Elemental Hydrogen Research Articles

Prediction of recovery energy from ultimate analysis of waste generation in Depok City, Indonesia

<span lang="EN-US">Refuse derived fuel (RDF) is an environmentally friendly renewable fuel developed to reduce waste generation. RDF can consist of various kinds of waste such as paper and gardens. One of the critical parameters is the chemical element and calorific value. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential for waste reduction and the relationship of ultimate longevity in RDF to the calorific value. This study's paper and garden waste mixture were P0 (100% paper), P25 (75% paper and 25% garden), P50 (50% paper and 50% garden), P75 (25% paper and 75% garden), and P100 (100% garden). The calorific value of the mixture can reach 3.6-5.2 kWh/kg. Simultaneously the relationship of ultimate elements nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and ash affects the heating value of RDF. Sampling the application in Depok City can reduce waste by 6.67%, with the potential for electrical energy from paper and garden wastes of 358,903.8 kWh and 48,681 kWh, respectively. This shows that this energy waste can supply 0.1% of the total daily electricity demand in Depok City.</span>

Variations in dissolved organic matter chemistry on a vertical scale in the eastern Indian Ocean

Oceans cover approximately 71% of the Earth's surface area, which is why some people refer to the Earth as a large water sphere. Marine dissolved organic matter (DOM) constitutes the main carbon pool for biogeochemical cycles and plays an important role in global carbon dynamics. Here, the molecular composition and component characteristics of surface (5 m), deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM), and deep (2000 m) layer DOM in the eastern Indian Ocean (EIO) were investigated using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) and three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy. Thousands of individual DOM formulas (approximately 3716–6986 formulas) were detected at 100–700 Da, showing a Gaussian distribution. The elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) were detected and constituted four formula classes in solid-phase extracted marine DOM samples. Furthermore, the order of the percent intensity of the formulas was CHO > CHNO > CHOS > CHNOS. Carboxylic-rich alicyclic molecule (CRAM) compounds, as part of recalcitrant DOM (RDOM), were detected at 61.32%-78.77% (by intensity). In addition, the concept of islands of stability (IOS, approximately 3.99%-11.22%) has been proposed in this study, representing the most stable components in the marine environment. Such molecular formulas as described above probably contribute to increased RDOM content in the EIO and potentially reflect enhanced accumulation or sequestration of RDOM in the deep layer. The variation in the spectroscopic indices (FI, β/α, BIX, and HIX) and fluorescent components (C1 to C4) with depth indicates a shift from protein-like to humic-like components, leading to gradual aging of the water column. In brief, this study relies on data from marine DOM in the EIO to provide a molecular and chemical background for global models of marine DOM production, transformation and sequestration.

Elemental carbon and hydrogen concentrations as the main factors in gas-phase graphene synthesis: Quantitative fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy study

Gas-phase microwave plasma-assisted synthesis of freestanding graphene is a promising route to produce high-quality graphene flakes. However, a comprehensive understanding of the gas-phase kinetics that is required to advance production rates and yields is still lacking. Here, we use line-of-sight Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectroscopy as an in situ diagnostic to measure gaseous species formed during graphene synthesis, thereby elucidating the chemical kinetics mechanism. Different carbonaceous precursors that lead to the formation of either few-layer graphene flakes or soot-like particles are examined, and the results are compared with numerical simulations and mass spectrometry measurements. Quantitative FTIR measurements show a correlation between concentration of atomic carbon and hydrogen in the post-plasma region and particle morphology. Lower carbon and higher hydrogen concentrations lead to graphene formation, while higher carbon and lower hydrogen concentrations shift the reaction toward soot-like particles. We also investigate how the precursor chemical composition, precursor flowrate, and delivered microwave power affect the carbon concentration in the post-plasma region, thus enabling to control particle morphology.

Fermi-Liquid Nonadiabatic Highly Compressed Cesium Iodide Superconductor

The experimental discovery that compressed sulfur hydride exhibits superconducting transition temperature of Tc=203 K by Drozdov et al. (Nature 2015, 525, 73–76) sparked studies of compressed hydrides. This discovery was not a straightforward experimental examination of a theoretically predicted phase, but instead it was a nearly five-decade-long experimental quest for superconductivity in highly compressed matters, varying from pure elements (hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur), hydrides (SiH4, AlH3) to semiconductors and ionic salts. One of these salts was cesium iodide, CsI, which exhibits the transition temperature of Tc≅1.5 K at P=206 GPa (Eremets et al., Science 1998, 281, 1333–1335). Detailed first principles calculations (Xu et al., Phys Rev B 2009, 79, 144110) showed that CsI should exhibit Tc~0.03 K (P=180 GPa). In an attempt to understand the nature of this discrepancy between the theory and the experiment, we analyzed the temperature-dependent resistance in compressed CsI and found that this compound is a perfect Fermi liquid metal which exhibits an extremely high ratio of Debye energy to Fermi energy, ℏωDkBTF≅17. This implies that direct use of the Migdal–Eliashberg theory of superconductivity to calculate the transition temperature in CsI is incorrect, because the theory is valid for ℏωDkBTF≪1. We also showed that CsI falls into the unconventional superconductors band in the Uemura plot.

Peranan Karbohidrat dalam Perspektif Al-Qur’an

Carbohydrates are compounds consisting of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, carbohydrates have an important role for life for humans, animals and plants. Carbohydrates and their functions have been described in several verses of the Qur'an.. The perspective of the Qur'an on science, especially on carbohydrates, is sometimes less known to most people that carbohydrates are important to study. The abundance of food on this earth, makes humans less aware and negligent about the importance of the benefits of carbohydrates. The purpose of this study is to find out about the role of carbohydrates in the Qur'an, encourage the development of science in the perspective of the Qur'an, increase faith and gratitude for all God's gifts. The research method in this article uses literature studies, writing techniques to collect data and information by reviewing related journals and books. The result of writing this article is that carbohydrates have an important role, source and impact according to the view of the Qur'an. The conclusion obtained is that the role of carbohydrates has been explained in the Qur'an in the letter (Qur'an: 4, Al-Maidah: 88), the source of carbohydrates (Al-An'am: 95, Yasin: 33, Al-Baqarah: 22, An-nahl; 11, An-Nahl: 68-69), and its impact (Al-A'raf: 31, Al-Maidah: 87).

Modelling of the cyclic chemisorption-catalytic process for production of elemental sulfur and hydrogen from hydrogen sulfide

The research is devoted to simulation of cyclic chemisorption-catalytic process for H2S decomposition on the base of bulk FeS catalyst-chemisorbent. The performed simulation of the process has confirmed the possibility to create the stable cyclic non-stationary operation mode with a technologically acceptable duration of chemisorption/regeneration cycles (10-15 minutes and more). Though the maximum calculated per pass conversion of H2S was not higher than 30%, it is possible to achieve practically complete decomposition of H2S to hydrogen and sulfur by recirculation of unreacted H2S. The process may be performed at rather moderate temperatures (not higher 600-650°), it makes possible to use the conventional construction materials for process equipment with reasonable capital costs. The preliminary evaluation has demonstrated that the proposed process, being compared to conventional Claus process, will be characterized with better economic parameters due to the manufacturing of hydrogen which will have ∼5 times higher cost than that of produced sulfur. From the other side, the process may potentially provide the self-cost of the produced hydrogen quite competitive to that of conventional technologies such as conversion of hydrocarbons or water electrolysis. The technology may be applied at oil refineries and natural gas processing plants.

Nanoflower-like CdS and SnS2 loaded TiO2 nanotube arrays for photocatalytic wastewater treatment and hydrogen production

In this work, nanoflower-like CdS/SnS2/TiO2 NTs ternary heterojunction photocatalysts were synthesized by a hydrothermal method, the relationship between the morphology, microscopic morphology, crystallinity, elemental presence state and hydrogen production performance of the ternary photocatalysts were investigated by SEM, TEM, XRD and XPS, respectively. The photocatalytic performance, electrochemical property and hydrogen production capacity of CdS/SnS2/TiO2 NTs were compared with pure TiO2 NTs, CdS/TiO2 NTs and SnS2/TiO2 NTs. After 2 h of photocatalytic reaction, the removal efficiency of MB wastewater reached 100%, and the photocatalytic efficiencies toward RhB and Cr(VI) removal reached 86.08% and 80.93% after 3 h, respectively. The electron spin resonance (ESR) technique certified the active radical groups that played a role in the catalytic process and further investigated the possible photocatalytic mechanism. Hydrogen production per unit time achieved 97.14 μmol h−1 cm−2, this work provides the new technique to achieve solar energy conversion for hydrogen generation.

Improvement of mechanical properties and microstructural refining of cast titanium alloys by coupling of electropulsing and temporary alloying element hydrogen

The electric pulse treatment and hydrogen as temporary alloying element have been widely used to improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of titanium alloys, respectively. In this study, the microstructure and mechanical properties of as-cast Ti–6Al–4V alloy are improved by electric pulse treatment combined with temporary alloying element hydrogen instead of traditional thermo-mechanical treatment and heat treatment. In comparison to the traditional thermo-mechanical treatment, the microstructure of the as-cast Ti–6Al–4V alloy after solution-aging treatment in pulsed thermal hydrogen treatment is homogeneous and finer, which is due to the lamellar β phase decomposition after thermal hydrogen treatment, accordingly, the ultimate tensile strength and total elongation of the alloy are effectively improved after pulsed thermal hydrogen treatment. It’s the acceleration of atomic diffusion and phase transformation in titanium alloys by hydrogen as temporary alloying element and electric pulse treatment that leads to the decomposition of the lamellar β phase, thereby refining the microstructure and enhancing mechanical properties. Finally, a novel method for improving the microstructure and mechanical properties of titanium alloys using hydrogen as temporary alloying element and electric pulse treatment is presented.

Metallization in hydrogenlike systems under high pressure

Almost a century ago, it was proposed that solid hydrogen could become metallic at sufficiently high pressure. Five years back, scientists observed an insulator to metal transition in liquid deuterium experimentally, at around 300 $\mathrm{GPa}$. The present work discusses and demonstrates the metal-like behavior in elemental hydrogen under various plasma environments. At the onset, the Herzfeld criterion is invoked to examine such characteristics in such plasmas under multimegabar pressure. However, a thorough study using this condition can only explain the metal-like pattern in $s$-wave states under a shell-confined condition (the system is trapped inside two concentric spheres with inner and outer radii ${R}_{a},{R}_{b}$). Moreover, using this criterion, it is not possible to explain such phenomena in (i) confined systems (involving all $\ensuremath{\ell}$) and (ii) for $\ensuremath{\ell}\ensuremath{\ne}0$ states in a shell-confined environment. Here this criterion is modified to incorporate the environmental conditions (nuclear charge, screening constant, boundary conditions) by utilizing several independent and generalized scaling concepts. The present condition can interpret a metallic pattern in confined and shell-confined plasmas connecting $\ensuremath{\ell}\ensuremath{\ge}0$ states. Further, a different descriptor is proposed therefrom. The role of pressure in defining such a descriptor is also examined. Pilot calculations are performed using Debye H\"uckel, exponential screen Coulomb potential, and ion-sphere plasmas. The relevance of the shell-confined model in the context of plasmas is elaborated. Additionally, an attempt is made to investigate the metallic character in H-like systems embedded in fullerene under high pressure.

Synthesis and characterizations of heterocyclic esters in solvent free condition

A series of different heterocyclic esters were synthesized with a catalyst, sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide as a co-catalyst. Mild temperature condition was administered and no other solvent was used. The synthesized esters were recovered and analysed. This esterification successfully produces heterocyclic acids esters in appreciably good yields with high selectivity. Newly synthesized esters were characterized by 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra, Mass spectrometry (MS), Infrared Spectra and Elemental analysis, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur and Oxygen.

Positron Interactions with Some Human Body Organs Using Monte Carlo Probability Method

In this study, mean free path and positron elastic-inelastic scattering are modeled for the elements hydrogen (H), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), chlorine (Cl), potassium (K) and iodine (I). Despite the enormous amounts of data required, the Monte Carlo (MC) method was applied, allowing for a very accurate simulation of positron interaction collisions in live cells. Here, the MC simulation of the interaction of positrons was reported with breast, liver, and thyroid at normal incidence angles, with energies ranging from 45 eV to 0.2 MeV. The model provides a straightforward analytic formula for the random sampling of positron scattering. ICRU44 was used to compile the elemental composition data. In this work, elastic cross sections (ECS) and inelastic cross-sections (ICS) for positron interaction in human tissues were studied. The elastic scattering is obtained from the Rutherford differential cross-section. Gryzinski's excitation function is used within the first-born approximation to determine the core and valence of ICS. The results are presented graphically. The ECS increases rapidly as the scattering energy approaches zero and becomes dependent on the atomic number of elements in organs. The ICS has reached a maximum value of around 100 eV. Increasing positron energy leads to an increase in the elastic and inelastic mean free paths. The simulations agree with many other studies dealing with the same parameters and conditions.

Sources of Nitrogen-, Sulfur-, and Phosphorus-Containing Feedstocks for Prebiotic Chemistry in the Planetary Environment.

Biochemistry on Earth makes use of the key elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur (or CHONPS). Chemically accessible molecules containing these key elements would presumably have been necessary for prebiotic chemistry and the origins of life on Earth. For example, feedstock molecules including fixed nitrogen (e.g., ammonia, nitrite, nitrate), accessible forms of phosphorus (e.g., phosphate, phosphite, etc.), and sources of sulfur (e.g., sulfide, sulfite) may have been necessary for the origins of life, given the biochemistry seen in Earth life today. This review describes potential sources of nitrogen-, sulfur-, and phosphorus-containing molecules in the context of planetary environments. For the early Earth, such considerations may be able to aid in the understanding of our own origins. Additionally, as we learn more about potential environments on other planets (for example, with upcoming next-generation telescope observations or new missions to explore other bodies in our Solar System), evaluating potential sources for elements necessary for life (as we know it) can help constrain the potential habitability of these worlds.

Nucleosynthetic zinc isotope anomalies reveal a dual origin of terrestrial volatiles

Determining the provenance of volatile elements in Earth is key for understanding the processes that led to its formation as a habitable planet. We show that the moderately volatile element zinc exhibits an isotopic dichotomy between non‑carbonaceous and carbonaceous meteorites, which presumably derive from the inner and outer Solar System, respectively. Terrestrial zinc has an intermediate isotopic composition, demonstrating that Earth accreted about 70% of its zinc from inner Solar System bodies. Using literature data, we find the same proportions for the more volatile elements hydrogen and nitrogen, suggesting Earth's volatile elements predominantly derive from inner Solar System objects and not, as often assumed, from the outer Solar System. Thus, Earth may have evolved to a habitable planet even without the contributions it received from the outer Solar System.

SOIL AS MATERIAL FOR THE CREATION OF HUMANS, PERSPECTIVES FROM THE HOLY QURAN AND SCIENCE

Research in this paper discusses soil as a material for human creation using the method of literature study (library research). As the results found that humans were created from the soil, in the sense that all humans are sourced from the basic material of wet soil (Thiin), then Adam as the first man created from dry soil (Turab) which is a soil that has undergone processes and stages of change, from Thiin, to Min Thiin Lazibin (Clay), to Shalshalin Min Hammain Masnun (clay from black mud), became Shalsalin Kalfahar (dry clay like pottery), then became Turab (dust soil dust/loose soil). While humans are generally created through a biological process that is the meeting between male sperm and female ovum, where the sperm comes from the soil essence (Sulalaten min Thiin). The creation of man from the soil has been justified by the discovery of science that the chemical elements present in the soil are the same as the chemical elements in the human body, namely in the form of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), and so on. With the addition of the elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), and oxygen (O).

Clean-limit superconductivity in Im3¯m H3S synthesized from sulfur and hydrogen donor ammonia borane

We present detailed studies of the superconductivity in high-pressure ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}\mathrm{S}$. X-ray diffraction measurements show that cubic $Im\overline{3}m {\mathrm{H}}_{3}\mathrm{S}$ was synthesized from elemental sulfur and hydrogen donor ammonia borane (${\mathrm{NH}}_{3}{\mathrm{BH}}_{3}$). Our electrical transport measurements confirm superconductivity with a transition temperature ${T}_{c}=197\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ at $153\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$. From the analysis of both the normal-state resistivity and the slope of the critical field, we conclude that the superconductivity is described by clean-limit behavior. A significant broadening of the resistive transition in finite magnetic field is found, as expected for superconductors. We identify a linear temperature-over-field scaling of the resistance at the superconducting transition which is not described by existing theories.

Qualitative and quantitative discrimination of major elements in Chitosan (natural polymer) using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy

In this work, Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of Chitosan samples (natural polymer). For qualitative analysis, plasma parameters are determined, while for quantitative analysis, the initial concentration of chitosan samples is calculated. It developed a plasma plume using a second harmonic (532 nm) laser pulses, which makes the Q-Switched Nd: YAG laser compatible with delay generators and computing electronics. The component elements and their corresponding concentrations are calculated based on the strongest emission lines of the element using the line intensity ratio method and the calibration-free LIBS approach. The results obtained by both methods are compared for the effectiveness of the algorithm.In the chitosan monomer (C6H11NO4)n, four major elements (hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen) were detected and their quantities were calculated. In addition to investigating the physical behavior of plasma in the interaction of laser beams with materials, the plasma parameters (electron number density and plasma temperature) are determined by stark-broadening profile fitting and Boltzmann plot method, respectively. The results obtained show that the LIBS can be exploited for quantitative and standard analysis of industrial grade materials for better results in applications.

Identification of different colored plastics by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy combined with neighborhood component analysis and support vector machine

Plastic recycling is an effective strategy to solve the shortage of national resources and improve the ecological environment. Herein, a novel approach was proposed to identify different colored plastics using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) by neighborhood component analysis (NCA) and support vector machine (SVM). Six kinds of plastics (PVC, POM, ABS, PP, PA, and PE) with multiple colors were used to verify the feasibility of this method. Firstly, the types of plastics were classified by SVM, and the average accuracy about 97% was obtained. Then the same type of plastics with multiple colors was classified by SVM, and more than 99% average accuracy was acquired. However, the average accuracy of PVC by SVM was only 82%. To improve the average identification accuracy of PVC, the neighborhood component analysis (NCA) was used for feature selection by evaluating the weights of spectral lines. The spectral lines of focus elements (hydrogen (H), potassium (K), carbon (C), etc.) with higher weight were used as the input of SVM. The average accuracy of NCA-SVM was 91%, which higher than 9% and 5% with SVM and principal component analysis (PCA) combined with SVM (PCA -SVM), respectively. The results demonstrated that LIBS with the SVM and NCA-SVM can acquire high accuracy identification of different plastics, as well as recognition of the same type of plastics with different colors.

Hydrogen Detection Limits and Instrument Sensitivity of High-Resolution Broadband Neutron Spectrometers.

The limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) in the mass domain, for broadband vibrational spectroscopy with neutrons on the TOSCA spectrometer at the ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source (UK), have been studied. The well-known 3σ and 10σ approaches are used through a specifically developed analytical procedure that is based on the calculation of the integrated spectral intensities in selected energy-transfer ranges, as a function of mass of standard reference materials and calibrants, such as ZrH2, 2,5-diiodothiophene, and low-density polyethylene. The analysis shows that the blank, that is, the instrument setup without the analyte, plays a critical role in the measurement performance, especially for small specimen quantities. The results point that TOSCA enables detection of 128 μmol (LODH) and quantitation of 428 μmol (LOQH) of elemental hydrogen analytes in ZrH2. The determined values for this and other standards allow for the assessment of the calibration curve design and instrument sensitivity and define a method to be used for inelastic neutron scattering spectrometers such as TOSCA, or VESPA, the new beamline under construction at the European Spallation Source in Lund (Sweden).

A novel approach for quantifying hydrogen embrittlement using side-grooved CT samples

Aerospace parts made of high strength steels, such as landing gears and helicopter transmissions, are often electroplated to satisfy various engineering specifications. However, plated parts are occasionally rejected because of hydrogen embrittlement, and the industry has few means of evaluating quantitatively the actual damage caused by hydrogen. In the present article, we developed a novel method to measure the stress intensity threshold for hydrogen embrittlement (Kth) in industrial plating conditions. The method consists in plating side-grooved CT samples in industrial plating baths, and measuring Kth with an incremental step loading methodology. We validated the method with a benchmark case known to produce embrittlement (omitted post-plating bake) and we used the method on a test case for which the level of embrittlement was unknown (delayed bake). For the benchmark case, we measured a Kth of 49.0MPam0.5 for non-baked samples. This value is significantly lower than the fracture toughness of the unplated material, which is 63.8MPam0.5. We conclude that this novel combination of geometry and test method is efficient in quantifying hydrogen embrittlement of samples plated in industrial conditions. For the test case, the Kth are respectively 57.9MPam0.5 and 58.8MPam0.5 for samples baked 100 h and 4 h after plating. We conclude that delaying the post-plating bake does not cause hydrogen embrittlement in the studied conditions. Using a finite element hydrogen diffusion analysis, we argue that the side grooves on CT samples increase the sensitivity to hydrogen embrittlement in comparison to smooth samples. In smooth samples, a zone of plane stress at the surface of the specimen shields hydrogen from penetrating to the center of the specimen, a phenomenon which is alleviated with machining side grooves.

Theory-directed discovery of high-temperature superconductivity in clathrate hydrides at high pressure

Theory-directed discovery of high-temperature superconductivity in clathrate hydrides at high pressure