Yarn Elongation Research Articles

Novel Hybrid Spun Silk Yarn Developed from Eri and Mulberry Silks Under Industrial Level and Its Characterizations

ABSTRACT To develop a novel hybrid spun silk yarn, the silk fibers have been analyzed in depth. This research aims to characterize the Mulberry and Eri silk fibers. The morphology of a single silk fiber was examined with an optical microscope and FESEM. The result of single-silk fiber properties showed that, Mulberry and Eri fibers have similar tensile strength (4.71 ± 0.98 and 4.93 ± 0.79 gram-force, respectively) but different in elongation percentage (13.43 ± 3.67 and 23.78 ± 4.90, respectively). Mulberry silk fibers are small, dense, compact, and non-porous, as for the Eri silk fibers, they are large, loose, and porous. Mulberry silk fibers have a smoother surface compared to Eri silk fibers. Mulberry and Eri silk fibers in different ratios were spun into silk yarn on an industrial scale, leading to the development of single and hybrid spun silk yarns. Under controlled yarn count and twist conditions, the hybrid silk yarns have an average tensile strength between that of single silk yarn. Adding more than 50% Mulberry silk fibers to spun silk yarn significantly reduced the percentage of yarn elongation. The synergistic effects of strength and elongation observed in Mulberry and Eri silk have resulted in novel yarns with new properties that can be applied in various textile industries.

Fabrication of Anti-Fatigue Double-Wrapped Yarns with Excellent Mechanical Properties for Generating Compression Fabrics.

Elastic yarns are the key component of high-performance compression garments. However, it remains a challenge to fabricate anti-fatigue yarns with high mechanical force and long elongation for generating compression garments with prolonged wear. In this paper, we report the development of anti-fatigue double-wrapped yarns with excellent mechanical properties by wrapping high-denier Spandex with nylon filaments in opposite twists. In particular, high-denier (560 D) Spandex as the core was untwisted, which can maximally reduce the interaction between the core and wrapping filaments, enabling high elongation of double-wrapped yarns. In addition, we chose 70 D nylon filaments with a tensile force of 3.87 ± 0.09 N as the wrapping materials to provide sufficient force for double-wrapped yarns. Notably, opposite twists were induced for the inner and outer wrapping filaments to achieve a balanced stable yarn structure. By systematically optimizing manufacturing parameters, including inner wrapping density, outer wrapping density, take-up ratio, and drafting ratio, we obtained double-wrapped yarn with excellent tensile stress (32.59 ± 0.82 MPa) and tensile strain (357.28% ± 9.10%). Notably, the stress decay rate of optimized yarns was only 12.0% ± 2.2%. In addition, the optimized yarn was used as the weft-lining yarn for generating weft-lined fabrics. The elastic recovery rate of the obtained fabric was decreased by only 2.6% after five cyclic stretches, much lower than the control fabric. Our design of anti-fatigue double-wrapped yarns could be widely used for fabricating high-performance compression garments.

Effect of the blending between upland and combing waste on cotton fiber and yarn quality

Blending of cotton wastes with raw materials to produce different textile products has economically and environmentally beneficial. This study was carried out in Cotton Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center. This investigation aimed to study the impact of blending ratio on fiber, mechanical and physical yarn quality properties to find out the optimum blending ratio that achieves the optimum yarn quality properties. For this purpose, fiber properties, mechanical and physical yarn quality properties of ring spun yarns produced from cotton variety Giza95, Delta pine245 cotton variety (upland cotton) combed cotton waste of Extra Fine Giza93 and six different binary blend ratios were studied. Blended samples were spun into 36s, and 40s, carded yarns at constant twist multiplier 4 on ring spinning system. the results showed that fiber properties, Physical and mechanical properties of yarns produced from Giza95 were better than 100% upland cotton, 100% combed cotton waste and the other blended yarns.65% Giza95-35% combed waste of blended samples recorded higher fiber properties(maturity ratio, fiber length, uniformity index, fiber strength and fiber elongation) than all blended samples.Also,the same blended ratio at 36s, yarn count give better lea count product strength, yarn strength, yarn elongation, evenness, imperfections and yarn hairiness compared with all blended yarns followed by 65% combed waste - 35% Giza95.While, the lowest yarn quality properties recorded by The blended yarn of 35% Giza95-65% Delta pine245. Also, it observed that increasing proportion of G95 cotton variety in blended samples led to improve fiber, mechanical and physical yarn properties

Тарау жылдамдығының иірім жіптің сапалық көрсеткіштеріне әсері

In spinning production, the carding process has a great influence on the sliver’s quality, as well as the resulting yarn’s quality properties. This research work was carried out to substantiate the spinning yarn’s quality by changing the carding release speed. Changes in the yarn’s quality properties obtained at different carding speeds were analyzed using laboratory equipment Uster® system. The study’s main aim is to determine the optimal carding speed required to obtain low linear density yarn. Yarn number Ne 40/1 (14.5 tex) was obtained on a Zinser® ring spinning machine As a result of the study, it was found that when measuring the effect of spreading release speed on yarn inhomogeneity with increasing release speed from 180 m/min to 210 m/min with lower value of yarn inhomogeneity, with increasing spreading release speed from 180 to 210 m/min there is a continuous increase in yarn defects in spinning yarn. In the study, with the increase in release drum speed, the spinning yarn strength decreased from 16.8 cN/tex to 16.0 cN/tex. There was an increase in discharge speed from 180 to 210 m/min from 4.2% to 4.8% with low yarn pile. It was found that yarn elongation decreased from 5.42% to 5.25% due to increase in distributed release speed.

Comparing the cost-effectiveness and yarn quality improvement with PVA versus conventional maize starch as the sizing agents

The clothing industry is striving to reduce material use and energy consumption during the production process to maximize resource efficiency. The production of high-quality fabrics is driven by key materials such as sizing agents. While starch and its derivatives stand as the most prevalent natural sizing agents, they are without their drawbacks, particularly during the de-sizing process. Maize starch is the most widely used sizing agent in Ethiopia’s textile sector, yet its use presents challenges both in terms of the efficiency of the weaving process and in terms of the quality of the textiles. This study focuses on the development of a new size recipe for textile fabric processing, which is exclusive to PVA synthetic sizing material. Various criteria, such as viscosity, production improvement, environment sustainability, fabric quality, ease of de-sizing, low breakage rate, and cost-effectiveness, have been considered in selecting PVA sizing agents. The study assessed parameters such as size regain, yarn elongation loss, and fabric production. The study demonstrates the potential for substantial improvements in textile production by exploiting PVA's special properties and addressing shortcomings related to traditional sizing material. This shift to PVA based sizing formulations is not only expected to improve the quality and production efficiency of the fabric, but also to meet the wider sustainability objectives of the textile industry.

Development of sustainable dual core-spun yarns using several filaments and recycled cotton sourced from pre-consumer fabric waste

Development of sustainable dual core-spun yarns using several filaments and recycled cotton sourced from pre-consumer fabric waste

Investigation of the use of hemp fibers in recycling spinning

In recycle yarn spinning, the original fibers are added to the blend as a carrier because of the recycled fibers obtained by opening from fabric scraps are very short and coarse. In the textile recycling industry, mostly petroleum-based synthetic fibers are used as carrier fibers. In an environmentally important activity such as recycling spinning, it is necessary to reduce the use of synthetics used as carrier fibers. When considered from this point of view, hemp fibers come to the fore with their important performance and environmental features. Based on this fact, in this study, in addition to the standard production conditions in the recycling yarn production facility, hemp fibers in different proportions were added to the blends to reduce the ratio of polyester as carrier fiber and the effects of this situation on yarn quality were examined. According to the results, it was observed that adding hemp fiber to the recycle yarn blend increased yarn tenacity, yarn unevenness and yarn hairiness while decreased yarn elongation properties.

Research on the Knittability of Metallic Yarns in the Warp-knitted Mesh of a Deployable Antenna

Abstract Metallic yarns are difficult to be knitted. To resolve the problem, the paper used the knitted yarn strength utilization factor to quantitatively characterize knittability, which was the ratio of yarn strength after being knitted to that of the original yarns. Furthermore, the relationship between the yarns' basic mechanical properties and the knitted yarn strength utilization factor was investigated by testing the yarns' basic mechanical properties. The results showed that it was feasible to quantitatively characterize the yarns' knittability using the knitted yarn strength utilization factor. And also the breaking strength of yarn was not correlated with the knittability. The elongation at break of the yarn was positively correlated with knittability. The bending stiffness of the yarn was negatively correlated with the knittability. Finally, a multiple linear regression model of the knittability and the mechanical properties of the yarn was developed. The model showed that there was a significant linear relationship between knittability and the elongation of yarns at break and the bending rigidity of yarns, with the bending stiffness of yarns being more significant.

Influence of fiber length and comber noil extraction in long staple worsted spinning on eri silk yarn quality

The eri cocoons are open mouthed and as their silk filaments are discontinuous, these can only be used for spun yarn production. In this study, the effect of fiber length and comber noil extractions on yarn quality were evaluated. The significant impact of fiber length as well as first and second comber noil extraction was observed on yarn unevenness, imperfections, tenacity, breaking elongation and hairiness. With the aim of minimizing unevenness, imperfections and hairiness along with maximizing tenacity and breaking elongation of yarn; the fiber length and comber noil were optimized using Minitab 19 software. It was revealed that 150 mm fiber length can be set in the staple cutter during spinning preparatory for all yarn counts; 19% and 7% comber noil extractions are required for first and second combing, respectively, to produce 40 and 60 Nm yarns, whereas for 80 Nm yarn about 1% more noil extraction is needed in both combing processes. Principal component analysis depicted that both two comber noil contribute about 57% and fiber length of 43% on yarn quality. Regression equations from the response surface design of the experiment were derived for different yarn quality characteristics which exhibit a difference between actual and predicted values of below 10%.

Development of Stainless Steel Yarn with Embedded Surface Mounted Light Emitting Diodes.

The integration of electronic components in/onto conductive textile yarns without compromising textile qualities such as flexibility, conformability, heat and moisture transfer, and wash resistance is essential to ensuring acceptance of electronic textiles. One solution is creating flexible and stretchable conductive yarns that contain tiny surface-mounted electronic elements embedded at the fiber level. The purpose of this work was to manufacture and subsequently evaluate the physical features and electromechanical properties of stainless steel yarn with light-emitting surface mounted devices (SMDs) embedded in it. The SMDs were successfully integrated into a conductive stainless steel yarn (SS) by inserting crimp beads and creating a bond through hot air soldering machines, resulting in what we call an E-yarn. The relationship curves between gauge length and electrical resistance, and the relationship curves between conductive yarn elongation and electrical resistance, were explored experimentally. The results of the analysis demonstrated that E-yarn had a lower tensile strength than the original electrically-conductive SS yarn. The effects of the washing cycle on the conductivity of the E-yarn were also investigated and studied. The results showed that E-yarns encapsulated at the solder pad by heat shrink tube still functioned well after ten machine wash cycles, after which they degraded greatly.

Preparation of yarn by blending of etherified jute fibre with natural and synthetic fibre

Yarns were prepared by blending the etherified jute fibre in different combinations with cotton, rayon, polyester and silk waste. A blend of 50:50 for each fibre component was prepared with 50% of the etherified jute fibre respectively and 30 tex yarns from each blend were produced using the ring spinning fame. The physical properties of these yarns were determined with respect to the same numbered yarns of cotton. The 50% of the etherified jute fibre in the blends produced yarns having tenacities between 10.9 to 11.9 (g/tex) which are very much comparable to tenacity 11.5 (g/tex) of the same numbered cotton yarns. The breaking elongation 6.2 to 6.4%, moduli between  181 to 184 (g/tex) and count strength product 1605 to 1638 of the yarns from etherified jute & cotton and etherified jute and rayon in the ratio of 50:50 were almost similar to the respective properties 6.6 %, 171(g/tex) and 1694 of the same numbered cotton yarn. The breaking elongation of yarns from etherified jute and polyester and etherified jute and silk was much higher between 12.4 to 12.7% which were due to highly extensible polyester and silk fibres in the combination.

Quality Evaluation of Ethiopian 100% Cotton Carded Ring Spun Yarn with Respect to USTER Standards

Yarn quality influences both fabric production processes efficiency and export market. One method used to gauge competitiveness of an industry is to study its product quality. The aim of this research work is to evaluate the quality of Ethiopian textile spinning mills’ 100% cotton carded ring spun yarns in terms of its evenness (coefficient of mass variation, CVm), imperfections (thick and thin places, neps), and tensile properties with USTER Statistics 2018. Five spinning mills (B3, A0, A2, A4, and K3) of 15N, 20Ne, 25Ne, 30Ne, 35Ne, and 40Ne nominal yarn counts have been selected for the study. The yarn evenness and imperfections were measured using USTER tester 5 and tensile using a STATIMAT tester. The USTER statistical results showed 20.3Ne (mill B3), 32Ne (mill A4), and 36.2Ne (mill A2) had better overall quality, respectively. It was observed that most selected spinning mills had low evenness, imperfections, yarn strength, and good yarn elongation. Tensile properties of A2 (32.85Ne and 36.2Ne) had fallen under 5% USTER statistics percentile which indicates excellent yarn strength. Generally, from studied mills, it was seen that 61.5% of cotton yarn CVm and thin places falls at above 95% and 15% of yarn tenacity falls at ≤5% of Uster statistical percentile.

Production of Fine Count Yarns from Some Extra-long Egyptian Cottons on Different Spinning Systems

The current research was carried out to produce fine count yarns from extra-long Egyptian cotton varieties using compact and ring spinning systems.in addition, to compare between compact yarns and ring yarns in terms of their physical and mechanical properties. Three commercial extra-long staple Egyptian cottons Giza92, Giza93 and Giza 96 were used to produce four linear densities of 80, 100, 120 and 140 at 3.6 twist multiplier. Results obtained showed that Giza 92 was surpassed significantly other extra -long staple varieties. It recorded the highest mean values of yarn strength and yarn evenness While, the same variety recorded the lowest mean values of yarn hairiness and imperfections. Compact yarns were much better than yarns spun on the ring spinning in yarn strength, yarn elongation, evenness, yarn imperfections and yarn hairiness. Yarn count 80,s gave higher single yarn strength (20.89cN/tex), yarn elongation (5.03%) and yarn evenness (17.49%) and lower yarn hairiness (2.04) and imperfections than yarn count 140s. Single yarn strength, yarn elongation and yarn evenness were decreased with increasing yarn count. While the number of neps, hairiness, the number of thin and thick places were increased with increasing yarn count. Concerning, the effect of interaction between cotton varieties × yarn counts × spinning systems on yarn quality properties. Yarn count 80s recorded the highest mean values of yarn strength (23.14, 21.1 and 20.2 cN/tex) and yarn evenness (17.72, 16.53 and 16.79%) for varieties Giza92, Giza93 and Giza96, respectively for compact spinning system. Yarn strength at count 80, 100, 120 and 140 correlated negatively and highly significant with micronaire value and maturity ratio.

Effect of initial pressure of oblique-blowing airflow and folding-in airflow on yarn tucked-in in the pneumatic tucked-in selvedge apparatus

In this paper, numerical simulation and laboratory experiments were combined to research the tucked-in behavior of the yarn in the pneumatic tucked-in selvedge apparatus, and explore the effect of initial pressure of oblique-blowing airflow and folding-in airflow on yarn tucked-in. This work focused on the motion of a single yarn of which one end was fixed while the other was free. Initial pressures for oblique-blowing airflow and folding-in airflow were set as parameters. A numerical model was developed to simulate the process based on the one-way fluid–structure interaction. Then a laboratory experiment was carried out with the help of a high-speed camera to record the motion behaviors of yarns. The motions were compared with the simulation data and showed that the proposed numerical model can properly replicate the motion of yarn and its points in the airflow field. Each group of yarns with different initial pressures was able to be tucked-in and had an elongation. Increasing the initial pressures of oblique-blowing airflow from 0.3 MPa to 0.4 MPa and folding-in airflow from 0.35 MPa to 0.4MPa shortened the time for the yarn to complete the entire oblique-blowing and tucked-in process by 0.4625 ms, and extended the yarn elongation by 0.151 mm.

The Effect of Humidified Air on Yarn Properties in a Jet-Ring Spinning System

In this study, the effect of 100% atmospheric relative humidity on yarn properties was investigated using jet-ring nozzles and compared with the yarn properties of yarns produced with air operated jet-ring nozzles under normal conditions. As a humidification system, a pneumatic conditioner, also known as a lubricant, was used in pneumatic systems. This conditioner was connected just before the pneumatic distributor that supplies air to the nozzles. The tube in stage 2 of the conditioner was filled with pure water at room temperature (25 °C ± 2 °C). The air conditioner dose was adjusted to 100% atmospheric relative humidity. The use of humidified air to jet-ring nozzles had a slight positive effect on all yarn properties (yarn hairiness, yarn irregularity, yarn elongation and yarn tenacity). According to the results, it resulted in a 1% to 3% improvement in yarn quality. This study is the first example and an original study in this field, as there is no study using humidified air in existing jet-ring air nozzle studies. It was proven in this study that humidified air results in a slight improvement in yarn properties.

Extract and Characterization of Starch from White Lupine Seed

The textile industry is one of the most important sectors in Ethiopia and has grown from year to year. The extraction and processing of starch from different resources are one of the most important agro industries in the world. Starch is a product commonly used in textile industries as a sizing agent and is mainly sourced from food crops. Those food crops are mostly edible by human beings. Therefore, alternative starch sources of materials are required. This research focused on extracted starch from white lupine seed which is not edible. Two extraction methods are used namely cold and hot steeping. From those cold steeping is much better than hot to get a quality starch which is comparable with the existing starch in the market like maize, white, etc. starches. After applying the extracted whit lupine starch in textile sizing, the tensile strength of warp yarn was not a significant difference. After sizing using extracted white lupine starch which is a hot and cold steeping method the average tensile strength was 320.9 cN and 338.3cN respectively and the average elongation of yarn was 4.27 % and 4.21% respectively achieved. The size pick-up % warp yarn in the case of hot and cold steeping is 10.64 and 14.85 respectively was achieved.

Influence of cocoon stifling and storage on silk reeling performance and quality of muga raw silk

The hot air electrical stifling study has been conducted to evaluate the influence of electrical stifling temperature, stifling hours and duration of cocoon preservation on reeling performance and quality of muga silk . Muga cocoons are reeled on motorised muga silk reeling machine. Electrical hot air stifling has shown superior reeling performance in comparison to smoke stifled and sun dried cocoons. The study has shown that raw silk recovery from electrically hot air stifled cocoons is significantly high in comparison to flame-smoke-sun stifling with a gain of about 6.37%. Similarly there is gradual decline in raw silk recovery (RSR) percentage with increase in storage period of muga cocoon. Thus, RSR has declined by 14.32% in course of 6 months of cocoon storage. Tenacity is found higher in October crop (average 3.36 g/den), while it is average 2.83 g/den in crop of May month. Muga raw silk yarn has lost elongation with extended storage of yarn. In fresh muga raw silk yarn, elongation is found 37.55%, while in one year old stored muga raw silk yarn elongation has come down to 33.02%. Thus, the study recommends stifling muga cocoon by hot air stifling for four hours. Cocoon preservation time needs to be minimized and muga silk yarn of October (Kotia) crop with high tenacity should be used as warp yarn in weaving

False-twist texturing with water-jet twister/cooler: effect of water pressure on textured yarn properties

The objective of this research work was to investigate the effect of water pressure on the properties of false-twist textured yarn produced using an innovative false-twist texturing system with waterjet twister/cooler and superheated steam heater. Commercial texturing speed of 800 m/min was selected for this paper so as to establish that this innovative method can be used for false twist texturing successfully. This method replaces the contact heater of a standard false-twist machine with a ‘super-heated steam heater’ and ‘the normal false-twisting device and cooler’ replaced with a ‘water-jet twister/cooler’ combined into one unit, so as to reduce the thread-line length and to increase the production speed significantly. The new heating, twisting and cooling unit is only one metre in length. The reduced thread path has significant advantages when the surging speed is considered. The shorter thread path reduces thread instability and so higher texturing speeds can be achieved. Since the water-jet twisting is virtually friction-free, and has no mechanical moving parts, the production speed can be increased avoiding filament breaks. Results show that this innovative method of false twist texturing can achieve high bulk levels above 40% with good process stability at 800 m/min. Water pressure has a significant positive correlation with twist level and bulk percentage and significant negative correlations with textured yarn tenacity and elongation. When the water pressure is increased, the level of twist imparted to the yarn and the bulk level increase to a maximum. Overall, the results show that the new method of false-twist texturing is capable to produce false-twist textured yarn with success.

Investigation of Breaking Properties of Yarn for Control of Its Pulling Tensio

The problem of control of tension of yarn as it is pulled is discussed. The investigation results made it possible to estimate the breaking load and elongation of yarn for further designing of yarn pulling system.

Effect of yarn structure variables on comfort properties for cotton towels

The main purpose of this research is to study the effects of yarn structure variables as key factors influencing the comfort characteristics of cotton towel fabrics. Results of this work can help the producers or manufacturer to create desired quality towel fabric using optimum yarn parameters. The heaviest Grams per Square Meter (GSM) and the highest water vapor permeability were recorded by the Egyptian variety (Giza 90) while the maximum water absorption and air permeability were recorded by the Sudan variety (Acala). It is shown that the mean values of all comfort properties except air permeability decreased when the yarn count and twist multiplier increased. It is obvious that most interaction effects among the yarn parameters (cotton materials, yarn count and twist multiplier) were no significant for all towel comfort properties. It is found negatively and highly significant correlation coefficient between air permeability and each one of the other towel comfort properties. On the other hand, it is indicated that the heavier and thicker towel had more ability to water absorption and water vapor permeability. Also, there was positive and highly significant relation between water absorption and water vapor permeability. Results indicated that there were positively and highly significant associations between yarn hairiness and all towel comfort properties except air permeability. On the contrary, negatively and highly significant associations were obtained between yarn properties being number of neps, thin and thick places and evenness CV % from one side and all towel comfort properties except air permeability from the other side. It is clear that the yarn elongation and yarn tenacity had weak and ineffective effects on the towel comfort properties.