Different Types Of Elements Research Articles

Decoding the oxygen fugacity of ore-forming fluids from garnet chemistry, the Longgen skarn Pb-Zn deposit, Tibet

The relationship between the compositional zonation of garnet in skarn deposits and the evolution of physicochemical conditions of ore-forming fluids is not clear and needs further investigation. This study presents the characteristics of trace elements of garnet from the Longgen skarn Pb-Zn deposit, Tibet with an aim to reveal the evolution trend of the physical and chemical conditions (fO2 and pH) of ore-forming fluids and to explore the fingerprint of garnet trace elements in different types of skarn deposits.Based on robust alteration halo, mineral assemblages and petrographic observation, the garnets of the Longgen skarn Pb-Zn deposit are divided into two types: (1) distal exoskarn garnet near limestone with ore-bearing and fine oscillatory zoning (Adr39.9-75.0; Grt1, Adr represents andradite) and (2) proximal exoskarn garnet (core: Adr32.9-70.7; rim: Adr83.3-99.5) with Pb-Zn-rich mineral and coarse oscillatory zoning (Grt2). According to the total rare earth element (ΣREE) content in the garnet compositional zone, Grt1 is further divided into three component zones: Grt1-1 (heavy rare earth element (HREE)-enriched chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns and positive Eu-anomaly (δEu > 1, δEu = 2*(Eusample/Euchondrite)/(Smsample/Smchondrite + Gdsample/Gdchondrite)), Grt1-2 (HREE-enriched REE patterns with negative Eu-anomaly (δEu < 1)), and Grt1-3 (light rare earth element (LREE)-enriched REE patterns with δEu > 1). Similarly, five component zones were identified in Grt2: Grt2-1 (REE-rich REE patterns with δEu < 1), Grt2-2 (LREE-depleted REE patterns with δEu < 1), Grt2-3 (steady REE patterns with δEu < 1), Grt2-4 (LREE-enriched REE patterns with δEu > 1), and Grt2-5 (LREE-enriched REE patterns with δEu < 1) from the core to rim, respectively.The fractionation of LREE with HREE and the behavior of Eu indicate that the physical–chemical conditions during the formation of Grt1-1-Grt1-2 and Grt2-1-Grt2-3 were near neutral (pH = 6–7), and changed to mildly acidic in Grt1-3 and Grt2-4-Grt2-5 (pH < 6–7). In addition, the characteristics of low U (<1 ppm) and the linear relationship between Sn and Eu indicate that the fO2 of the ore-forming fluid was relatively oxidized in comparison to the garnets found in other skarn deposits, and Grt1-1-Grt1-3 and Grt2-1-Grt2-5 have a gradual increasing oxidative ability. The linear relationship between ΣREE and Y/Ca indicates that Grt1 and Grt2 grew in a near-closed system. The incorporation of REE3+ into the garnet was mainly controlled by a “yttrogarnet” (YAG)-type substitution, Ca site vacancy, fluid chemistry, and physicochemical conditions of precipitation. However, the compositional zone at the transition zone between Al-rich and Fe-rich segments in Grt2-4 may be formed in an open system, as suggested by the exchange of LREE and Cl−. In conclusion, garnet crystal growth was affected by the crystal chemistry and physicochemical conditions of the skarn deposit. This study demonstrates that factor analysis and discrimination diagrams (log Sn vs. log U, log Ce vs. log U, and log (Ce + Hf) vs. log U) are effective methods for distinguishing different types of skarn deposits by their contents of redox-sensitive trace elements in garnet.

Stuctures of Ternary Semigroup of Mappings

We first consider the ternary semigroup of mappings between two nonempty sets $$X$$ and $$Y$$ , that is $$T[X,Y]$$ . Then we characterize different types of elements in $$T[X,Y]$$ . In particular, we provide some necessary and sufficient conditions for an element of $$T[X,Y]$$ to become a left regular, a right regular, a completely regular and an idempotent element of the ternary semigroup $$T[X,Y]$$ . Our results enrich the structure of the ternary semigroup of mappings.

Estimation of natural radioactivity content, lithium and trace elements in different types of rock aggregates with a potential to generate long-lived gamma-ray activity during operation of accelerators

Rock aggregates are major ingredient of concrete used for shielding against ionising radiation generated during the operation of nuclear particle accelerators. Their analysis for trace elements which may lead to neutron activation products during prolonged operation becomes important. Proper selection of ingredients helps in minimizing the radioactive concrete waste requiring disposal at the time of decommissioning.This work involves the collection of 42 samples of seven broad types of rock aggregates and their assessment for natural radioactivity (226Ra, 232Th and 40K), lithium and other trace elements that may lead to the formation of gamma emitting, long lived neutron activation products.

Development of an embedded discrete fracture model for 2D and 3D unstructured grids using an element-based finite volume method

Recently, the unstructured gridding technique has been extensively used in reservoir simulation because of the high flexibility it provides to represent geologically realistic reservoirs. The embedded discrete fracture model (EDFM) has also attracted attention in recent years for the simulation of complex fractures in various types of computational grids. In this work, we develop a methodology to apply the EDFM in 2D and 3D unstructured grids using an element-based finite volume method (EbFVM). In this method, triangular and quadrilateral elements are used in 2D grids, and tetrahedron, prism, hexahedron, and pyramid elements are used in 3D grids. New approaches to addressing matrix-fracture connectivity and reducing the number of fracture unknowns in this type of grid are presented. The methodology is implemented in an EDFM preprocessing code.A series of case studies are presented to demonstrate the methodology in 2D and 3D simulations using an in-house compositional reservoir simulator. Different types of elements are used in the simulations to represent the reservoir geometries. Both primary and secondary recovery processes are simulated. The results show that when the number of control volumes is similar, the proposed method can obtain similar results on different grids with various types of elements, which confirms the effectiveness of the approach. Case studies with complex reservoir geometries are also presented to demonstrate the applicability of the model.This work demonstrates the extensiveness of the EDFM to unstructured matrix grids. It also shows the compatibility of the EDFM with various numerical approximation schemes. The use of unstructured gridding with mixed types of elements facilitates the representation of complex reservoir geometries, and through the combination with the EDFM, complicated gridding around fractures is avoided. Therefore, the approach in this work has high flexibility for simulating densely fractured media with complex geometries.

Creation of aviation transport and logistic clusters network

In the transport and logistics systems of the Ukrainian regions, the constituent elements of different types of vehicles, airports, seaports, railway junctions, logistics centers are separated and aimed at achieving individual goals.

Parallel hybrid mesh adaptation by refinement and coarsening

In this paper we propose a robust adaptation method for hybrid mesh including both refinement and coarsening. Elements of different types are refined through isotropic subdivision in a similar way. Their unrefined neighbours are converted to polyhedrons, which benefits to localize mesh refinement. Mesh elements are coarsened by reversing refinement based on a multi-levels data structure. Elements subdivision can be conducted in entirely parallel mode by introducing a non-overlap number range for each processor. Then feature data is devised to recover the uniqueness of new ghost points and elements through parallel communication. A repartition-migration method is adopted to rebalance the computing load. We illustrate our method by an application of flow simulation. With mesh adaptation, the structures of shocks and vortices are resolved better.

Requirements knowledge acquisition from online user forums

Online discussion forums can be used for reflecting on the overall user experience of a system. If a user forum is well-structured, it can be a valuable source of requirements-related information, which can potentially be accommodated in the requirements engineering process to enhance the current and future software. However, presently, there are limited approaches for extracting such requirements-related information from the relevant community forums. To fill this gap, this study proposes an automated approach, which automatically identifies requirements information using natural language processing and machine learning. For this purpose, the authors analysed 3319 user comments collected from the seven discussion topics in the Reddit forum. Then, using a content analysis approach, they studied how frequently end-users submit such information across each discussion topic. Also, they developed an automated approach that identifies key stakeholders, who frequently contribute his rationales in the forum discussion. Further, they employed different machine learning algorithms to classify user comments into rationale elements of different types. The authors' results show that online forums, such as Reddit, can be a rich source of requirements elicitation. Also, machine learning is a promising tool to detect user's rationale and identify different kinds of requirements modelling elements.

Research on the collapse-resistant performance of composite beam–column substructures using multi-scale models

In this study, the collapse-resistant performance of two, one-third scale composite beam–column substructures, with bolt and welded (WUF) connections and cover plate reinforced (WUFG) connections, were investigated by performing quasi-static tests. The experimental results demonstrated that the cover plate of the WUFG connections contributes to an increased displacement and bearing capacity in comparison with that of the WUF connections. Additionally, in comparison with the corresponding steel substructures, the maximum bearing capacities of the WUF and WUFG increased by approximately 18.0% and 19.9%, respectively. Multi-scale modeling method, which combined different types of elements with a reasonable connection, using the principle of displacement consistency, was calibrated by the experimental results. The results revealed that multi-scale models not only ensured the accuracy of the model calculation results, but also significantly improved the calculation efficiency. Based on the validated models, the influence of the surrounding members on the collapse-resistant performance of the composite beam–column substructure was analyzed. The results indicated that the axial constraint provided by the surrounding members demonstrated a greater impact on the collapse-resistant performance of the beam–column substructures in a certain range. Moreover, the multi-scale models were further extended to study the effect of important parameters on the collapse-resistant performance of the beam–column substructures, including the beam height, the beam span, the boundary condition, and the outermost column section, after which suitable ranges of these parameters were suggested.

Optimal placement of triaxial accelerometers using hypotrochoid spiral optimization algorithm for automated monitoring of high-rise buildings

Optimal sensor placement aims to use a limited number of sensors to obtain as much information about a structure as possible. This study investigates the optimal placement of triaxial accelerometers for automated monitoring of high-rise buildings using a newly developed hypotrochoid spiral optimization algorithm. The 632-meter-tall Shanghai Tower is used as an example structure to demonstrate and compare the hypotrochoid spiral optimization algorithm with seven existing optimization algorithms, including the artificial bee colony algorithm, flower pollination algorithm, spiral optimization algorithm, Jaya algorithm, lion pride optimization algorithm, particle swarm optimization algorithm, and teaching-learning based optimization algorithm. Three objective functions based on the modal assurance criterion are applied to measure the utility of sensor configurations for modal identification. Two different structural models with different types of elements are investigated to identify the effect of structural models on the optimal sensor placement. The results reveal that the hypotrochoid spiral optimization algorithm provides the best solution using a detailed structural model and multi-objective function.

Adaptive refinement for phase-field models of brittle fracture based on Nitsche’s method

A new adaptive refinement strategy for phase-field models of brittle fracture is proposed. The approach provides a computationally efficient solution to the high demand in spatial resolution of phase-field models. The strategy is based on considering two types of elements: h-refined elements along cracks, where more accuracy is needed to capture the solution, and standard elements in the rest of the domain. Continuity between adjacent elements of different type is imposed in weak form by means of Nitsche’s method. The weakly imposition of continuity leads to a very local refinement in a simple way, for any degree of approximation and both in 2D and 3D. The performance of the strategy is assessed for several scenarios in the quasi-static regime, including coalescence and branching of cracks in 2D and a twisting crack in 3D.

Analysis and evaluation of the impact of progressive development on economic growth and sustainability of hotel and restaurant business

Introduction. The problem of ensuring the economic sustainability of modern hotel and restaurant businesses is due to the need to ensure their sustainable development in a changing external environment, unstable market conditions, increased competition and rising prices for production resources. Advantages in solving these problems provide reduction of production costs, diversification of activities, novelty of products / services, technical and technological updating and improvement of material and technical base, improvement of management system, working conditions and financial condition of the enterprise, which is directly related to the economic efficiency of the business process. Since overall efficiency is the output of the production process and is defined as the ratio of output to cost of operations, and its increase provides an increase in economic effect, the most favourable economic conditions and competitive advantages in the market, the problem of establishing the relationship between efficiency gains and economic sustainability of enterprises is exacerbated.&#x0D; Aim and tasks. The purpose of the study is to analyze and determine the degree of influence of the factors of progressive development on improving the efficiency of use of production resources and ensuring the stability of functioning of the enterprises of the hotel and restaurant business through modeling, calculation of indicators of progressive development.&#x0D; Results. As a socio-economic system, an enterprise is characterized by complex multicomponent relationships between a large number of interdependent and interacting elements of different types, each of which can in turn be represented as a system (subsystem). The criteria of progressive economic development of the hotel and restaurant business enterprises are defined in the paper and the methods of their structural and component analysis are grounded. Models of pairwise regression between costs, types of capital investments and parameters of investment and innovation activity are constructed. The sequence of calculation of indicators of progressive economic development is offered.&#x0D; Conclusions. Increasing the cost of new machinery and equipment, existing buildings and structures, new construction and acquisition of software are contributing to the growth of labor resource potential, reducing material consumption, and increasing the cost of production. On the basis of structural-component analysis regularities of differentiated mutual influence between the indices of production resources consumption and directions of investment-innovative activity are determined, indicators of progressive development are used, by which it becomes possible to measure the level of efficiency of use of resource potentials, economic growth of the enterprises of the hotel and restaurant business.

Variabilities and enrichment mechanisms of the dispersed elements in marine Fe–Mn deposits from the Pacific Ocean

The eight elements Ga, Ge, Se, Cd, In, Te, Re and Tl are usually referred to as “dispersed elements”, and they have a lower average abundance in the Earth’s crust. Marine Fe–Mn crusts and nodules are potential resources for many of the metals used in emerging high- and green-technology applications. This study examines the concentrations of the dispersed elements in marine Fe–Mn deposits at different locations from the Pacific Ocean, ascertains the genesis and dispersed elements enrichment characteristics of marine Fe-Mn deposits, discusses the variations of the dispersed elements in marine Fe–Mn deposits profiles and variations with the dependency of genesis and water depth, and elucidates their incorporation mechanisms in marine Fe–Mn deposits. Nodules from the Mid-Pacific Mountains (CAD19 and CXD05) and Magellan Seamounts (MID18) formed under hydrogenetic conditions, nodules from the CCZ (WD1101, WT0301 and ET0301) formed under a mixture of hydrogenetic and diagenetic conditions, and the Fe–Mn crust MKD12 from the Magellan Seamounts formed under hydrogenetic condition throughout its growth history. Compared with the Earth’s crust and the pelagic clay, the marine Fe–Mn deposits are highly enriched in Te, Tl, Se and Cd, not enriched in Re, Ga, Ge, In. Elemental relationships show that there are distinct differences between the enrichment mechanisms of the dispersed elements in different types of Fe–Mn deposits. Cd, Se, Te and Tl in Fe-Mn nodules and crust profiles show certain regular variations, which mainly related to the changes of the relative contents of Mn minerals and Fe minerals, for the phosphatized crusts, the concentrations of dispersed elements would be influenced by phosphatization. There are obvious differences of Cd, Se, Te and Tl concentrations in different genetic types of Fe–Mn deposits, which probably attributed to the differences of sources, deposition rates and mineral compositions. The concentrations of Se, Cd, Te and Tl in Fe-Mn deposits from the Pacific Ocean mainly distribute in the ranges of 1000 ~ 2500 m and 4000 ~ 6000 m water depth. The water depth dependence of Se, Cd, Te and Tl concentrations in hydrogenetic Fe-Mn nodules and crusts display different variation patterns, which might be controlled by several factors such as the Mn-phase and Fe-phase system, sedimentation rates, biological productivity, diagenesis, as well as the geochemical behaviors of the elements themselves. Under the conditions of hydrogenetic and hydrogenetic-diagenetic, Cd, Se, Te and Tl are incorporated in marine Fe-Mn deposits mainly by adsorption onto the Mn-oxide or/and Fe oxyhydroxide particles. The processes of coupled redox and coprecipitation on Fe-Mn(oxyhydr)oxides could generate Te enrichment.

Analysis of Environmental Activities for Developing Public Health Investments and Policies: A Comparative Study with Structure Equation and Interval Type 2 Fuzzy Hybrid Models.

The design of elements which exert pivotal effects on leisurely physical activity (LPA) in open space is an important part of urban development. However, little research has been done about the influence and discrepancies of those elements in different types of open space. To research these issues and to guide the design of urban open space, a survey from 8 open spaces (2 curtilage, 2 neighborhood squares (NS), 2 parks, and 2 campus) is conducted and a questionnaire is administered. Simultaneous analysis of several groups (SASG) of Structure equation model (SEM) is used, and the effects and discrepancies are acquired. In addition to this situation, interval type 2 (IT2) fuzzy hybrid decision making model is proposed in the second analysis. In this framework, IT2 fuzzy decision-making trial, evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL), and IT2 fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) methods are used. The results show that the influence relationships between elements and LPA did exist in four groups. Another important conclusion is that there were discrepancies of influence among different space groups. Physical environment (PE) has the greatest influence on LPA in the curtilage, whereas facilities exert the most effect in NS group. Additionally, amenities only have significant impact in parks and facilities only exercise remarkable influence on duration on campus. In addition to them, it is also identified that key design elements are presented for different types of space and that design strategy is provided through 4 specific examples.

ДЕФОРМИРОВАНИЕ И ТРЕЩИНООБРАЗОВАНИЕ КОНСТРУКЦИИ ПЛАТФОРМЕННОГО СТЫКА В СБОРНО-МОНОЛИТНОМ КАРКАСЕ ЗДАНИЯ

A computational model and the results of numerical studies of the structure of a platform joint in a reinforced concrete precast-monolithic frame of a building from panel-frame elements of industrial production are presented. Modeling of the plane stress state of the joint structure is carried out by a finite element scheme, using finite elements of different types and a nonlinear law of deformation to determine the design characteristics of reinforced concrete. The parameters of deformation of the platform joint structure at different loading levels, including stage-by-stage cracking and destruction, have been determined. The schemes of distribution and stress concentration zones in the characteristic sections of the platform joint are established when the distributed load is transferred from the frame of the panel-frame to the hollow-core floor panels and concrete for embedding the joint in the presence of a cavity in the frame frame for centering elements.

РЕАЛІЗАЦІЙНА МОДЕЛЬ АДАПТИВНОГО СУМАТОРА ДЛЯ НЕЙРОПОДІБНИХ ЕЛЕМЕНТІВ

One of the promising areas for the use of neurotechnologies is robotics, namely, systems of technical vision and control systems for mobile robots of various applications. In particular, one of the basic tasks for these systems as part of autonomous robots is the task of object recognizing and determining of the obstacles contours in the movement of mobile robots in a non-deterministic environment. For a compact and reliable implementation of the basic units of these systems, there is no alternative) the use of neural network technologies with to focusing on perspective modern tools (FPGA). It is necessary to take into account the simultaneous perception of visual information, which requires, in turn, parallel spatially distributed processing of large amounts of information. The work proposes the structure of the adaptive adder in composition of artificial neurons, which are basic neural-like elements of different types of neural networks. The proposed pipeline summing device has advanced functionality, as it simulates the operation of the adaptive adder in the formal neuron with the formation of the result of processing taking into account the external bias with the sign, and also performs parallel summation of vector array numbers with the formation of their sum. The proposed adaptive adder has a regular structure consisting of (n+1) cells with almost the same set of units and connections between them, and also implements a spatially distributed process of parallel processing over n input elements of the vector array. All this simplifies the process of placing the adaptive adder in the FPGA chip. The orientation on functionally and technologically powerful FPGA chips allows to get compact and full-featured neurostructures for various purposes, the need for which is extremely important in the control systems of mobile robots.

Geometric quality inspection of prefabricated MEP modules with 3D laser scanning

Prefabricated mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) module is one of the off-site construction technologies that can significantly improve productivity. To successfully install MEP modules on-site, performing a geometric quality inspection in prefabrication factories is required to ensure all as-produced MEP elements have accurate positions and correct dimensions. However, the traditional manual inspection process is inaccurate and time-consuming. To address the problem, this study presents an automated geometric quality inspection technique to estimate the geometric properties of MEP modules using 3D laser scanning. The proposed technique firstly extracts the steel frame of the MEP module from the scanned data and registers the scanned data with the as-designed building information modeling (BIM) model of the module. Each MEP element in the module is then detected from the scanned data with the proposed shape fitting algorithm customized for different types of elements. Lastly, the checklist items for geometric quality inspection are computed based on the extracted as-built MEP elements. Experiments on two prefabricated MEP modules were conducted, which demonstrated the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method.

Experimental study on the effects of artificial bed roughness on turbidity currents over abrupt bed slope change

A series of experimental observations are presented in the current study to discuss the effects of artificial bed roughness on the turbidity current flowing in a rectangular channel with an abrupt change in bed slope. For this purpose, two different types of elements, sinusoidal and trapezoidal, with various heights and arrangements are considered as artificial bed roughness. A Vectrino velocity meter was used to measure the velocity and sediment concentration profiles. The effects of inlet sediment concentration on front velocity, body velocity, unit discharge, sediment concentration, and suspended load transport rate also were investigated. Accurate equations were developed for estimation of the velocity of a turbidity current over smooth and rough beds. The unexpected experimental results showed that unlike the effect of roughness height, a change in the roughness arrangement has no significant influence on the velocity of a turbidity current. Also, the effect of bed roughness on the front velocity of a denser current is more significant.

Trace element and sulfur isotope compositions for pyrite across the mineralization zones of a sulfide chimney from the East Pacific Rise (1-2°S)

Active black smokers represent important products of seafloor hydrothermal systems and can reveal the fluid evolution and ore genesis in sulfide deposits. The key for understanding the details of fluid circulation and mineralization within sulfide zonation of chimneys lies in the understanding of variation in micro-scale trace elements and sulfur isotopes in sulfide deposits. An active pyrite-dominated chimney collected from the East Pacific Rise 1-2°S hydrothermal field supplies a unique opportunity to exhibit on-going ore-forming processes, especially the detailed fluid processes among the sulfide zonation of chimney, as well as to constrain the mineralization environment that is crucial for metal transport and deposition across the chimney. Pyrites, as the ubiquitous sulfide, present crystal morphologies varying from anhedral though euhedral to massive textures at different mineralization stages. The characterization of trace elements in different types of pyrite, from rim to core, evolves from Zn, Pb, Cd, Tl, Ag, Mn and Ba to Cu, Se, Sn, Bi, Co and Ni in response to increasing mineralization temperature. The dominant control on Co and Ni contents in pyrite from the exterior and interior of the chimney changes from temperature to sulfur fugacity as the hydrothermal circulation becomes active and subsequently wanes. In addition to the physicochemical environment, the chemical variations like As, Sb and Mo in pyrite from different mineral zonation are mostly like related to the temporal evolution of fluid compositions. Seawater-fluid mixing not only influences seawater-derived species of trace elements like V and Mg, and the spatial distributions of temperature-sensitive elements like Co, Cu, Se and Sn, but also increases the S isotope values of pyrite in the mineral sequence of the chimney. However, the incorporation of approximately 8 ∼ 24% bacteria-derived S leads to anhedral pyrite with abnormally light S isotopes in the outer mineral zonation.

A Review of the Application of Finite Element Method (FEM) to Localized Corrosion Modeling

The modeling of localized corrosion has usually focused on calculating the spatial and/or temporal distributions of chemical species, potential, and current. These are affected by the reactions considered, the geometry, and the modes of mass transport of importance. Finite element method (FEM) is a numerical technique to obtain approximate solutions to the differential equations based on different types of discretization in which the domain of interest is divided into different types of elements. The introduction of the FEM opened a variety of opportunities for increasing the complexity, and therefore the fidelity, of the localized corrosion conditions considered. This article first briefly introduces the FEM technique before describing the choices the modeler has with regards to the governing equations for the system. The history of the application of FEM to localized corrosion is given, highlighting the different aspects of localized corrosion that have been successfully modeled. Finally, some of the current challenges in FEM modeling of localized corrosion are outlined.

Measurement of range of motions of L3-L4 healthy spine through offsetting reflective markers and in silico analysis of meshed model.

Degenerative disc disease (DDD) is a common condition in elderly population that can be painful and can significantly affect individual's quality of life. Diagnosis of DDD allows prompt corrective actions but it is challenging due to the absence of any symptoms at early stages. In studying disc degeneration, measurement of the range of motion (RoM) and loads acting on the spine are crucial factors. However, direct measurement of RoM involves increased instrumentation and risk. In this paper, an innovative method is proposed for calculating RoM, emphasizing repeatability and reliability by considering the posterior thickness of the spine. This is achieved by offsetting the position of markers in relation to the actual vertebral loci. Three geometrically identical finite element models of L3-L4 are developed from a CT scan with different types of elements, and thereafter, mesh element-related metrics are provided for the assessment of the quality of models. The model with the best mesh quality is used for further analysis, where RoM are within ranges as reported in literature and in vivo experiment results. Various kinds of stresses acting on individual components including facet joints are analysed for normal and abnormal loading conditions. The results showed that the stresses in abnormal load conditions for all components including cortical (76.67MPa), cancellous (69.18MPa), annulus (6.30MPa) and nucleus (0.343MPa) are significantly greater as compared to normal loads (49.96MPa, 44.2MPa, 4.28MPa and 0.23MPa respectively). However, stress levels for both conditions are within safe limits (167-215MPa for cortical, 46MPa for the annulus and 3MPa for facets). The results obtained could be used as a baseline motion and stresses of healthy subjects based on their respective lifestyles, which could benefit clinicians to suggest corrective actions for those affected by DDD.