Emamectin Research Articles

Comparative Efficacy of Selected Insecticides against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) in Prayagraj, U.P., India

Comparative Efficacy of Selected Insecticides against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) in Prayagraj, U.P., India

Ascertaining variations in the activity of larval midgut enzymes of Helicoverpa armigera by dietary emamectin benzoate through biochemical and in silico docking study

Helicoverpa armigera, a ubiquitous polyphagous pest, poses a significant threat to global agriculture, causing substantial economic losses and demonstrating resistance to synthetic pesticides. This study investigates the potential of emamectin benzoate (EMB), an avermectin derivative, as an effective control agent against H. armigera. The larvae of the NBII-MP–NOC–01 strain of H. armigera were reared on an artificial diet. The impact of dietary EMB was examined on four midgut enzymes; alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), acid phosphatase (ACP), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Results showed a dose-dependent and time-dependent reduction in ALT and AST activity, while an initial increase and subsequent decline in ACP and ALP activity at higher EMB concentrations. Computational modelling of enzyme structures and molecular docking studies revealed differential binding of EMB with the midgut enzymes. The strongest interaction was observed between EMB and ALT residues, contrasting with weakest interactions observed with AST. The study also showed that decreased activity of transaminases in H. armigera caused by EMB may be because of stability-activity trade-off, while in phosphatases reverse may be the case. This research provides crucial insights into the biochemical responses and the intricate insecticide-enzyme interactions in H. armigera caused by EMB exposure. This study lays the foundation for further research aimed at developing environmentally friendly approaches for managing H. armigera, addressing the challenges associated with conventional pesticides.

Assessment of Insecticide Resistance in Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) in Vegetable Crop Ecosystem

One of the most prevalent insect pests is the tobacco caterpillar or Spodoptera litura (Fabricius), which results in significant crop losses developed resistance against different insecticides over time. This laboratory experiment was carried out in the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU), Hyderabad during Karif, 2022. The susceptible population was reared in laboratory continuously for ten generation without exposing it to insecticides. The susceptibility of field populations of S. litura that were collected from many vegetable crops in the intense vegetable crop cultivating mandals i.e., Chevella and Maheshwaram of Rangareddy district to commonly used insecticides viz., chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate and flubendamide was then compared with a laboratory reared susceptible population The bioassay studies revealed that the LC50 values of these insecticides were significantly higher in the field population collected from Chevella and Maheshwaram compared to the susceptible laboratory population. Based on the LC50 values the Resistant ratio (RR) was calculated for the field populations. It was found that Chevella population developed 35.34 folds resistance and Maheshwaram population also developed nearly 34.90-fold resistance against emamectin benzoate. Both Chevella and Maheshwaram populations were found to develop moderate resistance of 28.23 and 27.35-fold against flubendamide and comparatively lower resistance of 21.05 and 23.44-fold resistance against chlorantraniliprole when compared to susceptible population. These findings further helps in developing better IRM strategies.

Nanoinert diatomaceous and emamectin benzoate: Enhancing wheat protection against fall armyworms for sustainable management

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, poses a significant global threat to agriculture due to its wide geographic range, high reproductive rate, and ability to thrive in diverse climates and habitats. A field study was conducted to evaluate the potential of nano-inert dust particles, specifically nano-diatomaceous earth (N-DE) and nano-potassium silicate (N-K2SiO3), individually and in combination with emamectin benzoate, to manage FAW larvae infesting wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.). The field experiments occurred during the winter seasons of 2021 and 2022 in Qaha, Qalubya Governorate, Egypt. Results revealed that the combined application of N-DE and N-K2SiO3 with emamectin benzoate outperformed other treatments, achieving larval reduction rates of 93.33 % and 86.66 % in 2021 and 89.31 % and 86.90 % in 2022 after a 10-day interval from the second spray. Moreover, supplementation with N-DE and N-K2SiO3 enhanced plant height, tiller count, leaf number, foaming, suspensibility, surface tension, and pH compared to using emamectin benzoate alone. Additionally, foliar application of N-K2SiO3 and N-DE increased total flavonoids (4.23 and 3.24 mg CE/g) and total phenolic compounds (1.35 and 1.12 mg/g F. Wt.), as well as plant silicate content, indicating improved plant health and pest resistance. This study underscores the efficacy of N-DE and N-K2SiO3 in reducing FAW infestations and enhancing plant growth and defense mechanisms.

New insights into resveratrol attenuates hepatotoxicity in emamectin benzoate-exposed grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) via NO system/NF-κB signaling pathway

Emamectin benzoate (EMB) is extensively used as a crop protection agent. Overuse of EMB poses a serious threat to the quality of water and non-target organisms in the environment. Resveratrol (RES) is a natural phytoalexin with the function of anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation. Nonetheless, it is unclear whether EMB affects the expression of cytokines and induces autophagy, apoptosis, and necroptosis of hepatocytes (L8824 cell) in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), and whether RES has an attenuate function in this process. Therefore, we established the L8824 cells model of EMB exposure and treated it with RES. The results showed that compared with the control (CON) group, EMB exposure significantly increased the nitric oxide (NO) content, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity, and the expression of iNOS and phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa B (p-NF-κB) (P < 0.05). In addition, compared with the CON group, the results of flow cytometry and dansylcadaverine (MDC) staining showed a significant increase in apoptosis and autophagy in the EMB-exposed group (P < 0.05) with the activation of the B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2)/Bcl-2 associated X (Bax)/cysteine-aspartic acid protease 3 (Caspase-3)/cysteine-aspartic acid protease 9 (Caspase-9) pathway and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3)/sequestosome 1 (p62)/Beclin1 pathway. EMB exposure significantly increased the mRNA and protein expression of receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIPK1)/receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIPK3)/mixed the lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) pathway (P < 0.05). Moreover, EMB exposure significantly increased the expression of genes related to immunity (immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and immunoglobulin D (IgD), and antimicrobial peptide-related genes expression including β-defensin and hepcidin) (P < 0.05). The addition of RES significantly diminished autophagy, apoptosis, necroptosis, and immunity-related gene expression by inhibiting iNOS activity, NO content, and the protein expression of iNOS and p-NF-κB. In conclusion, RES attenuated autophagy, apoptosis, and necroptosis in EMB-exposed L8824 cells via suppression of the NO system/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Bio-Efficacy of Different Insecticides Against Soybean Leaf Folder, Omiodes indicata (Fabricius, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

A study was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station (UAS, Dharwad), Sankeshwar, Karnataka during Kharif 2022-23 to assess the effectiveness of different insecticides against soybean leaf folder, Omiodes indicata. Among five treatments, lambda cyhalothrin 4.6 % + chlorantraniliprole 9.3 % ZC @ 0.4 ml l-1 exhibited the lowest mean population of soybean leaf folder, Omiodes indicata on 5th and 10th day after spray with 2.12 and 0.98 larval population per meter row length, respectively which was followed by emamectin benzoate 5 % SG @ 0.3 g l-1 (3.03 and 1.83 larvae per meter row length). Lambda cyhalothrin 4.6 % + chlorantraniliprole 9.3 % ZC was found to be the best effective treatment with 81.97 % reduction over control followed by emamectin benzoate 5 SG (71.61 %). Similar results were obtained with per cent defoliation.

Fabrication and characterization of microemulsion of some insecticides and evaluating their efficacy against cotton leaf worm on cotton crop under laboratory and field conditions

AbstractTraditional pesticide formulations have some shortcomings, including limited efficacy and the usage of huge amounts of insecticide, which has a negative impact on the environment. Using nano‐pesticide formulations reduces the amount of pesticide applied, minimizing pest control expenses and environmental contamination. As a result, this study was conducted to develop a microemulsion formulation containing emamectin benzoate or beta‐cyfluthrin with improved morphology, droplet size, emulsion stability, and persistence of foam. Moreover to assess the efficacy of the developed microemulsion in comparison to the convention alone against the Egyptian cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) under both laboratory and field conditions. The results showed that the optimum conditions for emamectin benzoate microemulsion was 2% active ingredient, 5% (w/w) ethyl acetate, and DMF (3:2), 3.5% (w/w) Geronol ff4 and Etocas 35 (6:1), 5% (w/w) ethanol, and 86.5% (w/w) water, while for beta‐cyfluthrin, a 5.0% active ingredient, 15% (w/w) Solvesso 100 and ethyl acetate (2:1), 7.0% (w/w) Geronol ff4 and Etocas 35 (6:1), 10% (w/w) ethanol, and 68% (w/w) water. Under laboratory conditions, emamectin benzoate was more toxic than beta‐cyfluthrin to Spodoptera littoralis second and fourth instar larvae. Emamectin benzoate was more effective that beta‐cyfluthrin against Spodoptera littoralis in the field, whether as a microemulsion or a commercial product. Thus, microemulsions of tested insecticides with better formulation qualities may be more effective than traditional ones in controlling cotton leaf worm.

Comparative Economics of Different Management Tactics by Novel Insecticides against Pest Complex on Capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.) under Protected Conditions

Field experiment was conducted under shade net house at Hi-Tech Horticulture Farm, Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura (Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner), Jaipur, Rajasthan to work out the economics and cost benefit ratio of different management strategies by three spraying of eleven bio-rationale and newer pesticides against Yellow Mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks), thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, aphids (Aphis gossypii Glover, Myzus persicae Sulzer), Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) and Beat army worm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) during summer 2014 and 2015 on capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.). The result on the basis of pooled data indicated that maximum net profit of Rs 77185/ha was obtained in the treatment of fipronil 0.005% with the yield of 51.46 q/ha followed by emamectin benzoate 0.002% (Rs 67422/ha) with the yield of 49.77 q/ha. The minimum net profit of Rs 23840/ha was recorded in the treatment of NSKE 5% followed by azadirachtin 0.0003% (Rs 29876). The net profit ranging from Rs 53613/ha to Rs 60263/ha was computed in the treatment of acephate (Rs 53613/ha), spiromesifen (Rs 59971/ha), spinosad (Rs 58262/ha) and indoxacarb (Rs 60263/ha), whereas, Rs 39125/ha to 41476/ha was found in propargite and novaluron. The maximum incremental cost benefit ratio (1:20.23) was found in fipronil (0.005%) followed by 1:17.99 in the treatment of acephate (0.075%). The minimum ICBR (1:4.64) was recorded in the treatments of novaluron followed by spinosad (1:5.96). Study revealed that three spray of fipronil 5 SC @ 1 ml/l or emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.4 g/l can be suggested to the farmers for the management of pest complex on capsicum under shade net house conditions during summer for off season production.

Assessment of fall-back MRLs for revoked CXLs previously implemented in the EU legislation and review of the JMPR evaluation of the toxicological data related to pyrasulfotole, pyraziflumid, spiropidion and tetraniliprole.

In accordance with Article 43 of Regulation (EC) 396/2005, EFSA received a request from the European Commission to propose fall-back maximum residue levels (MRLs) for recently revoked Codex MRLs that have been previously implemented in the EU legislation. Overall, MRLs for 12 a.s. are concerned, i.e. chlormequat, diazinon, bifenthrin, fludioxonil, indoxacarb, difenoconazole, famoxadone, azoxystrobin, mandipropamid, emamectin benzoate, flutriafol and afidopyropen. In addition, EFSA was requested to evaluate the toxicological data assessed by JMPR related to pyrasulfotole, pyraziflumid, spiropidion and tetraniliprole. These are active substances have not been assessed previously at EU level. The assessment should allow to take a decision, if the CXLs adopted for these four a.s. can be implemented in the EU MRL legislation.

CRISPR/Cas9-Based Functional Characterization of SfUGT50A15 Reveals Its Roles in the Resistance of Spodoptera frugiperda to Chlorantraniliprole, Emamectin Benzoate, and Benzoxazinoids.

UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are a diverse superfamily of enzymes. Insects utilize uridine diphosphate-glucose (UDP-glucose) as a glycosyl donor for glycosylation in vivo, involved in the glycosylation of lipophilic endosymbionts and xenobiotics, including phytotoxins. UGTs act as second-stage detoxification metabolizing enzymes, which are essential for the detoxification metabolism of insecticides and benzoxazine compounds. However, the UGT genes responsible for specific glycosylation functions in S. frugiperda are unclear at present. In this study, we utilized CRISPR/Cas9 to produce a SfUGT50A15-KO strain to explore its possible function in governing sensitivity to chemical insecticides or benzoxazinoids. The bioassay results suggested that the SfUGT50A15-KO strain was significantly more sensitive to chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate, and benzoxazinoids than the wild-type strains. This finding suggests that the overexpression of the SfUGT50A15 gene may be linked to S. frugiperda resistance to pesticides (chlorantraniliprole and emamectin benzoate) as well as benzoxazinoids (BXDs).

One‐pot preparation of nanoparticles via self‐assembly of sodium lignosulfonate and quaternary ammonium for controlled release of emamectin benzoate

AbstractNanoformulation was an important strategy to reduce the use of pesticides and the impacts on the environment. However, complex process and high cost hurdled the application in agriculture. In this work, sodium lignosulfonate (SL) and cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC) were combined into nanoparticles and utilized as carriers for emamectin benzoate (EB), using a one‐pot method at mild conditions. The structure of nanoparticle was investigated by dynamic light scattering, ζ‐potential measurement, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, and related to the loading and release properties. The mass ratio of SL and CTAC had great impacts on the structure of nanoparticle. The release of EB from SL‐CTAC nanoparticles was pH‐triggered. The retarding efficacy was enhanced in the medium of higher pH, due to the increased interaction between the EB and carrier. The incorporation into the nanoparticles greatly increased the insecticidal toxicity of EB. The median lethal concentration, against Spodoptera litura Fabricius larvae, of typical nanoformulation was 55% and 63% of that of conventional formulation emulsifiable concentrates after feeding for 24 and 48 h, respectively. The results indicated SL‐CTAC nanoparticles were good candidates of nanovehicles with high efficiency and low‐cost, which was of great significance to prompt the nanopesticides from laboratory investigation to agricultural application.

Combined exposure of emamectin benzoate and microplastics induces tight junction disorder, immune disorder and inflammation in carp midgut via lysosome/ROS/ferroptosis pathway

Pesticides and plastics bring convenience to agriculture and life, but also bring residual pollution in the environment. Emamectin benzoate (EMB) is the most popular pesticide at present. The harm of microplastics (MPs) to water and aquatic organisms is gradually increasing, and the possibility that it appears synchronously with various pesticides increases. However, the damage of EMB and MPs to the carp midgut and its mechanism have not been clarified. Therefore, based on the EMB or/and MPs exposure models, this study explored the mechanism of midgut injury through transcriptomics, immunofluorescence, western blot methods, and so on. Studies in vivo and in vitro showed that EMB or MPs exposure caused cilia shortening, lysosome damage, and ROS overproduction, which led to Fe2+ content increase, GSH/GSSG system disorder, lipid peroxidation, and ferroptosis. This process further led to the down-regulation of Cx43, Occludin, Claudin, and ZO-1, which further caused barrier damage, immune-related genes (immunoglobulin, IFN-γ) decrease and inflammation-related genes (TNF-α, IL-1β) increase. Combined exposure was more significant than that of single exposure, and the addition of EN6 and NAC proved that lysosome/ROS/ferroptosis regulated these midgut damages. In conclusion, EMB or/and MPs exposure induce tight junction disorder, immune disorder and inflammation in carp midgut through the lysosome/ROS/ferroptosis pathway.

Size-dependent Effect on Foliar Utilization and Biocontrol Efficacy of Emamectin Benzoate Delivery Systems.

The development of nanopesticides provides new avenues for pesticide reduction and efficiency improvement. However, the size effect of nanopesticides remains unclear, and its underlying mechanisms of influence have become a major obstacle in the design and application of pesticide nanoformulations. In this research, the noncarrier-coated emamectin benzoate (EB) solid dispersions (Micro-EB and Nano-EB) were produced under a constant surfactant-to-active ingredient ratio by a self-emulsifying-carrier solidification technique. The particle size of Micro-EB was 162 times that of spherical Nano-EB. The small size and large specific surface area of Nano-EB facilitated the adsorption of surfactants on the surface of the particles, thereby improving its dispersibility, suspensibility, and stability. The pinning effect of nanoparticles significantly suppressed droplet retraction and rebounding. Moreover, Nano-EB exhibited a 25% higher retention of the active ingredient on cabbage leaves and a 70% higher washing resistance than Micro-EB, and both were significantly different. The improvement of abilities in wetting, spreading, and retention of Nano-EB on crop leaves contributed to the increase in foliar utilization, which further resulted in a 1.6-fold enhancement of bioactivity against target Spodoptera exigua compared to Micro-EB. Especially, Nano-EB did not exacerbate the safety risk to the nontarget organism zebrafish with no significant difference. This study elaborates the size effect on the effectiveness and safety of pesticide formulations and lays a theoretical foundation for the development and rational utilization of efficient and environmentally friendly nanopesticides.

Biorationals and Synthetic Insecticides for Controlling Fall Armyworm and Their Influence on the Abundance and Diversity of Parasitoids

Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm, FAW) is a significant economic pest of maize in Uganda. Many Ugandan maize farmers employ synthetic insecticides as their main form of control despite the negative impacts of these chemicals. We tested the effectiveness of Beauveria bassiana; General Biopesticide Cocktail (mixture of B. bassiana, M. anisopliae, Isaria fumosoroseus, Lecanicillium lecani and Purporeocillium lilacanus three strains of Metarhizium anisopliae, Nimbecidine® (azadirachtin 0.03%EC), and Roket® (cypermethrin 4% and profenofos 40%); and Amdocs® (emamectin benzoate 2% and abamectin 1%) on fall armyworm and parasitoids, respectively, in 2020 and 2021. The treatments with the greatest decrease in leaf damage and infestation were Amdocs® and Roket®, followed by Nimbecidine®. The biopesticides were not always more effective than the untreated control, though; their efficacy was often lower than that of the synthetic and botanical pesticides. We recovered one egg parasitoid, Telenomus remus, and seven egg and egg-larval parasitoids (Coccygidium luteum, Coccygidium sp., Cotesia icipe, Chelonus sp., Micranisa sp., Charops cf. diversipes, and an unidentified Tachinidae). Among these, C. cf diversipes, Chelonus sp., C. luteum, C. icipe and the Tachinidae were the most abundant. Parasitism was low, averaging 10% for egg masses and 5.3% for larvae. Application of synthetic pesticides and Nimbecidine® often resulted in higher yield when compared with the untreated control. In general, a low population of parasitoids was observed. Although the parasitoid population reduced in plots treated with Amdocs® and Roket®, the percentage of parasitism of FAW was not affected. In some instances, higher yields were realized in untreated control when compared with the treated plots. Pest management practices more compatible with biological control need to be considered for the management of fall armyworm.

Smartphone-assimilated colorimetric sensor for sub-nanomolar emamectin detection via KA30 capped silver nanoparticles in food, bio-fluids and water samples

In this report, we firstly synthesized nitro calix [4] resorcinarene compound (referred as KA30) and characterized it though proton (1H) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy. KA30 was applied as functionalizing agent for the formation of silver nanoparticles (KA30-AgNPs). These NPs were confirmed as highly selective and extremely sensitive colorimetric sensor for ultra-low level detection of emamectin (EMA) as a novel report. Significant aspect of the sensor is its unique detection range between 0.0005 and 29.5 μM via color change from yellow to colorless with hypochromic-bathochromic shift exhibiting limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) as 0.12 nM and 0.4 nM respectively. The sensor was applied to colorimetrically and optically detect EMA in real samples of serum, urine and food. The sensor was further allied with smartphone for real-time, and on-site detection of EMA and results were validated through UPLC.

Damage of Melanagromyza obtusa (Malloch) and Management Potential of Newer Insecticides in Pigeon Pea

Background: The pod fly, Melanagromyza obtusa (Malloch) is one of the major biotic constraints in increasing production and productivity of pigeonpea crop throughout the country and it causes up to 100 per cent losses in field condition. Injudicious use of pesticides against this destructive pest, further ignites the problem of resistance, resurgence and environmental and ecological imbalances. Methods: Experiments were conducted at Banda University of Agricultural and Technology, Banda during kharif, 2020 and 2021. To estimate the bio-efficacy of insecticides for the management of M. obtusa in pigeonpea the experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with eight treatments and three replications. Pod and grain damage were assessed and C:B ratio was calculated. Result: First appearance of pod fly was noticed in third standard week. Throughout cropping period highest pod damage was recorded in eighth standard week and lowest pod damage was recorded in twelfth standard week. Emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 11g a.i./ha + Dimethoate 30 EC @ 300 g a.i./ha was the best treatment as it exhibited minimum pod damage and highest yield.

Comparative Efficacy of Different Biopesticides against the Tobacco Caterpillar [Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)

Tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) is an economically important polyphagous pestinflicting significant economic damage to numerous field and horticultural crops. Overreliance of chemical insecticides to manage the pest has led to the development of resistance, resurgence and residue problem in the crop ecosystems, in addition to high operating costs. Biopesticides have been reported to be effective for managing this pest in ecofriendly manner. Hence, the present study was conducted to assess the efficacy of different bio pesticides against S. litura under laboratory conditions at Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour, Bhagalpur during the rabi of 2022-23. It was conducted in completely randomized design (CRD) with eight treatments and three replications. Among the various biopesticides evaluated, Steinernema carpocapsae- 500 IJs/Petri Plate and Metarhizium anisopliae 1×108 spores/ml -5g/l were most effective treatments and at par each other with 93.00 and 82.50 per cent larval mortality, respectively. They had performed equally with chemical check, Emmamectin benzoate 5 SG- 0.4 g/l which recorded with 95.63 % larval mortality. Neem oil 1500 ppm- 5 ml/litre and Beauveria bassiana 1×108 @5ml/l were the next best treatments with 78.31 and 59.38 % larval mortality respectively. The order of efficiency was Emamectin benzoate 5 SG (0.4g/l) &gt; EPNs (500 IJs) &gt;Metarhizium anisopliae 1% WP (5g/l) &gt;Neem oil 1500 ppm (5 ml/litre) &gt;Beauveria bassiana1 % WP (5 g/l) &gt;Metarhizium anisopliae 1 % WP (2.5 g/l) &gt;Beauveria bassiana 1 % WP (2.5 g/l).

Fruit pests of plum plantations of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine and efficiency of protection

Goal. To determine the technical effectiveness of pesticides of different origin against fruit-damaging pests of plum in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.&#x0D; Methods. Field, field-laboratory. The species composition of plum fruit pests was studied during systematic surveys in plum plantations of the L.P. Symyrenko Experimental Station of Pomology of the Institute of Horticulture of NAAS during 2021—2023. Accounting was carried out according to generally accepted methods. The research scheme included 8 variants. Yield and marketability were recorded during harvesting. The technical efficiency of Mospilan, RP (acetamiprid, 200 g/kg), Proclaim, 5 SG, v.g. (emamectin benzoate, 50 g/ kg) and Bitoxibacillin-BTU®r (bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis var. Thuringiensis, 1 ml of the drug contains 3 billion cells and 0.5% — 0.7% exotoxin) was determined at different consumption rates.&#x0D; Results. In the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, the species composition of plum fruit pests is represented by black plum trach (Hoplocampa minuta Christ.), plum moth (Grapholitha funebrana Tr.) and thick-skinned weevil (Eurytoma schreineri Schr.). The most numerous and harmful species in 2021—2022 was the black plum borer, and in 2023 — the plum moth.&#x0D; Conclusions. Mospilan RP, Proclaim, 5 SG, v.g. and Bitoxibacillin-BTU® in plum plantations provided a decrease in the number of fruit-damaging pests, which made it possible to obtain higher-grade products. The technical efficiency was: for plum trach — 78.5—88.5%, plum moth — 81.0—85.0, and the weevil — 73.0—79.0%. During the years of research, all preparations showed the lowest effectiveness against plum borer.

Molecular mechanisms of cytochrome P450-mediated detoxification of tetraniliprole, spinetoram, and emamectin benzoate in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith).

The fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) is a highly damaging invasive omnivorous pest that has developed varying degrees of resistance to commonly used insecticides. To investigate the molecular mechanisms of tolerance to tetraniliprole, spinetoram, and emamectin benzoate, the enzyme activity, synergistic effect, and RNA interference were implemented in S. frugiperda. The functions of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) in the tolerance to tetraniliprole, spinetoram, and emamectin benzoate in S. frugiperda was determined by analysing changes in detoxification metabolic enzyme activity and the effects of enzyme inhibitors on susceptibility to the three insecticides. 102 P450 genes were screened via transcriptome and genome, of which 67 P450 genes were differentially expressed in response to tetraniliprole, spinetoram, and emamectin benzoate and validated by quantitative real-time PCR. The expression patterns of CYP9A75, CYP340AA4, CYP340AX8v2, CYP340L16, CYP341B15v2, and CYP341B17v2 were analysed in different tissues and at different developmental stages in S. frugiperda. Silencing CYP340L16 significantly increased the susceptibility of S. frugiperda to tetraniliprole, spinetoram, and emamectin benzoate. Furthermore, knockdown of CYP340AX8v2, CYP9A75, and CYP341B17v2 significantly increased the sensitivity of S. frugiperda to tetraniliprole. Knockdown of CYP340AX8v2 and CYP340AA4 significantly increased mortality of S. frugiperda to spinetoram. Knockdown of CYP9A75 and CYP341B15v2 significantly increased the susceptibility of S. frugiperda to emamectin benzoate. These results may help to elucidate the mechanisms of tolerance to tetraniliprole, spinetoram and emamectin benzoate in S. frugiperda.

Impact of Seed Protectants on Seed Quality and Pest Infestation in Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan L.) Seeds during Storage

This study investigates the efficacy of diverse seed protectants on key parameters affecting seed quality and pest infestation in pigeon pea seeds during storage. Over 3, 6, and 9-month storage periods, the impact of seed protectants on germination percentage, moisture content, vigor index, insect infestation by pulse beetles, and seed weight loss was assessed. Notably, Emamectin benzoate and Deltamethrin consistently maintained high seed quality, with germination percentages ranging from 88.33% to 84.33% and 87.33% to 83.00%, respectively. These insecticidal treatments also exhibited minimal insect infestation, ranging from 0.33% to 1.00%. In contrast, botanical protectants showed varying effectiveness, with Lantana camara and Vitex negundo displaying germination percentages ranging from 86.67% to 80.67% and 87.00% to 82.67%, and insect infestation levels ranging from 0.33% to 1.33%. These findings highlight the importance of seed protectants in preserving seed viability and minimizing pest damage during storage, thereby enhancing crop yield and reducing post-harvest losses in pigeon pea cultivation.