Abstract
Inhibiting neuroinflammation and modulating neurite outgrowth could be a promising strategy to prevent neurological disorders. Emblica officinalis (EO) may be a potent agent against them. Although EO extract reportedly has anti-inflammatory properties in macrophages, there is limited knowledge about its neuroprotective activity by suppressing microglia-mediated proinflammatory cytokine production and inducing neurite outgrowth. The present study aimed to elucidate the effect of EO fruit extract on the lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced neuroinflammation using microglial (BV2) and neuroblastoma (Neuro2a) cells. The results demonstrated that, in LPS-treated BV2 cells, EO fruit extract reduced nitric oxide, interleukin-6, and tumor necrotic factor-α production. It also enhanced the neurite length of Neuro2a cells, which was linked to the upregulation of TuJ1 and MAP2 expressions. In conclusion, these findings indicate that the ethanolic extract of EO fruits has promising neuroprotective potential to exhibit antineuroinflammation activity and accelerative effect on neurite outgrowth in vitro. Therefore, EO fruit extract can be considered a novel herbal medicine candidate for managing neuroinflammatory diseases.
Highlights
Neuroinflammation is the primary cause of most neurological diseases [1]
LPS can Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine activate microglia to increase the production of inflammatory cytokines through both toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways [11] that exacerbate the pathology of neurodegenerative processes [12]. e MAPK pathway is employed in cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, cell survival, cell motility, metabolism, stress response, and inflammation [13]
Fetal bovine serum (FBS), fungizone, minimal essential medium (MEM), penicillin, Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) medium 1640, and streptomycin were acquired from GIBCO (Waltham, MD, USA). e Griess reagent and tetramethylbenzidine (TMB)-stabilized substrate for horseradish peroxidase were purchased from Promega (Madison, WI, USA)
Summary
Neuroinflammation is the primary cause of most neurological diseases [1] It is involved in major neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) [2, 3]. Neuroinflammation activates microglial cells to release proinflammatory cytokines and toxic factors, such as superoxide radicals, nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrotic factor-α (TNF-α), that damage neurons [7, 8]. LPS can Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine activate microglia to increase the production of inflammatory cytokines through both toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways [11] that exacerbate the pathology of neurodegenerative processes [12]. Activated microglia release proinflammatory cytokines (NO, IL-6, and TNF-α), inducing cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation [4, 5, 14, 15]
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