis such as polyphenols, glucose, and fructose was capped with AgNPs which reduces the toxicity. The synthesized AgNPs were tested for its antibacterial activity against the isolates by disc diffusion method. The obtained results confirmed that the E.officinalis fruit extract is a very good bioreductant for the synthesis of AgNPs. It was investigated that the synthesized AgNPs showed inhibition and had significant antibacterial against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains.

Toxicological Evaluation of Emblica officinalis Fruit Extract and its Anti-inflammatory and Free Radical Scavenging Properties.

Background:Emblica officinalis (Euphorbiaceae), popularly known as Indian gooseberry or “Amla” in India, is used in Ayurveda as “rejuvenating herb” since ancient times.Objective:This study was carried out to estimate toxicity, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative activities of the methanolic extract of Emblica officinalis fruit (MEO) in an animal model.Materials and Methods:Antioxidative property of MEO was assessed by in vitro assays such as phosphomolybdenum assay (total antioxidant capacity), free radical scavenging assays 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2’-azino-bis and 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (DPPH and ABTS method) and lipid peroxidation assay (LPO). The anti-inflammatory property was evaluated by carrageenan-induced acute inflammation in rats by measuring rat paw volume at different time intervals and toxicological analysis using mice.Results and Discussion:High performance liquid chromatography studies revealed the presence of gallic acid (2.10%), mucic acid (4.90%), ellagic acid (2.10%), quercetin (28.00%), rutin (3.89%), and β-glucogallin (1.46%). MEO showed highest antioxidant activities by using DPPH (17.33–89.00%), ABTS (23.03–94.16%), nitric oxide scavenging activity (12.94–70.16%), LPO (56.54%), and phosphomolybdenum assay (142 ± 6.09 μg/ml). The LD50 was found to be approximately 1125 mg/kg (p.o). High dose of MEO showed significant reduction (72.71%) in the inflammation after 4 h of treatment, which was comparable to diclofenac (10 mg/kg) (61.57%) treated group. Significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α) markers were also observed (57.25% and 35.41%, respectively) in serum of MEO treated animals as compared to control.Conclusion:Taken together, phenolic compounds of MEO may serve as a potential herbal drug for amelioration of acute inflammation due to their modulatory action on free radicals.SUMMARY The methanolic extract of Emblica officinalis fruit (MEO) has potent antioxidant activity as assessed by DPPH, ABTS and LPO assaysMEO has potent anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced paw edema modelThe phenolic compounds of MEO might be a potential herbal drug for amelioration of acute inflammation. Abbreviations used: ROS, reactive oxygen species; RNS, reactive nitrogen species, LPO, lipid peroxidation, NO, nitric oxide, IL, interleukin; TNF α tumor necrosis factor alpha; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs; AA, ascorbic acid; MEO, methanolic extract of Emblica officinalis fruit; ABTS+; 2,2’ azino bis 3 ethylbenzthiazoline 6 sulphonic acid; DPPH, 1,1 diphenyl 2 picrylhydrazyl; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography; MDA, malondialdehyde; DMSO, dimethyl sulphoxide; ELISA, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.

Antibacterial effects of biosynthesized MgO nanoparticles using ethanolic fruit extract of Emblica officinalis

Magnesium oxides nanoparticles were successfully synthesized from Mg(NO3)2·6H2O through a simple greener route using fruit extract (Emblica officinalis). The synthesized samples were characterized by different techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. The XRD pattern shows the face centered cubic structure with 27nm of crystalline size of MgO nanoparticles was confirmed by the Debye–Scherrer’s Formula. The spherical in shape of MgO nanoparticles is confirmed by SEM analysis. MgO nanoparticles treated cotton fabric produced stronger antibacterial activity. These types of treated fabrics are used in medical application.

Alcohol-induced oxidative stress in rat liver microsomes: Protective effect of Emblica officinalis

The protective effect of Emblica officinalis fruit extract (EFE) against alcohol-induced oxidative damage in liver microsomes was investigated in rats. EFE (250mg/kg b.wt/day) and alcohol (5g/kg b.wt/day, 20%, w/v) were administered orally to animals for 60 days. Alcohol administration significantly increased lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls with decreased sulfhydryl groups in microsomes, which were significantly restored to normal levels in EFE and alcohol co-administered rats. Alcohol administration also markedly decreased the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) in the liver microsomes, which were prevented with EFE administration. Further, alcohol administration significantly increased the activities of cytochrome P-450, Na+/K+ and Mg2+ ATPases and also membrane fluidity. But, administration of EFE along with alcohol restored the all above enzyme activities and membrane fluidity to normal level. Thus, EFE showed protective effects against alcohol-induced oxidative damage by possibly reducing the rate of lipid peroxidation and restoring the various membrane bound and antioxidant enzyme activities to normal levels, and also by protecting the membrane integrity in rat liver microsomes. In conclusion, the polyphenolic compounds including flavonoid and tannoid compounds present in EFE might be playing a major role against alcohol-induced oxidative stress in rats.

Immunomodulatory role of Emblica officinalis in arsenic induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in thymocytes of mice

BackgroundArsenic is widely distributed in the environment and has been found to be associated with the various health related problems including skin lesions, cancer, cardiovascular and immunological disorders. The fruit extract of Emblica officinalis (amla) has been shown to have anti-oxidative and immunomodulatory properties. In view of increasing health risk of arsenic, the present study has been carried out to investigate the protective effect of amla against arsenic induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in thymocytes of mice.MethodsMice were exposed to arsenic (sodium arsenite 3 mg/kg body weight p.o.) or amla (500 mg/kg body weight p.o.) or simultaneously with arsenic and amla for 28 days. The antioxidant enzyme assays were carried out using spectrophotometer and generation of ROS, apoptotic parameters, change in cell cycle were carried out using flow cytometer following the standard protocols.ResultsArsenic exposure to mice caused a significant increase in the lipid peroxidation, ROS production and decreased cell viability, levels of reduced glutathione, the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, cytochrome c oxidase and mitochondrial membrane potential in the thymus as compared to controls. Increased activity of caspase-3 linked with apoptosis assessed by the cell cycle analysis and annexin V/PI binding was also observed in mice exposed to arsenic as compared to controls. Co-treatment with arsenic and amla decreased the levels of lipid peroxidation, ROS production, activity of caspase-3, apoptosis and increased cell viability, levels of antioxidant enzymes, cytochrome c oxidase and mitochondrial membrane potential as compared to mice treated with arsenic alone.ConclusionsThe results of the present study exhibits that arsenic induced oxidative stress and apoptosis significantly protected by co-treatment with amla that could be due to its strong antioxidant potential.

Arsenic-Induced Hepatic Toxicity and Its Attenuation by Fruit Extract of Emblica officinalis (Amla) in Mice

Arsenic a metalloid and environmental contaminated has been found to be associated with public health problems in the affected areas. It is naturally occurred in groundwater and its accumulation in plant and animals leads to toxicity in several tissues most notably hepatic organ. Arsenic exposures (3mg/kg body weight/day for 30days) in mice exhibited increased arsenic and Zn levels in hepatocytes associated with enhanced oxidative stress in hepatocytes while there were no significantly changes were observed in Cu level. An increase in the lipid peroxidation and decrease in the levels of reduced glutathione and activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were observed in arsenic treated mice as compared to controls. Arsenic exposure in mice also caused a significant change in serum biomarkers in the SGOT, SGPT and creatinine as compared to the controls. There were no significant changes in the serum levels of total protein in these mice. Co-administration of arsenic and fruit extract of amla (500mg/kg body weight/day for 30days) caused a significant reduction of arsenic transference associated with significantly decreases hepatic arsenic levels and balanced the antioxidant enzyme and levels of serum hepatic enzymes like SGOT and SGPT. The results of the present study clearly demonstrate the antioxidant property of amla that could be responsible for its protective efficacy in arsenic induced hepatic toxicity.

Emblica officinalisAmeliorates Alcohol-Induced Brain Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Rats

The fruit of Emblica officinalis has been used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine for the treatment of different ailments and is also an ingredient of various traditional medicinal herbal formulations in India and other countries. To investigate the protective effect of Emblica officinalis fruit extract (EFE) against alcohol-induced brain mitochondrial dysfunction, male Wistar rats were orally administered 20% alcohol (5 g/kg of body weight/day) and EFE (250 mg/kg of body weight/day) for 60 days. Alcohol-treated rats showed significantly lowered activities of mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) and reduced glutathione compared with those of experimental control rats. Furthermore, alcohol feeding lowered the activities of NADH dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and cytochrome c oxidase and the content of cytochromes followed by increased levels of nitric oxide (NO), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, and protein carbonyls. No significant change was observed in membrane potential. Administration of EFE to alcohol-treated rats, lowered the levels of NO, protein carbonyls, and lipid peroxidation and elevated the activities of the antioxidant enzymes SDH, NADH dehydrogenase, and cytochrome c oxidase and the content of cytochromes. The active tannoid principles present in EFE with its antioxidant as well as NO scavenging properties might have contributed to the observed protection against alcohol-induced brain mitochondrial dysfunction.

Protective Effect of Emblica officinalis Against Alcohol-Induced Hepatic Injury by Ameliorating Oxidative Stress in Rats.

The effect of Emblica officinalis fruit extract (EFE) against alcohol-induced hepatic damage in rats was investigated in the present study. In vitro studies showed that EFE possesses antioxidant as well nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity. In vivo administration of alcohol (5g/kg b.wt/day) for 60days resulted increased liver lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls, nitrite plus nitrate levels. Alcohol administration also significantly lowers the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase and reduced glutathione as compared with control rats. Administration of EFE (250mg/kg body weight) to alcoholic rats significantly brought the plasma enzymes towards near normal level and also significantly reduced the levels of lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls and restored the enzymic and non-enzymatic antioxidants level. This observation was supplemented by histopathological examination in liver. Our data indicate that the tannoid, flavonoid and NO scavenging compounds present in EFE may offer protection against free radical mediated oxidative stress in rat hepatocytes of animals with alcohol-induced liver injury.