Initial Element Research Articles

Semi-analytical configuration optimization of geocentric gravitational wave observatory

The detection of gravitational waves (GWs) from space is a hot topic in astronomy and space science, as the Space Gravitational Wave Observatory can detect low-frequency GWs from various sources. The long-term stability of the configuration of GW observatories is the key to the success of GWs detection, which challenges the configuration design and optimization. This paper innovatively proposes an semi-analytical double-layer iterative optimization algorithm (DLI) to solve the geocentric configuration optimization problem. First, an iterative method with gradient information of breathing angle, which is compensated by its standard deviation, is introduced as the inner iteration layer. Then, the outer iterative layer executes the initial value update process via the selection of the constructed candidates with smallest arm length variation rate, until the maximum breathing angle variation converges to the preset accuracy. The proposed method is applied to optimize the nominal configuration of TianQin mission. The results shows that DLI can reduce about 99% computation duration compared with the numerical optimization method. Furthermore, the influence of initial configuration elements on stability parameters are analyzed, providing better alternation for geocentric GWs detection missions.

Trajectory Approximation of a Coulomb Drag-Based Deorbiting

The presence of a number of space debris in low Earth orbits poses a serious threat for current spacecraft operations and future space missions. To mitigate this critical problem, international guidelines suggest that an artificial satellite should decay (or be transferred to a graveyard orbit) within a time interval of 25 years after the end of its operative life. To that end, in recent years deorbiting technologies are acquiring an increasing importance both in terms of academic research and industrial efforts. In this context, the plasma brake concept may represent a promising and fascinating innovation. The plasma brake is a propellantless device, whose working principle consists of generating an electrostatic Coulomb drag between the planet’s ionosphere ions and a charged tether deployed from a satellite in a low Earth orbit. This paper discusses an analytical method to approximate the deorbiting trajectory of a small satellite equipped with a plasma brake device. In particular, the proposed approach allows the deorbiting time to be estimated through an analytical equation as a function of the design characteristics of the plasma brake and of the satellite initial orbital elements.

Framework for Patient Experience Value Elements in Rare Disease: A Case Study Demonstrating the Applicability of Combined Qualitative and Quantitative Methods.

Several novel methods have been suggested to extend a conventional value assessment to capture a more comprehensive perspective of value from a patient perspective. The objective of this research was to demonstrate a framework for implementing a combined qualitative and quantitative method to elicit and prioritize patient experience value elements in rare diseases. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder was used as a case study. The method for eliciting and prioritizing patient experience value elements involved a three-step process: (1) collecting potential patient experience value elements from existing literature sources followed by deliberation by a multi-stakeholder research team; (2) a pre-workshop webinar and survey to identify additional patient-reported value elements; and (3) a workshop to discuss, prioritize the value elements using a swing weighting method. Outcomes were prioritized value elements with normalized weights for patients considering a treatment for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. A literature review and deliberation resulted in the following initial value elements: ability to reach important personal milestones, patient's financial burden, value of hope/balance or timing of risks and benefits, Uncertainty about long-term benefits and safety of the treatment, Patient empowerment through therapeutic advancement and technology, Caregiver/family's financial burden, patient experience related to treatment regimen, Therapeutic options, and Caregiver/family's quality of life. Eight patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder participated in the case study. In the online survey, participants found the nine proposed patient experience value elements both understandable and important with no additions. During the workshop, 'Uncertainty about long-term benefits and safety,' 'Patient experience related to treatment regimen,' and 'Patient's financial burden' were found to be the most important patient experience value elements, with a respective weight of 25%, 19.2%, and 14.4% (out of total 100%). This case study provides a framework for eliciting and prioritizing patient experience value elements using direct patient input. Although elements/weights may differ by disease, and even in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, additional research is needed, value frameworks, researchers, and manufacturers can use this practical method to generate patient experience value elements and evaluate their impact on treatment selection.

A proto-paradigm for information science research

The lack of a commonly accepted research paradigm for information science has been noted in the field and is the focus of this paper based on a plenary speech given at the Conceptions of Library and Information Science (CoLIS) conference in Oslo on May 30, 2022. The paper revisits the originating definition of the field in the 1960’s, with particular attention to the requirements for an adequate definition and understanding of the core concept of information. Starting with the author’s definition of information, aspects of a proto-paradigm are developed in some detail, including a range of ancillary concepts that describe information of certain types and in certain contexts. Information in both living and non-living contexts is discussed and embedded in the same framework, so as to cover all manifestations of information. Research approaches in relation to human beings and information are also analysed. The paper models information through four channels and in both carbon and silicon forms. Information in relation to human beings is modelled in six frameworks—self, body, ecology, society, discourse, and documentation. Fifteen methodological and theoretical metatheories are placed in relation to the six frameworks. With the core conceptualization of information of all types and in an all contexts, coupled with the theoretical groupings of research approaches to the study of humans in relation to information, we have the interconnected initial elements of a research paradigm for information science.

In-situ testing and finite element model updating of a long-span cable-stayed bridge with ballastless track

Ballastless track is widely used in high-speed railways due to its long service life, low maintenance costs, and excellent riding comfort. However, laying a ballastless track on a long-span bridge remains a challenge because of the large deflection and uneven stiffness of the long-span bridge. Limited research has been reported on the experimental behavior of the long-span railway bridge laid with the ballastless track. This study presents the in-situ testing and the finite element model updating (FEMU) of the Ganjiang Bridge, China’s first long-span ballastless railway cable-stayed bridge with a main span that reaches up to 300 m before its opening for operation. The study’s primary purposes include evaluating the mechanical properties of the ballastless railway bridge and establishing a baseline finite element model for subsequent structural health monitoring. The general test plan, sensor placement, and measured responses are described. The static deflection, the stress of the main girder, and the rotation angle at the beam end are used to evaluate the static performance of the bridge. The natural frequencies and mode shapes are used to assess the dynamic performance of the bridge. A FEMU framework that utilizes displacement assurance criterion (DAC) and frequency to construct a single-objective function is proposed to update the initial finite element (FE) model of the bridge. The results show that the deflection to span ratio is 1/1016 (less than1/1000), and the rotation angle at the beam end under live load is 0.032 ‰ rad (<1‰), indicating that the bridge has sufficient vertical stiffness and excellent riding comfort. The stress of the main girder is smaller than the material yield strength, indicating that the bridge has sufficient load-bearing capacity. All the requirements allowing the bridge to start service have been met. The updated FE model shows that the DAC performs better than the displacement and provides more accurate updating results. The updated FE model can well reflect the static and dynamic characteristics of the actual bridge and can be used as a baseline FE model for subsequent studies.

Simple and accurate transcriptional start site identification using Smar2C2 and examination of conserved promoter features.

The precise and accurate identification and quantification of transcriptional start sites (TSSs) is key to understanding the control of transcription. The core promoter consists of the TSS and proximal non-coding sequences, which are critical in transcriptional regulation. Therefore, the accurate identification of TSSs is important for understanding the molecular regulation of transcription. Existing protocols for TSS identification are challenging and expensive, leaving high-quality data available for a small subset of organisms. This sparsity of data impairs study of TSS usage across tissues or in an evolutionary context. To address these shortcomings, we developed Smart-Seq2 Rolling Circle to Concatemeric Consensus (Smar2C2), which identifies and quantifies TSSs and transcription termination sites. Smar2C2 incorporates unique molecular identifiers that allowed for the identification of as many as 70 million sites, with no known upper limit. We have also generated TSS data sets from as little as 40 pg of total RNA, which was the smallest input tested. In this study, we used Smar2C2 to identify TSSs in Glycine max (soybean), Oryza sativa (rice), Sorghum bicolor (sorghum), Triticum aestivum (wheat) and Zea mays (maize) across multiple tissues. This wide panel of plant TSSs facilitated the identification of evolutionarily conserved features, such as novel patterns in the dinucleotides that compose the initiator element (Inr), that correlated with promoter expression levels across all species examined. We also discovered sequence variations in known promoter motifs that are positioned reliably close to the TSS, such as differences in the TATA box and in the Inr that may prove significant to our understanding and control of transcription initiation. Smar2C2 allows for the easy study of these critical sequences, providing a tool to facilitate discovery.

The Eastern wing of the Musin-Pushkin estate in Moscow based on historical, architectural and field studies

Introduction. The paper concentrates on a cultural heritage object that is involved in forming the architectural look of the Musin-Pushkin Estate at the intersection of Dobroslobodskaya and Spartakovskaya Streets in Moscow (now the group of buildings of the Moscow State University of Civil Engineering) — the eastern wing of the ensemble, that forms the eastern corner of the estate. This building hasn’t a status of cultural heritage object and has undergone numerous renovations and reorganisations by present time, and we can see the signs of it in the interiors and on the facades of the monument. The main aim of this work — to retrace the wing’s forming during the history by consideration its volume it the context of the surrounding buildings, to uncover the initial look of the monument, and to define its construction periodization, and, as a consequence, — to propose graphical reconstruction of this structure, which will consider not only the earliest period of the structure’s being, but the stage of the enrichment by new, however no less interesting architectural forms.&#x0D; &#x0D; Materials and methods. The study of the monument was based on the method of comprehensive source study, which includes the search and analysis of sources and literature, field studies, including probing, pit sampling and measuring work, as well as chemical development study of building and finishing materials. Using the comparative method, this object was studied among stylistically and typologically similar buildings.&#x0D; &#x0D; Results. As a result of the studies, an amount of the signs show on the availability of the historical core, which has formed the volume of the wing. The construction periodization of the monument was identified, its existing volumes were dated, the initial elements of the building were revealed and studied, and later strata were identified, which allowed to identify a look of the structure in different periods of it’s being and developing a graphic reconstruction of the eastern wing at the initial period.&#x0D; &#x0D; Conclusions. The proposed reconstruction of the monument has resulted from the comprehensive studies allowing to reconstruct the initial look of the building with taking into account its losted volumes. As a result, it will enrich one of the most fascinating manor ensembles in Moscow providing its completion.

Interpretation of the Origin by F. Rosenzweig and M. Heidegger

The research focuses on the problem of interpretation of such a concept as the origin, which is ultimate for philosophical thought and bases existentially oriented constructions of Franz Rosenzweig and Martin Heidegger. It is argues in this paper the fundamental difference between the interpretations of the origin in “The Star of Redemption» and in «Being and Time”, despite all points of intersection and coincidences that bring closer together dialogical and existential-historical thinking. Such differentiation of positions is determined by the necessity both to neutralize romantic connotations, which expose the origin ( Ursprung ) as abyss ( Abgrund ), and to methodologically clarify the possibility not so much to think as to practically assert a limited and unclosed within itself integral being, including ontological and ethical dimensions. The origin of oblivion and renewal, imposed by Heidegger’s hermeneutics of facticity, is contrasted with Rosenzweig's origin of the “eternal overworld”, reconstructed on the basis of Herman Cohen's religio-philosophical intuitions and his analysis of the infinitesimal as a principle of reality. Rosenzweig’s position, which aims at a correlative consideration of the purely logical content of the infinitesimal quantity (almost-Nothing) and the existential experience of the finiteness of everything, is favorably distinguished by the absence of a one-sided focus on recalling, where fore-running although is declared, but it is immediately restrained by being-towards-death. As a result, Rosenzweig’s dialogism turns out to be free from overestimating what Heidegger’s interpretation calls resoluteness, which in fact is not much different from paralysis in the clearance of being. Cohen’s problem of an infinite task's realization, being actualized in Rosenzweig’s conception, allows to go beyond being-towards-death in juxtaposing the trajectories of initial elements into a true gestalt.

Strength and Deformation Characteristics of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Composite Wrapped Aluminium Foam Beams

Sandwich structures fabricated from an aluminium skinned foam enclosed within a carbon fibre reinforced composite structure have the potential application for high-performance on- and off-road automotive vehicles. The deformations and failure of these types of structures are presented, and results indicate that the application of aluminium face sheets with aluminium foam (AF) aids to prevent the delamination of the outer layers of carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP). The load carrying capacity has been increased by utilising a manufacturing method to maintain the adhesion between the core and the skins until the failure stage is reached. The core shear and de-bonded issue associated with this type of sandwich structure can be addressed by this manufacture method. The peak average flexure load capacity of an aluminium foam sandwich structure (AFSS) with a completely wrapped around CFRP skin was 2800 N with a mass of 191 g. This compares favourably with previously used AFSS without the skins, which had a peak average load of 600 N and a mass of 125 g. An initial finite element model for comparison purposes has been developed to represent the structure’s behaviour and predict the associated failure loads. It is proposed that CFRP wrapped around AFSS enhances the structural performance without significant weight gain.

A PDCA Framework towards a Multi-Response Optimization of Process Parameters Based on Taguchi-Fuzzy Model

Multi-response optimization problems investigation is a crucial element in initiatives designed to enhance quality and overall productivity for manufacturing processes. Since no particular algorithm can be employed for all multi-response problems, defining the method that is utilized as a problem-solving technique is a vital step in the process factors optimization. Identifying a formal procedure of implementing the improvement approach in a multi-criteria decision-making problem is a critical need to ensure the consistency and sustainability of the enhancement methods. In this study, a Plan–Do–Check–Act (PDCA) framework is implemented for a case study in the food industry under which a multi-response optimization problem is investigated. The design of experiment (DOE) is used to examine the effect of process parameters on the quality responses by using the Taguchi method to find the optimal setting for each parameter. An orthogonal array (OA) and signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio is employed to investigate the performance characteristics. Each performance characteristic is then converted into a signal-to-noise ratio, and all the ratios are then fed into a fuzzy model to produce a single comprehensive output measure (COM). The average COM values for various factor levels are calculated, and the level that maximizes the COM value for each factor is identified as the optimal level. Results indicated the effectiveness of the applied method to find the optimal factor levels for the multi-response optimization problem under study. The global optimal factor levels that are driven from the fuzzy logic for the studied parameters are 1250, 40, 7.5, and 1:2, for the speed, frying time, cooking time, and the coating ratio, respectively. Means of all the studied quality characteristics were closer to the target values when compared with the initial factors’ settings.

Er3+ doped Ba2GdV3O11: Synthesis and characterization for crystal and photoluminescent features of bright green emitting nanophosphor

The synthesis of a green glowing series of Ba2Gd(1-x)ErxV3O11 (x = 0.01–0.05) has been accomplished through a simple route of solution combustion aided with urea. The X-ray fed diffraction leads to particular patterns for samples of a distinct phase prototype and hence, helps in establishing a similarity among erbium doped structures with that of the parent host. The electron microscopy of transmitting (TEM) and scanning (SEM) nature distinguish the dimension and surface related features of the synthesized nanophosphor, respectively. The even possession of different initial elements by the sample, is supported by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) oriented mapping technique. The band gap for Ba2Gd0.98Er0.02V3O11 has been estimated to be 3.60 eV. The 1A1 → 1T1,2 transition lead by 345 nm of wavelength causes green luminescence in Er3+ doped Ba2GdV3O11 nanophosphors due to 3T2,1 → 1A1 (494 nm), 2H11/2 → 4I15/2 (527 nm) and 4S3/2 → 4I15/2 (556 nm) transition. The quenching of luminescence post 2 mol% concentration of Er3+ is accredited to dipole-dipole contact as per Dexter's theory. The intrinsic lifetime (8.823 ms), average lifetime (4.479 ms), non-radiative rates (109.891 s−1) along with quantum efficiency (51%), CIE x (= 0.1953), y (= 0.3320) coordinates present Ba2Gd0.98Er0.02V3O11 as a capable green emitting nanophosphor for RGB phosphors in lighting technology.

Comparative studies of genomic and epigenetic factors influencing transcriptional variation in two insect species.

Different genes show different levels of expression variability. For example, highly expressed genes tend to exhibit less expression variability. Genes whose promoters have TATA box and initiator motifs tend to have increased expression variability. On the other hand, DNA methylation of transcriptional units, or gene body DNA methylation, is associated with reduced gene expression variability in many species. Interestingly, some insect lineages, most notably Diptera including the canonical model insect Drosophila melanogaster, have lost DNA methylation. Therefore, it is of interest to determine whether genomic features similarly influence gene expression variability in lineages with and without DNA methylation. We analyzed recently generated large-scale data sets in D. melanogaster and honey bee (Apis mellifera) to investigate these questions. Our analysis shows that increased gene expression levels are consistently associated with reduced expression variability in both species, while the presence of TATA box is consistently associated with increased gene expression variability. In contrast, initiator motifs and gene lengths have weak effects limited to some data sets. Importantly, we show that a sequence characteristics indicative of gene body DNA methylation is strongly and negatively associate with gene expression variability in honey bees, while it shows no such association in D. melanogaster. These results suggest the evolutionary loss of DNA methylation in some insect lineages has reshaped the molecular mechanisms concerning the regulation of gene expression variability.

Backward-propagating source as a component of rising tone whistler-mode chorus generation

Whistler-mode chorus waves in the magnetosphere play a crucial role in space weather via wave–particle interactions. The past two decades have observed tremendous advances in theory and simulations of chorus generation; however, several details of the generation mechanism are still actively contended. To simulate chorus generation, a new envelope particle-in-cell code is introduced. The model produces a rising tone chorus element in a parabolic geomagnetic field. The initial chorus element “embryo” frequency is shown to initialize near the equator at the frequency of maximum linear growth. A backward resonant current is then observed to propagate upstream of the equator. The trajectory of the backward current follows that of a freely falling electron that has been de-trapped at the equator superimposed with forward motion at the group velocity. The backward current iteratively radiates a rising tone element where the highest frequency components are generated furthest upstream. The work provides new advancements in modeling chorus and corroborates other recent work that has also demonstrated a backward-moving source during the generation of coherent whistler-mode waves.

Vibration testing and performance evaluation of Hagia Sophia bell tower after recent restoration

Historical structures are very valuable in terms of culture and history because they are the legacy of the past and the trust of the future. These structures require structural investigation and assessment to survive their life. By developing technology, the continuous and/or partial monitoring of these structures has become widespread in many parts of world for last decades. This study presents the structural dynamic parameter identification and the seismic performance evaluation of Hagia Sophia Bell Tower. This historical tower was built by using masonry cut stones in 1204 in Trabzon, Türkiye. Many restorations were made on the bell tower in different times in the past and the last one was executed in 2020. After this restoration, ambient vibration tests were performed on the tower by using developed measurement systems. The dynamic characteristics were attained by analyzing the collected data and were compared the results of previous studies to determine the effects of the last restoration. Also, an initial finite element model was generated by using solid elements in ANSYS Workbench software and the model was calibrated according to the experimental natural frequencies attained from the last restoration. The structural performance was evaluated by performing seismic analyses according to the current Türkiye Building Earthquake Code by considering the local site effects and seismicity. These analyses were performed on the weak direction of the tower in the initial and calibrated finite element models. The maximum top displacement, drift ratios, principal stress values and their distributions were determined and the seismic vulnerability was evaluated by considering these values.

UNIVERSAL COMPONENTS OF SYMBOLIC IMAGERY IN NARRATIVE OF UKRAINIAN AND ENGLISH FAIRY TALES

Introduction. The paper focuses on the study of fairy-tale narrative with special interest to the universal components of the folk tale symbolic imagery. Semiotic (symbolic) facet in the Ukrainian and English fairy-tales’ narrative analysis contributes to further investigations inthe field of linguosemiotic, linguocultural, literary-semiotic and other cross-disciplinary studies.Purpose. The paper aims at revealing of common archetypes or prototypes of the symbolic images and motifs in Ukrainian and English fairy tales.To achieve this purpose we have applied the integrative methodology based on methods of contextual interpretation analysis, intertextual analysis, elements of the method of comparative analysis of Ukrainian and English fairy tales, as well as elements of the methods of archetypaland narrative analyses.The major results refer to the identifying the similar symbolic properties of the Ukrainian and English fairy tales. We have revealed and described the most widespread symbolic images: a symbol of forest as a boundary space between fantastic worlds and, at the same time, a netherworld, associated with the universal motif of initiation; a symbol of tree manifested bythe symbolic images of oak and apple tree acting both as the character’s assistant and mediator between the worlds; an ambivalent symbol of apple involving the archetypal motifs of eternal youth, earthly desires, temptations and transition to another world. Next recurrent motif is thepersonage’s transformation into an animal or a bird, metaphorically manifesting the archetypal idea of ancestors’ reincarnation in totems. The motif of marriage on animals is no less common in tales together with the motive of the totem assistant. Both the bird and the horse belongto universal mythologems, the former associating with a symbol of the soul and metonymically performing a function of the content of the soul, and the latter acting as an assistant and a mediator between the worlds. The archetypal symbols of fire and water are symbolically reinterpretedin fairy tales as the border between the worlds, manifestations of the idea of good and evil, symbols of purification as well as in paradigms of ambivalent images appearing as the metonymicmanifestations of the basic symbols.Conclusion. Constant images of fairy tales symbolize the unity of man with nature, with animals and birds, elements of being. The fairy-tale symbols appear as a system organization, the paradigm of images, with numerous metonymic and metaphorical derivatives from basic symbols, as well as the syntagmatic symbolic links between archetypal symbols and associatedsymbolic motifs.

Active Adjustment Method for Space Deployable Structure Considering Parameter Uncertainties

Affected by the alternating temperature field in space, the space deployable structure produces large thermal deformation, which leads to the deterioration of surface accuracy and performance. To achieve high surface accuracy of the deployable structure in the presence of model parameter uncertainties caused by manufacturing and assembly errors as well as complicated space environments, an active surface adjustment method for a space deployable structure based on interval model updating and the kriging model is proposed. First, the initial finite element model is modified by the interval model updating based on the universal gray number to reveal the inherent relationship between the adjustment amount and surface accuracy. Second, based on the updated model, the sensitivity analysis of the adjusting rod is carried out to reveal the influence degree of the adjusting rod on the displacement of the surface measuring point so as to determine the position of the adjusting rod quickly. Then, the interval optimization model of the surface accuracy adjustment is established. Next, the optimal adjustment amount is determined through optimization iteration combined with the kriging model. Finally, a numerical example is presented to demonstrate the feasibility and validity of the proposed active adjustment method.

Novel Method of Deriving Torque and Speed Curve of the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Using Initial State Finite Element Analysis

This article proposes the novel method of deriving torque and speed curve (TS curve) of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using the initial state finite element analysis (ISF) for the purpose of reducing the high calculation cost of the repetitive finite element analysis (FEA). The ISF is a method that conducts the FEA only for the initial rotor position. As the ISF neglects other periodic parts, the calculation time for analyzing the PMSMs can be drastically reduced. To verify the performance of the proposed method, the ISF and conventional method of full period FEA (FPF) with many steps were applied to three types of the PMSMs, interior PMSM (IPMSM), surface-mounted PMSM (SPMSM), and flux switching machine (FSM). The proposed method reduces the calculation time for deriving the TS curves of the SPMSM, IPMSM, and FSM as 86.35%, 89.39%, and 89.41%, respectively, compared with conventional methods of considering the periodic parts. The analysis accuracies at the operating points of each test models are 94.24%, 99.24%, and 99.86%, and the ISF ensures acceptable accuracy considering the reduced calculation time. Therefore, the ISF can be effectively used when deriving the TS curves of the PMSMs at the early design stage of the motors.

Dummy Subjects in English: A Grammatical Analysis

In fact, any sentence in the language that has a subject is the one who does the action. The verb, the doer of a language, tells us who has already done the action that was described by the action as the initial element that begins a sentence grammatically. There are two types of subjects in the English language, which is the language in question: actual subject, which performs the action, and dummy subject, which fills the position of the real subject and has a grammatical function but no semantic significance.The study focuses on the syntactic analysis of dummy, expletive, or empty subjects that lack the qualities of real people. Dummy subjects are also known as the sentence's doer, and they are just one of several issues that weaken the phrase by making it unclear or opaque. The study starts with a look at the concept of the subject in general, then moves on to dummy subjects, which are subjects that just fill the subject's position to provide a grammatical purpose without any semantic function. The study looks at the two dummy subjects "it" and "there" in an English sentence and how they may appear with different verbs. The incorrect usage of the dummy subject "there" with the singular verb "be" is criticized in the study.

Estimation of fatigue crack initiation and growth in engineering product development using a digital twin approach

A digital twin is a computational model in cyberspace that is used to support engineering decisions. Maintaining high predictive capability of a digital twin model is of great concern to the engineers who make design decisions at the early stages of product development. In the work described in this paper, the predictive capability of the digital twin approach is improved by considering uncertainties in manufacturing and test conditions. The proposed digital twin approach can be used in a variety of product development settings. The proposed idea takes advantage of hybrid digital twin approaches, using both data-driven and physics-based approaches. The proposed approach is based on two techniques; (i) statistical model calibration and (ii) probabilistic element updating. In statistical model calibration, statistical parameters of input variables are estimated. Further, probabilistic analysis using estimated statistical parameters can predict possible critical elements. In probabilistic element updating procedures, the possible crack initiation and growth element is updated. The validity of the proposed method is demonstrated using a case study of an automotive sub-frame fatigue test. From the results, we conclude that the proposed digital twin approach can accurately estimate crack initiation and growth of an automotive structure under uncertain loading conditions and material properties.

Development of a method for efficient extraction of food raw materials

Optimization of extracting food products from plant raw materials using a mathematical model is suggested. The model has been derived for the analysis of extracting pectin from Jerusalem artichoke. Multistage anti-cyclic extraction, non-stationary diffusion for the initial element of the processed raw material in the form of plates is considered. The calculations take into account the effect of reverse solvent change, the time of the solvent drain from the solid phase, among other process parameters. The derived equation makes it possible to analyze the effect of the impregnation of a part of the miscella at an intermediate stage of a countercurrent multistage extraction on the efficiency of the process. The correctness of the mass conductivity coefficient calculations was confirmed using the performance indicators of the extractor. Based on the data obtained, a mathematical model was created that describes the extraction process with a variable coefficient of mass conductivity. Thus, it is possible to determine the optimal parameters of the process including the rate of fluid flow through the material, the crushed material particle size, the thickness of the particles, and the processing time.