Elementary Streams Research Articles

THE SIZE OF GOVERNMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN EU COUNTRIES

The relationship between the public sector size and economic growth is the subject of many discussions. Momentarily, the four elementary streams are defined, while the resulting impact depends on the monitored sample of the countries and the employed methodology. The aim of the paper was to identify the impact of the public sector size on the economic growth of the 27 EU countries in the period 1996 to 2021. The public sector size was quantified using four different variables as total public expenditure, total public revenue, tax revenue and final government consumption. Through panel regression, the negative impact of the public sector size on the economic growth of the EU countries was demonstrated in all four models, while the most significant negative impact was reached by the final government consumption. The significant negative impact of the crisis presence on the economic growth of the EU countries was also demonstrated. The EU countries should focus their activities there to diminish the public sector growth and to manage the structure of the government expenditures from the current to capital expenditures of an investment characteristic.

Substantiation of the method of modeling circulating flows during the rotation of the overhead jet pump

The scheme of theoretical analysis of the influence of rotational motion on the working process of the near-bit jet pump is chosen, the methods of its realization and limits of use are determined. On the basis of the potential flows theory with the application of elementary hydrodynamic functions of a complex variable, basics for the development of analytical models of the near-bit ejector pump operation for conditions of its rotation in a well have been worked out. Components of a mixed flow are modeled as functions of the vortex flow and parallel jet flow. Application of certain hydrodynamic functions of a complex variable has allowed to combine partial outcomes of differential equations of elementary streams motions and to determine the structure of the mixed flow function. The equation of the mixed flow motion is given in the form of a complex potential, components of which are equal to Laplace’s equation and Cauchy-Riemann Conditions, and determine the kinematics of irrotational flow. Possibility of application of the complex variable functions’ theory for velocities profiles modeling and determination of limits for dissociation of mixed flows by rotation of the near-bit jet pump in a well has been shown. The list of hydro-dynamic parameters, which should be taken into consideration by modeling of the ejector system working process, has been determined, and the structure of initial equations, that characterize kinematic picture of velocities field in the chamber of the ejector pump mixing has been established. Limit conditions for determination of a complex potential of mixed flows and application limits of the proposed method of circulation flows modeling have been stated. The class of hydrodynamic problems has been established, to which one may relate the problem of finding the complex potential of mixed flows in a chamber for mixing of an ejector pump by its rotation in a well.

Peculiarities of making decisions on the choice of the composition of the main hardware equipment of aviation multifunctional simulators

The current stage of training aircraft crews (AC) is characterized by the predominance of training tasks solved with the help of aviation multifunctional simulators (AMT). AMT covers a wide range of aviation simulators designed to solve problems of planning and managing the use of hardware and software resources in solving various training tasks in the interests of training aircraft crews. Based on this, AMT are characterized by a variety of hardware that ensure the implementation of technological operations and processes for analyzing and processing information when performing educational tasks, which determined the relevance of the task of choosing their optimal composition. Purpose of the work is to develop a model for choosing the composition of hardware equipment (HSS) in the AMT structure for solving training tasks in the interests of training aircraft crews. The solution to the optimization problem of substantiating the CAO is based on the analysis of the features of the application and development of AMT based on the modernization of obsolete and new hardware equipment. The complexity of the task is due to significant computational difficulties arising from the need to provide various technological operations and cycles of information flows in the form of a certain set of elementary operations and the presence of “individual” quality criteria for each educational task. To solve it, the technological process of solving educational AMT is represented by an oriented graph, the vertices of which are the tasks to be solved, and the arcs connecting them are elementary technological operations implemented by hardware. The fulfillment of each educational task is based on the fulfillment of a certain set of elementary streams based on the implementation of the compared CAO options in the AMT structure. The search for a solution is carried out on the graph using a three-level model based on finding optimal solutions to cover the educational tasks to be solved with the available means of obsolete hardware equipment, justifying the required number of new (developed) tools and choosing their optimal composition in the AMT structure as a whole, taking into account the preferences of the persons taking decision (decision maker). The proposed methodological approach and the model for choosing the CAO that implements it provide a sequential and level-bylevel solution of optimization problems with extreme variables for a reasonable choice of the decision maker of the optimal composition of hardware in the AMT structure in the interests of solving a variety of diverse training tasks for training aircraft crews.

完整Coriolis力作用下的非线性近惯性波

Based on the original basic equations of atmospheric motion under the action of the complete Coriolis force, through the scale analysis, the multi-scale method and the perturbation expansion method were used to derive the Korteweg-de Vries equation satisfying the amplitude evolution of the atmospheric near inertial wave at the mid-high latitudes. The results of the evolution equation show that, the influence of the horizontal component of the Coriolis parameter on the nonlinear near inertial wave mainly lies in the correction of the dispersion effect and the interaction with the elementary stream. The physical mechanism of atmospheric near inertial wave motion at the mid-high latitudes under the action of the complete Coriolis force was theoretically explained.

The throughput of filtering outlet works (filter spillways) on rockfill dams with screen

Introduction. The most economical type of spillway for rockfill dams with reinforced concrete screens are filtering outlet works (filter spillways). Deals with the main issue of designing filtering outlet works - assessment of their throughput on the basis of analytical solutions of turbulent filtration through the water intake of the filtering outlet works in rockfill dams with reinforced concrete screen. The objectives of the work are: • analysis of water flow in the filtering outlet work on the rockfill dam with reinforced concrete screen; • derivation of formulas for determining the throughput of the filtering outlet works on rockfill dams with reinforced concrete screen; • comparison of the results of determining the throughput of the filtering outlet works in the application of the proposed formulas; recommendations on the use of the proposed formulas. Materials and methods. The analysis of the water flow in the filtering outlet works and the derivation of the formulas is based on the adoption of three assumptions on the trajectory of the elementary streams of water in the filtering outlet works: on a circular trajectory, with a vertical fall, along the free fall trajectory with a gradient equal to one. Calculations of the throughput of the filtering outlet works were performed for the design of the filtering outlet works, patented by the author. Results. The results of calculations according to the proposed formulas showed a significant difference depending on the accepted hypothesis about the nature of the movement of the filtration flow in the body of the rockfill dam. It is revealed that the most acceptable calculations are based on the formula derived under the assumption of the flow motion along the free fall trajectory with a gradient equal to one. Conclusions. The results of the study made it possible to formulate the following recommendations: 1. The capacity of the filtering outlet works is recommended to be determined by the formula derived in the assumption of the flow motion along the free fall trajectory with a gradient equal to one, as more appropriate to the hydraulics of the filter spillways on the rockfill dams with the screen. 2. Further study of the hydraulics of the filter outlets works of various designs and analysis of their impact on the design of rockfill dams would allow for a more substantiated to determine their ability to pass the flood and recommend them for implementation.

Topological and fractal aspects of the main hydraulic parameters

The traditional concept of wetted cross-section, wetted perimeter and hydraulic radius seems fairly simple and clear, especially in the case of smooth boundaries of the flow. However, for the rough boundary surface covered with randomly arranged roughness the definition of the wetted cross-section as a normal to all elementary streams becomes notably problematic. More controversial seems the concept of wetted perimeter. This issue is of particular importance for the beds with high-dimensional roughness for which the geometric dimensions of the flow and the roughness elements are of the same order. The article shows that topological features of the boundary surfaces for the natural channels allow definitely refer them to fractals. Further study of the bed roughness based on its fractal nature can form a new approach to methodological soundness of main hydraulic parameters and open up new opportunities for their description.

Design and Implementation for Interactive Augmented Broadcasting System

In a typical augmented reality (AR), users can rotate, resize, or move AR objects, usually in application programs on handheld devices. In addition, users can instruct them to do an animation. Moreover, various types of application programs are provided and various ways of interactions are tried out for more natural user experience. On the other hand, in regular TV, an AR-applied TV program may be a composite video of original video and AR objects, which was already processed by the transmit side of broadcasting system and thus the TV viewer cannot influence the representation of TV program. Thus, until now, it can be said that an authentic AR service on TV broadcasting is not practically provided. In this paper, a new alternative paradigm of AR service in TV broadcasting is introduced. To provide an interactive AR experience to the viewer, first of all, we propose that the place where the original video and the augmented objects are composited needs to be moved from the transmit side to the TV terminal. Therefore, all augmented objects should be graphically rendered on the TV terminal. Considering the prerequisite, we propose an augmented broadcasting service system based on a hybrid framework that combines the conventional TV broadcasting and the broadband Internet. In the proposed system, the augmented objects are downloaded and rendered in compliance with instructions described in a metadata. The metadata includes the time information to synchronize the representation of the original video images and the rendered augmented-object images. And the metadata is delivered in compliance with MPEG-2 system. Inevitably, the architecture of the MPEG-2 transmission stream multiplexer should be slightly modified to insert the time information for the synchronously compositing. The metadata should be packetized in compliance with the MPEG-2 system. So, we propose a packetized elementary stream format for the metadata. Additionally, we propose an interaction mechanism using a second-screen device that supports touch-screen capability. With second-screen devices, TV viewers can manipulate the augmented objects displayed on TV screen. Moreover, a lot of additive contents synchronized or correlated to TV programs can be automatically popped up on the screen of second-screen device.

Personal Video Recorder Function Based on Android Platform Set-top Box

In order to satisfy the constantly increasing appetite of consumers for content in today’s world, Personal Video Recorder (PVR) function is implemented in digital TV set-top box (STB) based on Android platform. An algorithm that adjusts video Presentation Time Stamp (PTS) based on audio PTS is presented, which aims at the problem that audio is not synchronized with video existing during playback. And a method of generating index file based on the information of I-picture is presented, which aims at the implementation of trick modes. Namely, the location of I-picture which is used to generate index is recorded while audio and video data are being sent to storage medium in Packetized Elementary Streams (PES) format. The test results show that the TV STB designed can implement synchronization of audio and video accurately and reliably and the recorded programs can be played on the STB at different speeds. DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v12i1.3231

A Method of Pseudo-Live Streaming for an IP Camera System with HTML5 Protocol

This paper presents a way to provide pseudo-live streaming video from an Internet Protocol (IP) camera system to client computers using an internet browser that can display Hyper Text Markup Language 5 (HTML 5) pages. This is called pseudo-live streaming because the video stream is not packed in streaming protocols, such as Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP). This method does not involve the installation of plugins in the client side as most of the modifications are done on the server side, which in this case is the IP camera. The initial step in providing the mentioned functionality is presented here. The initial research involved the development of a tool to convert packetized elementary streams that contains extra manufacturer data into an elementary stream. The developed tool was able to convert packetized elementary streams from an IP camera into an elementary stream. The developed tool can be used to as a building block to provide a pseudo-live streaming experience.

A 3DTV Broadcasting Scheme for High-Quality Stereoscopic Content Over a Hybrid Network

Various methods are used to provide three-dimensional television (3DTV) services over a terrestrial broadcasting network. However, these services cannot provide high-quality 3D content to consumers. It is because current terrestrial broadcast networks are allocated with limited bandwidths to transmit 3D content while 3D content requires larger bandwidth compared to that of 2D content. To overcome this limitation, this paper proposes a hybrid 3DTV broadcasting system, which utilizes both a terrestrial broadcast network and a broadband network. In the proposed system, two elementary streams of left and right views for a stereoscopic video service are transmitted over a terrestrial broadcasting network and a broadband network, respectively. In addition, the proposed system suggests a new mechanism for synchronization between these two elementary streams. The proposed scheme can provide high-quality 3DTV service regardless of bandwidth of the terrestrial broadcast network while maintaining backward compatibility with a 2D DTV broadcasting service.

비트스트림 정보를 이용한 멀티미디어 동영상의 무기준법 화질평가방법

스마트기기 및 IPTV의 보급으로 인터넷망을 이용한 영상서비스가 증가하고 있다. 인터넷 망을 이용한 영상서비스에서는 과도한 트래픽으로 인한 화질 열화가 발생할 가능성이 존재한다. 사용자에게 일정한 화질의 영상서비스를 제공하기 위해 신뢰도 높은 화질 모니터링 시스템의 개발이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 영상서비스에 사용되는 비트스트림 정보를 이용하여 체감화질을 측정하는 알고리즘을 제안한다. 통신망으로 전송되는 비트스트림에서 프로토콜 헤더정보와 ES(elementary stream) 정보를 사용하여 사용자에게 영상이 전달되었을 때의 화질지수를 측정한다. 알고리즘의 성능을 평가하기 위해 VGA 해상도로 주관적 화질 평가 실험을 진행하였으며, 제안하는 방법은 주관적 점수와 높은 상관도를 보였다. Various video services with networks are increasingly available as smart phones, computers and IPTV are widely used. However, transmission over networks may experience transmission errors due to traffic increases and noise. As a result, video quality may suffer. Therefore, quality monitoring emerges as an important issue. In this paper, we propose a video quality assessment method using bit stream information. The video quality metric is calculated using header information and ES (elementary stream) information. To assess performance of the proposed algorithm, subjective quality assessment tests are conducted (VGA resolution). It is shown high correlation between subjective result and the proposed method.

Multiplexing the Elementary Streams of H.264 Video and MPEG4 HE AAC v2 Audio, De-multiplexing and Achieving Lip Synchronization

Television broadcasting applications such as ATSC-M/H, DVB[16] require that the encoded audio and video streams to be transmitted across a network in a single transport stream containing fixed sized data packets that can be easily recognized and decoded at the receiver. MPEG2 part1 specifies two layers of packetization to achieve a transport stream suitable for digital transmission. In a broadcasting system, multiplexing is a process in which two or more elementary streams are converted into a single transport stream ensuring synchronous playback of the elementary streams and proper buffer behavior at the decoder. This paper presents a scheme to multiplex the elementary streams of H.264 video and HE AAC v2 audio using the MPEG2 systems specifications[4], then de-multiplex the transport stream and playback the decoded elementary streams with lip synchronization or audio-video synchronization. This paper briefly introduces the MPEG2 systems, two layers of packetization namely program elementary stream (PES) and transport stream (TS). It also introduces the concept of timestamps. The proposed multiplexing and de-multiplexing algorithms followed to achieve synchronization are explained. It is shown that during decoding the audio-video synchronization is achieved with a maximum skew of 13ms.

Broadside mobility of a disk in a viscous fluid near a plane wall with no-slip boundary condition

The broadside motion of a disk in a viscous fluid towards a planar wall with no-slip boundary condition is studied on the basis of the steady-state Stokes equations. It is shown that flow velocity and pressure of the fluid can be found conveniently from a superposition of elementary complex stream functions. The two amplitude functions characterizing the superposition are found from the numerical solution of a pair of integral equations for the axial and radial velocity components at the disk. The numerical procedure converges fast, provided the distance to the plane is not much smaller than the radius of the disk. For small distance the flow is well approximated by lubrication theory.

EVALUATION OF ELEVATION, SLOPE AND STREAM NETWORK QUALITY OF SPOT DEMS

Abstract. Digital elevation models are considered the most useful data for dealing with geomorphology. The quality of these models is an important issue for users. This quality concerns position and shape. Vertical accuracy is the most assessed in many studies and shape quality is often neglected. However, both of them have an impact on the quality of the final results for a particular application. For instance, the elevation accuracy is required for orthorectification and the shape quality for geomorphology and hydrology. In this study, we deal with photogrammetric DEMs and show the importance of the quality assessment of both elevation and shape. For this purpose, we produce several SPOT HRV DEMs with the same dataset but with different template size, that is one of the production parameters from optical images. Then, we evaluate both elevation and shape quality. The shape quality is assessed with in situ measurements and analysis of slopes as an elementary shape and stream networks as a complex shape. We use the fractal dimension and sinuosity to evaluate the stream network shape. The results show that the elevation accuracy as well as the slope accuracy are affected by the template size. Indeed, an improvement of 1 m in the elevation accuracy and of 5 degrees in the slope accuracy has been obtained while changing this parameter. The elevation RMSE ranges from 7.6 to 8.6 m, which is smaller than the pixel size (10 m). For slope, the RMSE depends on the sampling distance. With a distance of 10 m, the minimum slope RMSE is 11.4 degrees. The stream networks extracted from these DEMs present a higher fractal dimension than the reference river. Moreover, the fractal dimension of the extracted networks has a negligible change according to the template size. Finally, the sinuosity of the stream networks is slightly affected by the change of the template size.

MPEG DASH 기반 service-compatible 3D 콘텐츠 대상 HTTP adaptive streaming 적용방안

최근 3D 입체영상에 대한 소비자들의 관심 증대로 가전 업체들은 3D TV, 3D Monitor등의 제품들을 출시하고 있고, 이에 따라 3D 콘텐츠 시장도 급격히 성장할 것으로 예상된다. 그러나 이러한 3D 콘텐츠를 서비스함에 있어서 보다 높은 대역폭이 요구되어지므로 QoS(Quality of Service)를 보장하지 않는 IP 기반 전송환경에서의 고화질 3D 스트리밍 서비스는 소비자에게 끊김 없는 영상서비스를 제공하는데 제약이 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해서, IP 망 네트워크 환경을 고려하여 사용자들이 원하는 콘텐츠를 네트워크 환경에 따라 적절한 품질로 제공 할 수 있는 적응적 스트리밍 서비스 기술이 현재 국제 표준화 기구인 MPEG(Moving Picture experts Group)에서 DASH(Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP)라는 이름으로 표준화가 진행 중에 있다. 그러나 DASH에서는 독립된 좌, 우 영상이 단일 segment안에 2개의 Elementary Stream(ES)으로 구성되어 있는 service- compatible 기반의 스테레오스코픽 콘텐츠에 대한 명확한 scheme이 나타나지 않는다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 DASH를 이용한 service-compatible 기반의 효율적인 적응적 3D 스트리밍 서비스 제공 방안을 제안한다. DASH를 이용한 3D 서비스는 사용자들에게 IP 망을 통한 다양한 품질의 3D 콘텐츠를 제공함으로써 끊김 없는 3D 스트리밍 서비스가 가능하고, 또한 하나의 3D 콘텐츠로 다양한 디바이스에 적용 가능하다는 이점이 있다. Recently, many consumer electronics manufacturers have produced 3D devices such as 3DTVs and 3D monitors as interests in a stereoscopic video service are getting increased. However, most of 3D services are focused on local storage or bandwidth guaranteed service since 3D stereoscopic video service require bandwidth more stable and larger. This property causes difficulties in seamless stereoscopic video streaming services under IP based open network environment that cannot guarantee quality of services. In order to achieve a seamless video streaming service the international standard organization MPEG (Moving Pictures Experts Group) has developed the adaptive HTTP streaming technology called as DASH (Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP). However, the DASH doesn't have obvious scheme which can express the two elementary video streams based service-compatible stereoscopic contents in one segment. Therefore, this paper proposes a scheme of efficient 3D adaptive streaming service based on the DASH, which covers not only frame-packing stereoscopic contents but also service-compatible ones. The 3D adaptive HTTP streaming scheme introduced in this paper is able to provide 3D contents with various qualities to user and also has benefit that single 3D content can be applied to a variety of devices.

Adaptive streaming of multi-view video over P2P networks

In this paper, we propose a novel solution for the adaptive streaming of 3D representations in the form of multi-view video by utilizing P2P overlay networks to assist the media delivery and minimize the bandwidth requirement at the server side. Adaptation to diverse network conditions is performed regarding the features of human perception to maximize the perceived 3D. We have performed subjective tests to characterize these features and determined the best adaptation method to achieve the highest possible perceived quality. Moreover, we provide a novel method for mapping from scalable video elementary stream to torrent-like data chunks for adaptive video streaming and provide an optimized windowing mechanism that ensures timely delivery of the content over yanlış gibi. The paper also describes techniques generating scalable video chunks and methods for determining system parameters such as chunk size and window length.

Backward-compatible terrestrial digital multimedia broadcasting system for multichannel audio service

In this paper, a Terrestrial Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (T-DMB) system for a multichannel audio service is proposed. The multichannel audio information on the T-DMB system proposed in this paper consists of a stereo audio signal coded by BSAC and additional multichannel side information coded by MPEG surround. These two types of information are conveyed through two elementary streams (ES), respectively. To control two elementary streams, two object descriptor (OD) streams are exploited, each of which transmits OD commands, including ObjectDescriptorUpdate and ES_DescriptorUpdate, related to a stereo audio signal and additional multichannel side information, respectively. With this method, the proposed system can convey multichannel side information while guaranteeing backward compatibility for the legacy T-DMB terminals, and moreover makes it possible to provide various advanced service scenarios with outstanding extensibility.

MPEG-2 TS 기반의 UHDTV 다중화

본 논문에서는 UHDTV(Ultra HDTV)를 위한 MPEG-2 Transport Stream(TS)의 다중화 기법 및 다중화 SW 툴의 설계 및 구현에 대해서 기술한다. 대용량의 UHD 비디오를 처리하기 위해서는 당분간 병렬처리에 기반한 코덱 구현이 불가피하며 이로 인해 다수의 비디오 비트스트림 간의 동기화 및 다중화가 요구된다. 본 논문에서는 4K(또는 8K) 해상도의 UHD 비디오가 4 개의 화면으로 분할되어 각각 H.264/AVC로 부호화되고, 2 개의 5.0 채널의 오디오가 AC-3로 부호화되는 병렬처리 기반의 UHDTV의 TS 다중화를 고려한다. H.264/AVC와 AC-3를 TS로 전송하기 위한 MPEG-2 시스템(Systems) 확장 규격을 반영한 PES 패킷화 및 TS 다중화 툴을 설계한다. 또한 T-STD(TS System Target Decoder)의 타이밍 모델을 만족하도록 T-STD에 정의된 버퍼들의 상태를 모니터링 하면서 다중화 스케쥴링을 수행하고, 한 TS 패킷의 전송 시간 단위로 H/W의 실시간 처리를 에뮬레이션(emulation)하도록 구현한다. UHDTV 다중화를 위해서 재다중화(Re-multiplexing)를 포함하는 UHD 재다중화와 단일 TS로 다중화하는 UHD 프로그램 다중화의 2 가지 구조를 구현하고 이들의 장단점에 대해서 고찰한다. 본 논문에서 설계 구현된 TS 다중화 툴은 상용 분석 툴 및 실시간 재생 툴을 이용하여 규격 및 타이밍의 적합성과 그 기능을 검증한다. In this paper, a method of MPEG-2 Transport Stream (TS) multiplexing for Ultra HDTV (UHDTV) and its design and implementation as a SW tool is described. In practice, UHD video may be divided into several HD videos and each video is encoded in parallel. Therefore, it is necessary to synchronize and multiplex multiple bitstreams encoding each HD video for transmitting and storing UHD video. In this paper, it is assumed that 4 HD videos partitioning a UHD spatially are encoded as H.264/AVC and two 5.0 channel audios are encoded by AC-3. Therefore, 4 H.264/AVC elementary streams (ESs) and 2 AC-3 ESs is mainly considered in the TS multiplexing of UHD. For the carriage of H.264/AVC and AC-3 over MPEG-2 TS, PES packetization and TS multiplexing are designed and implemented based on the extended specification of the MPEG-2 Systems and ATSC (Digital audio compressed standard), respectively. The implemented UHD TS multiplexing tool emulates real time HW operation in the time unit corresponding to the duration of one TS packet transmission in a given TS rate. In particular, in order to satisfy the timing model, the buffers defined in the TS System Target Decoder (T-STD) are monitored and their statuses are considered in the scheduling of TS multiplexing. For UHD multiplexing, two kinds of multiplexing structures, which are UHD re-multiplexing and UHD program multiplexing, are implemented and their strength and weakness are investigated. The developed UHD TS multiplexing tool is tested and verified in terms of the syntax and semantics conformance and functionalities by using a commercial analyzer and real-time presentation tools.

Design and Development of T-DMB Multichannel Audio Service System Based on Spatial Audio Coding

In this paper, a terrestrial digital multimedia broadcasting (T-DMB) multichannel audio broadcasting system based on spatial audio coding is presented. The proposed system provides realistic multichannel audio service via T-DMB with a small increase of data rate as well as backward compatibility with the conventional stereo-based T-DMB player. To reduce the data rate for additional multichannel audio signals, we compress the multichannel audio signals using the sound source location cue coding algorithm, which is an efficient parametric multichannel audio compression technique. For compatibility, we use the dependent property of an elementary stream descriptor, and this property should be ignored in a conventional T-DMB player. To verify the feasibility of the proposed system, we implement the T-DMB multichannel audio encoder and a prototype player. We perform a compatibility test using the T-DMB multichannel audio encoder and conventional T-DMB players. The test demonstrates that the proposed system is compatible with a conventional T-DMB player and that it can provide a promisingly rich audio service.

A novel system multiplexing and program element identification scheme

A novel system multiplexing and program element identification scheme is proposed. Multiplexer periodically inserts program element information table (PEIT) that records position of each transport packet and associated program element identifier. De-multiplexer parses incoming PEIT and extracts needed transport packets based on position offsets. Elementary streams are identified, demultiplexed, and sent to respective decoders for further processing. Packet link table is introduced to improve system error resilience. Compared to packet identifier (PID) match filtering in MPEG-2 systems, proposed PEIT match filtering scheme has advantages in reducing memory access and bandwidth overhead, and is suitable for implementation with a general purpose processor.