Plant Elongation Research Articles

Co-regulation of root hair tip growth by ROP GTPases and nitrogen source modulated pH fluctuations

Growth of plant cells involves tight regulation of the cytoskeleton and vesicle trafficking by processes including the action of the ROP small G proteins together with pH-modulated cell wall modifications. Yet, little is known on how these systems are coordinated. In a paper recently published in Plant Cell and Environment1 we show that ROPs/RACs function synergistically with NH4NO3-modulated pH fluctuations to regulate root hair growth. Root hairs expand exclusively at their apical end in a strictly polarized manner by a process known as tip growth. The highly polarized secretion at the apex is maintained by a complex network of factors including the spatial organization of the actin cytoskeleton, tip-focused ion gradients and by small G proteins. Expression of constitutively active ROP mutants disrupts polar growth, inducing the formation of swollen root hairs. Root hairs are also known to elongate in an oscillating manner, which is correlated with oscillatory H+ fluxes at the tip. Our analysis shows that root hair elongation in wild type plants and swelling in transgenic plants expressing a constitutively active ROP11 (rop11CA) is sensitive to the presence of NH4+ at concentrations higher than 1 mM and on NO3-. The NH4+ and NO3- ions did not affect the localization of ROP in the membrane but modulated pH fluctuations at the root hair tip. Actin organization and reactive oxygen species distribution were abnormal in rop11CA root hairs but were similar to wild type root hairs when seedlings were grown on medium lacking NH4+ and / or NO3-. These observations suggest that the nitrogen source-modulated pH fluctuations may function synergistically with ROP regulated signaling during root hair tip growth. Interestingly, under certain growth conditions, expression of rop11CA suppressed ammonium toxicity, similar to auxin resistant mutants. In this Addendum article we discuss these findings and their implications.

Characteristics of nucleotides and amino acids in cDNA sequence of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase cloned from Anthocephalus chinensis

Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase is an identifi ed relaxation factor with functions of easing and extending of plant cell walls. Its activities are directly related to plant growth and elongation of organisms. Anthocephalus chinensis is a tall and fast growing evergreen tree species. We cloned the full cDNA sequence of AcEXT genes which is abundantly expressed in the cambium of A. chinensis. The sequence analysis of nucleotides and amino acids revealed the presence of a 1396 bp full cDNA sequence, including a 960 bp complete open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 320 amino acid protein. The deduced amino acid sequence of AcXET was homologous to the other known XET proteins and contained the conserved EIDFE catalytic site which was specifi c to all the XETs. Our data should serve as a foundation for further insight into AcXET gene molecular mechanisms during wood formation and cell wall engineering of woody plants.

Mutation of RiceBC12/GDD1, Which Encodes a Kinesin-Like Protein That Binds to a GA Biosynthesis Gene Promoter, Leads to Dwarfism with Impaired Cell Elongation

The kinesins are a family of microtubule-based motor proteins that move directionally along microtubules and are involved in many crucial cellular processes, including cell elongation in plants. Less is known about kinesins directly regulating gene transcription to affect cellular physiological processes. Here, we describe a rice (Oryza sativa) mutant, gibberellin-deficient dwarf1 (gdd1), that has a phenotype of greatly reduced length of root, stems, spikes, and seeds. This reduced length is due to decreased cell elongation and can be rescued by exogenous gibberellic acid (GA₃) treatment. GDD1 was cloned by a map-based approach, was expressed constitutively, and was found to encode the kinesin-like protein BRITTLE CULM12 (BC12). Microtubule cosedimentation assays revealed that BC12/GDD1 bound to microtubules in an ATP-dependent manner. Whole-genome microarray analysis revealed the expression of ent-kaurene oxidase (KO2), which encodes an enzyme involved in GA biosynthesis, was downregulated in gdd1. Electrophoretic mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that GDD1 bound to the element ACCAACTTGAA in the KO2 promoter. In addition, GDD1 was shown to have transactivation activity. The level of endogenous GAs was reduced in gdd1, and the reorganization of cortical microtubules was altered. Therefore, BC12/GDD1, a kinesin-like protein with transcription regulation activity, mediates cell elongation by regulating the GA biosynthesis pathway in rice.

Qualidade fisiológica de sementes de arroz tratadas com solução salina e 24-epibrassinolídeo

Os efeitos da salinidade no desempenho germinativo das sementes de várias espécies têm sido estudados ao longo do tempo, aumentando consideravelmente o período de germinação pela presença de sais solúveis no solo. Os brassinosteróides são fitohormônios envolvidos no alongamento e divisão celular e devido a isto estão associados ao aumento na tolerância da planta aos estresses biótico e abiótico. Diante do exposto, conduziu-se este trabalho com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito na germinação sob estresse salino das sementes de arroz que receberam tratamento com 24-epibrassinolídeo. Para testar o proposto, foram utilizadas sementes das cultivares BRS Querência e BRS Bojurú suscetível e tolerante a salinidade, consecutivamente. O experimento foi constituído por cinco tratamentos, sendo um com água destilada (zero), um com solução de 100 mM de NaCl e mais três tratamentos compostos por uma solução de 100 mM de NaCl complementada com 24-epibrassinolídeo nas concentrações 0,01; 0,1; e 1,0 μM. As sementes das duas cultivares foram embebidas por duas horas nas respectivas soluções e avaliadas pelos seguintes testes: germinação, primeira contagem da germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, condutividade elétrica (às 3 e 24 horas), comprimento e massa seca da parte aérea e da raiz. Os tratamentos compuseram um fatorial 2x5, ou seja, 2 cultivares e 5 soluções e o delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey aos 5% de probabilidade. A cultivar BRS Querência teve a germinação e o vigor restabelecidos pela suplementação da solução salina com 24-epibrassinolídeo. As sementes da cultivar BRS Bojurú, não perderam seu percentual germinativo quando submetidas ao tratamento com solução de 100 mM de NaCl e a adição de 24-epibrassinolídeo na concentração mais baixa, 0,01 μM, proporcionou incremento no potencial germinativo, porém, a concentração mais elevada reduziu a germinação das sementes de arroz desta cultivar. Pode-ser inferir que o 24-epibrassinolídeo é capaz de reverter o efeito do estresse salino em sementes de arroz, suscetíveis a salinidade, não atuando da mesma forma em cultivares mais tolerantes.

Effects of Night-break Treatment Performed Three Times per Week and Exposure to Cold Air on Spinach Growth and Quality in Winter Season

We investigated the combined effects of night-break treatment performed three times per week and subsequent exposure to cold air by opening the greenhouse windows on the growth and quality of December-sown spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Plant height and fresh weight increased as a result of the night-break treatment, but plant elongation decreased because of the exposure to cold air. On comparing similar-sized harvests, the sugar concentration (Brix value) and L-ascorbic acid level were significantly higher but the nitrate (NO3-) level was lower in the combined treatment than in the control plants without the night break and exposure to cold air. These results suggest that the combined method of the night break and subsequent exposure to cold air would be effective to produce high-quality spinach without delaying the harvest.

Mobilization and plant accumulation of prometryne in soil by two different sources of organic matter

Prometryne is a selective herbicide of the s-triazine chemical family. Due to its weak absorption onto soil, it readily leaches down through the soil and contaminates underground water. Application of organic manure to soil has become a widespread practice as a disposal strategy to improve soil properties. In this study, we demonstrated the effect of pig manure compost (PMC) and lake-bed sludge (SL) on the sorption/desorption, mobility and bioavailability of prometryne in soil using comprehensive analysis approaches. Downward movement of prometryne was monitored in the packed soil column. Addition of PMC or SL decreased considerably the mobility and total concentration of prometryne in the soil leachate. Bioavailability analyses with wheat plants revealed that addition of the organic matter reduced accumulation of prometryne in tissues and increased plant elongation and biomass. These results indicate that the organic amendments are effective in modifying adsorption and mobility of the pesticide in soil.

Overexpression of UDP-glucosyltransferase 71C5 increases glucose tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana

Glucosyltransferases (GTs) catalyze transfer of sugar moieties to a wide range of acceptor molecules, which could be proteins, lipids, or low-molecular-weight lipophilic acceptors. As a subfamily of GTs, uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucosyltransferases (UGTs), which function is glycosylation of low-molecularweight lipophilic acceptors, has drawn increasing attention. In this study, it was found that UGT71C5 expression in Arabidopsis thaliana treated by 4% glucose could be induced to approximately 250 and 180% of that in the wild type (WT) at both transcriptional and translational levels. Three independent lines overexpressing UGT71C5 were obtained and quantitatively analyzed. It was shown that the average root length of 35S::UGT71C5 transgenic lines was doubled as compared with WT on MS supplemented with 4% glucose. To our knowledge, in higher plants glucose acts as both nutrient and regulatory molecule, which controls many aspects of physiology and development, and the high levels of glucose could arrest glucose-mediated root elongation in plants. Our work suggests that overexpression of UGT71C5 could increase glucose tolerance of A. thaliana. This study could provide insights into the function of UGT71C5 in plants.

Effects of day length, light quality and ethylene on PHYTOCHROME B expression during stem elongation in Stellaria longipes

The prairie ecotype of Stellaria longipes (Caryophyllaceae) is highly responsive to light and is a shade avoider. Using the prairie ecotype as a model, we investigated the expression of the PHYTOCHROME B (PHYB) gene in response to different ratios of red to far-red light (R/FR), photoperiods and ethephon, an ethylene producing compound. This was done to examine the potential role of the PHYB and its interaction with ethylene in determining the plasticity of stem elongation. The PHYB gene was constitutively expressed in flowers, leaves, stems, and roots. The relative transcript abundance of the PHYB gene increased significantly upon transfer of etiolated-seedlings to light. The level of the PHYB gene transcript under elevated R/FR (3.5) was significantly higher than that under lower R/FR (0.7) in de-etiolated-mature plants. Long day photoperiod (16 h light/day, LD) significantly promoted stem growth, whereas plants under short day photoperiod (8 h light/day, SD) showed minor elongation. Interestingly, under LD, but not under SD, the level of PHYB mRNA significantly correlated with stem elongation. The plants treated with high concentration of ethephon (10.0 mol m−3) showed a 55% decrease in PHYB transcript within the first 4 days after treatment, and the level of PHYB transcript was significantly lower than that in control plants and the plants treated with a lower concentration of ethephon (0.1 mol m−3). Taken together with our earlier studies related to stem elongation, our results suggest that the level of PHYB gene transcription on day 4 is critical for the initiation of stem elongation. After this stage, a relatively high level of the PHYB gene transcription might be important for maintaining stem elongation of the prairie plants of S. longipes.

Gender-specific costs of reproduction on vegetative growth and physiological performance in the dioecious shrub Corema album.

Reproductive costs imply trade-offs in resource distribution at the physiological level, expressed as changes in future growth and/or reproduction. In dioecious species, females generally endure higher reproductive effort, although this is not necessarily expressed through higher somatic costs, as compensatory mechanisms may foster resource uptake during reproduction. To assess effects of reproductive allocation on vegetative growth and physiological response in terms of costs and compensation mechanisms, a manipulative experiment of inflorescence bud removal was carried out in the sexually dimorphic species Corema album. Over two consecutive growing seasons, vegetative growth patterns, water status and photochemical efficiency were measured to evaluate gender-related differences. Suppression of reproductive allocation resulted in a direct reduction in somatic costs of reproduction, expressed through changes in growth variables and plant physiological status. Inflorescence bud removal was related to an increase in shoot elongation and water potential in male and female plants. The response to inflorescence bud removal showed gender-related differences that were related to the moment of maximum reproductive effort in each sexual form: flowering in males and fruiting in females. Delayed costs of reproduction were found in both water status and growth variables, showing gender-related differences in resource storage and use. Results are consistent with the existence of a trade-off between reproductive and vegetative biomass, indicating that reproduction and growth depend on the same resource pool. Gender-related morphological and physiological differences arise as a response to different reproductive resource requirements. Delayed somatic costs provide evidence of gender-related differences in resource allocation and storage. Adaptive differences between genders in C. album may arise through the development of mechanisms which compensate for the cost of reproduction.

Endogenous abscisic acid as a key switch for natural variation in flooding-induced shoot elongation.

Elongation of leaves and stem is a key trait for survival of terrestrial plants during shallow but prolonged floods that completely submerge the shoot. However, natural floods at different locations vary strongly in duration and depth, and, therefore, populations from these locations are subjected to different selection pressure, leading to intraspecific variation. Here, we identified the signal transduction component that causes response variation in shoot elongation among two accessions of the wetland plant Rumex palustris. These accessions differed 2-fold in petiole elongation rates upon submergence, with fast elongation found in a population from a river floodplain and slow elongation in plants from a lake bank. Fast petiole elongation under water consumes carbohydrates and depends on the (inter)action of the plant hormones ethylene, abscisic acid, and gibberellic acid. We found that carbohydrate levels and dynamics in shoots did not differ between the fast and slow elongating plants, but that the level of ethylene-regulated abscisic acid in petioles, and hence gibberellic acid responsiveness of these petioles explained the difference in shoot elongation upon submergence. Since this is the exact signal transduction level that also explains the variation in flooding-induced shoot elongation among plant species (namely, R. palustris and Rumex acetosa), we suggest that natural selection results in similar modification of regulatory pathways within and between species.

The function of TONNEAU1 in moss reveals ancient mechanisms of division plane specification and cell elongation in land plants

The preprophase band (PPB) is a transient ring of microtubules that forms before mitosis in land plants, and delineates the cytokinetic division plane established at telophase. It is one of the few derived traits specific to embryophytes, in which it is involved in the spatial control of cell division. Here we show that loss of function of Physcomitrella patens PpTON1 strongly affects development of the moss gametophore, phenocopying the developmental syndrome observed in Arabidopsis ton1 mutants: mutant leafy shoots display random orientation of cell division and severe defects in cell elongation, which are correlated with absence of PPB formation and disorganization of the cortical microtubule array in interphase cells. In hypomorphic Ppton1 alleles, PPB are still formed, whereas elongation defects are observed, showing the dual function of TON1 in organizing cortical arrays of microtubules during both interphase and premitosis. Ppton1 mutation has no impact on development of the protonema, which is consistent with the documented absence of PPB formation at this stage, apart from alteration of the gravitropic response, uncovering a new function of TON1 proteins in plants. Successful reciprocal cross-complementation between Physcomitrella and Arabidopsis shows conservation of TON1 function during land plant evolution. These results establish the essential role of the PPB in division plane specification in a basal land plant lineage, and provide new information on the function of TON1. They point to an ancient mechanism of cytoskeletal control of division plane positioning and cell elongation in land plants.

Ethylene-Induced Stabilization of ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 and EIN3-LIKE1 Is Mediated by Proteasomal Degradation of EIN3 Binding F-Box 1 and 2 That Requires EIN2 in Arabidopsis

Plant responses to ethylene are mediated by regulation of EBF1/2-dependent degradation of the ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3) transcription factor. Here, we report that the level of EIL1 protein is upregulated by ethylene through an EBF1/2-dependent pathway. Genetic analysis revealed that EIL1 and EIN3 cooperatively but differentially regulate a wide array of ethylene responses, with EIL1 mainly inhibiting leaf expansion and stem elongation in adult plants and EIN3 largely regulating a multitude of ethylene responses in seedlings. When EBF1 and EBF2 are disrupted, EIL1 and EIN3 constitutively accumulate in the nucleus and remain unresponsive to exogenous ethylene application. Further study revealed that the levels of EBF1 and EBF2 proteins are downregulated by ethylene and upregulated by silver ion and MG132, suggesting that ethylene stabilizes EIN3/EIL1 by promoting EBF1 and EBF2 proteasomal degradation. Also, we found that EIN2 is indispensable for mediating ethylene-induced EIN3/EIL1 accumulation and EBF1/2 degradation, whereas MKK9 is not required for ethylene signal transduction, contrary to a previous report. Together, our studies demonstrate that ethylene similarly regulates EIN3 and EIL1, the two master transcription factors coordinating myriad ethylene responses, and clarify that EIN2 but not MKK9 is required for ethylene-induced EIN3/EIL1 stabilization. Our results also reveal that EBF1 and EBF2 act as essential ethylene signal transducers that by themselves are subject to proteasomal degradation.

Integrative Study on Proteomics, Molecular Physiology, and Genetics Reveals an Accumulation of Cyclophilin-Like Protein, TaCYP20-2, Leading to an Increase of Rht Protein and Dwarf in a Novel GA-Insensitive Mutant (gaid) in Wheat

Dwarfism with a "Green Revolution" phenotype is a desirable agronomic trait for crop cultivators as associated with increased yield, improved lodging resistance and higher fertility. Few dwarf mutants of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum), except for Rht-B1 and Rht-D1, have been identified. Here, we report on a novel dwarf natural wheat mutant, which is identified as a gibberellic acid (GA)-insensitive dwarf (gaid) mutant for its semidominant blocking GA signaling pathway. Physiological and morphological investigations showed that the shoot elongation of gaid mutant plants is insensitive to exogenous GA(3) treatment. Expression of TaGA20ox1 in the gaid mutant was enhanced after GA(3) treatment. The short stem of gaid resulted from reduced cell elongation. The transcript expression of Rht, encoding a DELLA protein negatively regulating GA signaling in wheat, displayed similar patterns between gaid and wild type. Contrarily, the degradation of Rht induced by GA(3) treatment was suppressed in the mutant. 2-DE screening assay showed that the expression patterns of the mutant, as well as their responses to GA(3), were changed as compared with the wild type. In the mutant, one of enriched proteins was identified as TaCYP20-2 by Q-TOF MS approach and immunoblotting. TaCYP20-2 was localized in the chloroplast and cell plasma membrane. The transcript of TaCYP20-2 was higher in gaid than that in wild type. Molecular genetic data showed that overexpression of TaCYP20-2 in wheat resulted in a dwarfism similar to that of gaid. It suggests that TaCYP20-2 is a new member that regulates wheat stem development mediated by DELLA protein degradation of GA signaling pathway.

Elongator function in tRNA wobble uridine modification is conserved between yeast and plants.

Based on studies in yeast and mammalian cells the Elongator complex has been implicated in functions as diverse as histone acetylation, polarized protein trafficking and tRNA modification. Here we show that Arabidopsis mutants lacking the Elongator subunit AtELP3/ELO3 have a defect in tRNA wobble uridine modification. Moreover, we demonstrate that yeast elp3 and elp1 mutants expressing the respective Arabidopsis Elongator homologues AtELP3/ELO3 and AtELP1/ELO2 assemble integer Elongator complexes indicating a high degree of structural conservation. Surprisingly, in vivo complementation studies based on Elongator-dependent tRNA nonsense suppression and zymocin tRNase toxin assays indicated that while AtELP1 rescued defects of a yeast elp1 mutant, the most conserved Elongator gene AtELP3, failed to complement an elp3 mutant. This lack of complementation is due to incompatibility with yeast ELP1 as coexpression of both plant genes in an elp1 elp3 yeast mutant restored Elongator's tRNA modification function in vivo. Similarly, AtELP1, not ScELP1 also supported partial complementation by yeast–plant Elp3 hybrids suggesting that AtElp1 has less stringent sequence requirements for Elp3 than ScElp1. We conclude that yeast and plant Elongator share tRNA modification roles and propose that this function might be conserved in Elongator from all eukaryotic kingdoms of life.

The Influence of Photoperiod and the Difference between Day and Night Temperature on Plant Elongation

The Influence of Photoperiod and the Difference between Day and Night Temperature on Plant Elongation

Stunt or elongate? Two opposite strategies by which rice adapts to floods

Expansion of habitat is important for the perpetuation of species. In particular, plants which are sedentary must evolve specialized functions to adapt itself to new environment. Deepwater rice is cultivated mainly in the lowland areas of South and Southeast Asia that are flooded during the rainy season. The internodes of deepwater rice elongates in response to increasing water level to keep its leaves above the water surface and avoid anoxia. This elongation is stimulated by ethylene-regulated genes, Snorkel1 and Snorkel2. In contrast, when a flash flood occurs at the seedling stage, submergence-tolerant rice, which carries Submergence-1A, remains stunted and survives in water for a few weeks to avoid the energy consumption associated with plant elongation, and restarts its growth using its conserved energy after the water recedes. Interestingly, both Snorkel genes and Submergence-1A encode ethylene-responsive factor-type transcription factor and are connected to gibberellin biosynthesis or signal transduction. However, deepwater and submergence-tolerant rice seem to have opposite flooding response; namely, escape by elongation or remain stunted under water until flood recedes.

Aluminium reduces sugar uptake in tobacco cell cultures: a potential cause of inhibited elongation but not of toxicity

Aluminium is well known to inhibit plant elongation, but the role in this inhibition played by water relations remains unclear. To investigate this, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) suspension-cultured cells (line SL) was used, treating them with aluminium (50 μM) in a medium containing calcium, sucrose, and MES (pH 5.0). Over an 18 h treatment period, aluminium inhibited the increase in fresh weight almost completely and decreased cellular osmolality and internal soluble sugar content substantially; however, aluminium did not affect the concentrations of major inorganic ions. In aluminium-treated cultures, fresh weight, soluble sugar content, and osmolality decreased over the first 6 h and remained constant thereafter, contrasting with their continued increases in the untreated cultures. The rate of sucrose uptake, measured by radio-tracer, was reduced by approximately 60% within 3 h of treatment. Aluminium also inhibited glucose uptake. In an aluminium-tolerant cell line (ALT301) isogenic to SL, all of the above-mentioned changes in water relations occurred and tolerance emerged only after 6 h and appeared to involve the suppression of reactive oxygen species. Further separating the effects of aluminium on elongation and cell survival, sucrose starvation for 18 h inhibited elongation and caused similar changes in cellular osmolality but stimulated the production of neither reactive oxygen species nor callose and did not cause cell death. We propose that the inhibition of sucrose uptake is a mechanism whereby aluminium inhibits elongation, but does not account for the induction of cell death.

Plant Elongator regulates auxin-related genes during RNA polymerase II transcription elongation

In eukaryotes, transcription of protein-encoding genes is strongly regulated by posttranslational modifications of histones that affect the accessibility of the DNA by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). The Elongator complex was originally identified in yeast as a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) complex that activates RNAPII-mediated transcription. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the Elongator mutants elo1, elo2, and elo3 with decreased leaf and primary root growth due to reduced cell proliferation identified homologs of components of the yeast Elongator complex, Elp4, Elp1, and Elp3, respectively. Here we show that the Elongator complex was purified from plant cell cultures as a six-component complex. The role of plant Elongator in transcription elongation was supported by colocalization of the HAT enzyme, ELO3, with euchromatin and the phosphorylated form of RNAPII, and reduced histone H3 lysine 14 acetylation at the coding region of the SHORT HYPOCOTYL 2 auxin repressor and the LAX2 auxin influx carrier gene with reduced expression levels in the elo3 mutant. Additional auxin-related genes were down-regulated in the transcriptome of elo mutants but not targeted by the Elongator HAT activity showing specificity in target gene selection. Biological relevance was apparent by auxin-related phenotypes and marker gene analysis. Ethylene and jasmonic acid signaling and abiotic stress responses were up-regulated in the elo transcriptome and might contribute to the pleiotropic elo phenotype. Thus, although the structure of Elongator and its substrate are conserved, target gene selection has diverged, showing that auxin signaling and influx are under chromatin control.

SSD1, which encodes a plant-specific novel protein, controls plant elongation by regulating cell division in rice

Plant height is one of the most important traits in crop improvement. Therefore revealing the mechanism of plant elongation and controlling plant height in accordance with breeding object is important. In this study we analyzed a novel dwarf mutant, ssd1, of which phenotype is different from typical GA- or BR-related dwarf phenotype. ssd1 exhibits pleiotropic defects in elongation of various organs such as stems, roots, leaves, and flowers. ssd1 also shows abnormal cell files and shapes, which suggests defects of normal cell division in the mutant. Map-based cloning and complementation test demonstrated that the dwarf phenotype in ssd1 mutant was caused by insertion of retrotransposon in a gene, which encodes plant-specific protein with unknown biochemical function. A BLAST search revealed that SSD1-like genes exist in diverse plant species, including monocots and dicots, but not fern and moss. Our results demonstrate that SSD1 controls plant elongation by controlling cell division in higher plants.

Effects of rare earth oxide nanoparticles on root elongation of plants

The phytotoxicity of four rare earth oxide nanoparticles, nano-CeO 2, nano-La 2O 3, nano-Gd 2O 3 and nano-Yb 2O 3 on seven higher plant species (radish, rape, tomato, lettuce, wheat, cabbage, and cucumber) were investigated in the present study by means of root elongation experiments. Their effects on root growth varied greatly between different nanoparticles and plant species. A suspension of 2000 mg L −1 nano-CeO 2 had no effect on the root elongation of six plants, except lettuce. On the contrary, 2000 mg L −1 suspensions of nano-La 2O 3, nano-Gd 2O 3 and nano-Yb 2O 3 severely inhibited the root elongation of all the seven species. Inhibitory effects of nano-La 2O 3, nano-Gd 2O 3, and nano-Yb 2O 3 also differed in the different growth process of plants. For wheat, the inhibition mainly took place during the seed incubation process, while lettuce and rape were inhibited on both seed soaking and incubation process. The fifty percent inhibitory concentrations (IC 50) for rape were about 40 mg L −1 of nano-La 2O 3, 20 mg L −1 of nano-Gd 2O 3, and 70 mg L −1 of nano-Yb 2O 3, respectively. In the concentration ranges used in this study, the RE 3+ ion released from the nanoparticles had negligible effects on the root elongation. These results are helpful in understanding phytotoxicity of rare earth oxide nanoparticles.