Sentence Elements Research Articles

Adaptive Slide Window-Based Feature Cognition for Deceptive Information Identification

Numerous false information come up to be the primary threat for regular communication and cooperation, which always have similar expressions and diffusion patterns with regular information. To recognize deceptive information and alleviate their threat against business and economy, a number of research approaches for deceptive information identification have been proposed. However, these approaches suffer from their rough feature extraction processes, and thus cannot distinguish deceptive information from others. We introduce an adaptive slide-window based feature extraction, which captures semantic features and eliminates the trivial parts from them with adaptive slide windows on sentence elements, in order to facilitate accurate semantic structure representation of various texts. In addition, we propose a deep deceptive information identification model based on the proposed feature extraction scheme. Experiments on three real-world datasets demonstrate that the proposed deep deceptive information identification model can distinguish deceptive information from regular information accurately by extracting the significant features instead of trivial common expressions.

Експресивний компонент емоційного реагування перекладача в усному послідовному двосторонньому перекладі

The article highlights the main issues of consecutive bilateral interpretation from the point of view psycholinguistics and translation studies. The daily translation is a well-established, ordinary, new terminology, which is translated according to a one-sided (sequential) model. The lexical stock of the translator is characterized as a complex system of language units, where the important place is occupied by functional words that serve as connecting or expressive elements in semantic units-phrases and sentences. The communicative process, which is performed according to its status of the language level has analyzed. Varieties of the speaker’s language have distinguished in translation practice. The concept of oral and consecutive translation has substantiated. The sign system of communication has developed. Praxemics has considered as one of the areas of psychology in the study of nonverbal communication, that is covering the doctrine of touch, kinesics, time structure. The physiological basis of the translator’s perception has revealed. The translator is a person who constantly interacts with the world around him. Any act of such interaction is based on the sensory representation of its immediate environment, which includes general orientation, assessment of the location relevant objects, their physical properties, situational significance, behavioral, symbolic or aesthetic content. The concept of „primary information” has formulated, which serves as a source for the emergence and functioning of higher forms of mental activity that is going beyond the immediate given and provide regulation of various oriented, cognitive, practical activities (locomotion, problem solving, social communication or labor operations etc.).

Syntactic Analysis of Sentence Adverbials Observed in the Victorian Novel Jane Eyre

The sentence structure complexity and clause positioning (Staveley, 2013) represent the striking features of the writing style of the 19-th century British fiction writers. The present syntactic study brings detailed quantitative and qualitative syntactic analyses of peripheral sentence elements, sentence (stance) adverbials, occurring in the Victorian novel Jane Eyre (1847), and offers their classification into style and content disjuncts. As the latter ones are generally employed by fiction in the novels’ dialogues and main characters’ reflections (Biber, 1999), the research questions focus predominantly on their function and frequency of use. Content disjuncts help to express the possibility or the doubt of the utterance and explain the outcome of the actions and events happening in the story. The research outcomes have confirmed that content disjuncts considerably contribute to understanding the writing style of Charlotte Bronte. This phenomenon can be further studied and developed in the syntactic analyses of other remarkable 19th century novels and novelists. The research results will find their application not only in the theory and practice of syntax but also in the process of teaching/learning English as a foreign language.

THEMATIC ROLE ASSIGNMENT IN ENGLISH SENTENCES: A QUICK GLANCE AT AN INTERFACE BETWEEN SYNTAX AND SEMANTICS

This paper examines the role of elements of English sentences by employing the approach ofthematic role assignment. The emphasis is on how the positioning of words and phrases insyntactic structure helps determine the roles that the referents of NPs play in the situationdescribed by the sentences. The results reveal that the position of an NP’s determines itsthematic role and. There is a relevance between deep syntactic structure and the assignmentof thematic roles for every NP in the sentence.

المعنى والحکم النحوی عند فاضل السامرائی فی کتابه (معانی النحو)

ملخص البحث اسم البحث: (المعنى والحکم النحوي عند فاضل السامرائي في کتابه (معاني النحو)). اسم الباحث: محمد السيد عبده علي . الوصف: استهدف هذا البحث الکشف عن دور المعنى النحوي في اختيار الدکتور فاضل السامرائي لآرائه النحوية وترجيحاته في کتابه ، وقد اعتمدت فيه المنهج المعياري النحوي، إضافة إلى استقصاء وحصر الآراء محل البحث. واشتمل البحث على مبحثين ، الأول: دراسة تنظيرية عن المعنى النحوي، شملت المعنى النحوي عند القدماء والمحدثين وعلاقة المعنى النحوي بالحکم الإعرابي. وتناول المبحث الثاني آراء الدکتور فاضل في کتابه معاني النحو في ضوء المعنى، وفيه: الآراء النحوية والمعنى، والقاعدة والمعنى ، والتقدير والمعنى، والتداول والمعنى. وأظهرت الدراسة نتائج يمکن جعلها نظرية المعنى عند الدکتور فاضل، وأهم ما فيها: التعبير بطرق مختلفة سواء أفي ترتيب عناصر الجمل أم في اختلاف علامات الإعراب ، وکل اختلاف في تقدير الإعراب أو المحذوف مرتبط بالمعنى. التقدير الملائم مع المعنى الصحيح قد يکون سببا لإجازته قاعدة إعرابية وإن خالف جمهور النحاة. لا يعتد بالحکم النحوي جائز ، واجب بل الأهم لديه أن لکل حکم معنى مغايرا يجب توخيه عند الحديث وفهم الخطاب. لا يعرب کل الأساليب فقد يکتفي بوصف الأسلوب بأنه أسلوب تعجب فقط مثلا. يختار الطرق الإعرابية الأيسر والبعيدة عن التکلف. کلمات مفتاحية: المعنى ، الحکم النحوي ، فاضل السامرائي ، معاني النحو . Research Summary The name of the research: (meaning and grammar when Fadhil Samurai in his book (the meanings of grammar)). Researcher name: Mohamed Elsayed Abdo Ali. Description: This research aimed to reveal the role of grammatical meaning in the selection and weighting of Dr. The research included two topics, the first: a theoretical study on the grammatical meaning, which included the grammatical meaning of the ancients and modernists and the relationship of the grammatical meaning to the Arab rule. The second topic dealt with the views of Dr. Fadel in the book meanings of grammar in the light of meaning, and in it: grammatical and meaning, and the rule and meaning, and appreciation and meaning, and deliberation and meaning. The study showed results that could make the theory of meaning in the virtuous Fator, and most importantly: the expression in different ways, both in the order of the elements of sentences or in the different signs of the expression, and each difference in the estimation of the expression or deleted linked to the meaning. Appropriate appreciation with the correct meaning may be a reason for passing a syntactic rule even if the public disagrees with the grammarians. Grammatical rule is not permissible. It does not express all methods, it may only describe the method as a method of exclamation only for example. Chooses the left and away from the cost of the syntactic methods. Keywords:Meaning, grammar, Fadhil al-Samarrai, meanings of grammar.

KEEFEKTIFAN KALIMAT DALAM TEKS BERITA SISWA KELAS VIII SMP PEMBANGUNAN LABORATORIUM UNP

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to describe the sentences in the student explanation text in terms of four things. First, the effectiveness of sentences in terms of language accuracy, there are 175 (62.94%) errors. Ineffectiveness of the sentence based on elements of syntactic functions (28 errors), missing sentence elements (13 errors), redundant sentence elements (134 errors). Second, the effectiveness of sentences in terms of word accuracy has 18 (06.47%) errors. Ineffectiveness of the sentence lies in the accuracy of the concept (5 errors) and the accuracy of the usage context (13 errors). Third, the effectiveness of sentences in terms of spelling accuracy is 165 (58.63%) errors. The ineffectiveness of the sentence is in the use of capital letters (72 errors), the use of periods (5 errors), the use of commas (40 errors), and writing words (46 errors). Based on these results it can be concluded that the sentences in the news text of class VIII students at SMP Pembangunan Laboratory Laboratory are not effective. This is evidenced from the 278 sentences studied, there were 76 (27.33%) effective sentences and 202 (72.66%) ineffective sentences with 356 errors. Kata kunci: Keefektifan Kalimat, Teks Berita

Word Order in Slovene Dialectal Discourse

There has been little discussion of word order in Slovene to date, even though the first extensive study of clitics and their position in a sentence in Slovene by Matija Murko was published already in 1891–1892. The majority of articles in Slovenian linguistics on word order in the past were based on an analysis of word order in literary texts. Only in the past fifteen years have there been discussions of word order in spoken discourse. This paper discusses on the differences in fixed word order between Slovene dialectal discourse and Standard Slovene written discourse and word order characteristics of the Slovenian dialectal discourse focusing on only selected sentence elements that are subject to fixed word order rules. The analysis of texts from all Slovene dialect groups has shown that three groups of word order features can be distinguished in a study of word order in Slovene dialectal discourse. The first group of features, such as, for example, the initial position of clitics in an utterance, is characteristic of texts from all dialect groups, and is therefore a general word order feature of Slovene dialectal discourse. The second group includes word order characteristics that are found only in the texts of certain dialect groups, for example the separated position of the particle ne and the verb in Littoral dialects and the position of the past participle of the verb biti ‘to be’ at the end of the utterance in Pannonian dialects; these characteristics can be considered as specific features of particular Slovene dialectal discourses. The third group of characteristics is made up of those that can be found in all texts but nevertheless differ in the frequency of their use, for example, the position of the adjective premodifier in agreement with the noun and noun/ prepositional phrase modifiers in a noun phrase as well as the position of the verb (past participle or infinitive) at the end of the utterance. The frequency of use in these cases is the criterion that shows whether the word order characteristic is well established and can thus be understood as an established word order variant in the dialect or rather a dialectal word order rule, or is sporadic and as such the result of a basic pattern in spoken language, i.e. short planning time, which does not allow for the deliberate structuring of utterances.

KONSTRUKSI KALIMAT KESANTUNAN BERBAHASA: KOMUNIKASI MAHASISWA DAN DOSEN STMIK STIKOM INDONESIA

This research aims at analyzing about politeness of STMIK STIKOM Indonesia’s students and lecturers based on their sentence construction in communicating on social media. The data was collected from documentation of their conversation on social media in two semesters of 2017 until 2018. Theory of Pragmatic from Leech and structural theory from Alwi are applied in this research. The research indicates that based on the number of clauses students and lecturers use simple sentence and compound sentence. Based on the syntactic form of the sentence, they use declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamation, and affirmative sentence. Based on the completeness of the sentence element, they use complete and incomplete sentence. Based on the word sequence pattern, they use regular and inversion word sequence pattern

The order study of the sentence elements in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh

بررسی ومطالعۀ دستوری متون نظم و نثر کلاسیک در شناخت این آثار اهمیت ویژه‌ای دارد. تا کنون پژوهشگران گوناگونی با نگاهی دستوری متون کلاسیک را مورد بررسی قرار داده‌اند. نگارنده در این مقاله داستان سیاوش وداستان رستم و سهراب را با محوریت نظم و ترتیب ارکان و اجزای جمله مورد بررسی قرار می‌دهد. نتایج پژوهش نشان می‌دهد بسامد جملاتی با برهم‌ریختگی ترتیب کلام در شاهنامه بالاست.
 مهم‌ترین ویژگی‌های بلاغی و زبانی شاهنامه را می‌توان در واژه‌سازی، الگوهای زبانی، ترکیب واژگان، و خصیصه‌های فعل جست‌وجو کرد.
 در این بخش از مقاله گروهی از جملات را استخراج نمودیم. ابتدا به یک دسته‌بندی کلی رسیدیم. در این دسته‌بندی جملات را به دو بخشِ جملات مرتب و جملات مشوّش تقسیم‌بندی نمودیم. در جملات مرتب ارکان و اجزای کلام با ترتیب معمول و مرسوم آمده و در جملات مشوّش جملاتی که ترتیب آنها به هم ریخته ، ذکر شده است. علاوه براین جملات مرتب نیز به دوستۀ مرتب نوع 1 ومرتب نوع 2 تقسیم‌بندی شدند. در جملات مرتب نوع 1 جملات براساس الگوی «فاعل (مسندالیه) + وابستۀ فعل + فعل» ساخته شده است و الگوی کلام در جملات مرتب نوع 2 « وابستۀ فعل + فاعل (مسندالیه) + فعل» است.
 یکی از مهم‌ترین ویژگی‌های جملات مشوّش، تقدیم فعل در جمله است. این کاربرد با اهداف گوناگونی انجام می‌شود. یکی از مهم‌ترین این اهداف، رعایت قوانین و قواعد آهنگ و وزن کلام است. گزینۀ بعدی که یکی دیگر از دلایل رویکرد است، تأکید بر کنش‌هاست.
 ازدیاد تقدیم فعل و بسامد بالای این نوع کاربرد جملات در شاهنامه نشان‌دهندۀ تأکید و اهمیت کنش‌ها در شاهنامه است. از آنجا که شاهنامه متنی عمل‌گراست، فعل و عمل نقشی مهم در آن ایفا می‌کند. حضور فعل در ابتدای جمله نیز تأکیدی بر اهمیت فعل و کنش از سوی اشخاص داستان است.
 نتایج بررسی‌ها نشان داد جملات مرتب نوع 1، 35 مورد، جملات مرتب نوع 2، 18 مورد و جملات مشوّش 62 مورد فراوانی داشته‌اند .این آمار نشان می‌دهد که بسامد جملات مشوّش و یا به عبارتی دیگر، جملاتی با بدون رعایت نظم و ترتیب اجزای کلام بالاست. این کاربرد علاوه بر رعایت وزن و آهنگ کلام به هدف و رسالت کلام و لحن حماسی برمی‌گردد. اهمیت کنش‌ها و تأکید بر فعل یکی دیگر از اقبال شاهنامه به این نوع کاربردهاست.

Interlanguage performed by students of English literature study program

The present study attempts to present the evidence of how learners of English as Second Language perform the target language by involving 20 participants from one of state universities in Yogyakarta. The participants are sitting in the first semester majoring English Literature. In investigating the target language performance this study used a writing assignment namely recount text in order to identify language development in relation to grammar acquisition comitted by the learners. Errors made by the learners tend to show interlanguage that the learners performance gains immediate status between native language and target language. The study found that the leaners explored 15 grammar aspects including past tense, modality, to + infinitive , gerund, make, passive voice ,sentence elements, prepositions, articles, collocations, singular and plural nouns, pronouns, relative pronouns, question word order and native language transfer. The approximate cause of the errors are overgeneralization , learning strategy and native transfer. Moreover, overgeneralization becomes the most frequent in making errors that is by consistently using past tense in dealing with verbs. Thus, it is suggested that the teacher is necessary to sharpen the material spesifically based on actual evidence of learners’ performance in order to accomodate what the learners need.

پێكهاتێن رستێ ل دویڤ رێزمانا ئه‌ركى و بۆزڤڕین

رستێن زمانێ كوردی ژى وه‌كى زمانێن دیتر پێدڤیه‌ ل دویڤ تیورێن جودا جودا پتر بهێنه‌ شروڤه‌كرن بۆ هندێ ئه‌م بشین د ناڤ تیورێن شروڤه‌كرنا زمانیدا تیوره‌كا گونجای ده‌ستنیشان بكه‌ین بۆ شروڤه‌كرنا رستێن زمانێ كوردی، له‌ورا هه‌لبژارتنا رێزمانا ئه‌ركى و بۆزڤڕین ب مه‌ره‌ما شروڤه‌كرنا رستا زمانێ كوردى، پێنگاڤه‌كه‌ بۆ هندێ لێكولینێه‌كا جیاواز بیت ل لێكولینێن دیترێن زمانى، كو د بوارێ رستێدا هاتینه‌ ئه‌نجامدان. ریزمانا ئه‌ركى و بۆزڤڕین ئیك ژ تیورێن فورمی _ ئه‌ركییه‌، كو ژ لایێ هه‌ردوو زمانڤانان (فولى) و (ڤان ڤالین) هاته‌ راگه‌هاندن وه‌ك به‌رسڤه‌ك بۆ رێزمانا به‌رهه‌مهینانێ سه‌باره‌ت لایه‌نێ گشتگیریا زمانان، ئه‌ڤ رێزمانه‌ د چارچوڤێ پێكهاتێن رێزمانیدا سه‌ره‌ده‌ریێ دگه‌ل لایه‌نێ سینتاكسى، سیمانتیكى و پراگماتیكێ دكه‌ت وه‌كى سێ پێكهاتێن جیاواز و د هه‌مان ده‌مدا پێكڤه‌گرێدایی ژى، كو د چارچوڤێ پێكهاتێن سینتاكسی، پێكهاتێن لوژیكى و پێكهاتا زانیاریێن رستێ شروڤه‌ دكه‌ت. ئه‌ڤ لێكولینه‌ زێده‌تر بۆ ده‌ستنیشانكرنا پێكهاتا رستێ هاتیه‌ بكارهینان، واتا ده‌ستنیشانكرنا جهێ پێكهاتێن رستێ دناڤ ریزمانا ئه‌ركی و بۆ زڤریندا، كو ئه‌و رستێن هاتیه‌ دیاركرن زێده‌تر ل زمانێ رۆژانه‌ و ژێده‌ران هاتینه‌ وه‌رگرتن.

Google Translate’s Rendition of Verb-Subject Structures in Arabic News Reports

The present paper attempts to shed light on one of the issues of Arabic-English translation by the Google Translate service. The renditions provided for verb-subject structures in several news reports are compared and contrasted with the originals in order to come up with some rules which could assist in regulating the translation of the basic elements of the Arabic sentence in the above genre. A number of factors are taken into consideration, such as the length of the subject NP and the verb form and function. GT’s rendition of news reports may be improved by introducing certain rules associated with number and articles as well as a limited number of reporting verbs.

Discourse and metadiscourse of Hebrew SOV in the heated parliamentary arena

This paper examines the syntactic, informational, discursive, and metadiscursive functions of the SOV construction in heated parliamentary dialogic discourse. Syntax and information structure coincide in the SOV construction, creating a tripartite structure, in which the initial subject is topicalized, the medially positioned object contains defocalized topical material, and the reduced object-less VP constitutes a narrowed down focus domain, containing the newsworthy element. Discursively, the subject and the newsworthy element stand in contrast with parallel elements in a paired sentence, which is often only implicit. Metadiscursively, the SOV construction is employed in the heated parliamentary arena for an emotively accentuated expression of propriety/impropriety.

Google Translate’s Rendition of Verb-Subject Structures in Arabic News Reports

The present paper attempts to shed light on one of the issues of Arabic-English translation by the Google Translate service. The renditions provided for verb-subject structures in several news reports are compared and contrasted with the originals in order to come up with some rules which could assist in regulating the translation of the basic elements of the Arabic sentence in the above genre. A number of factors are taken into consideration, such as the length of the subject NP and the verb form and function. GT’s rendition of news reports may be improved by introducing certain rules associated with number and articles as well as a limited number of reporting verbs..

Sentiment Classification Using Text Embedding for Thai Teaching Evaluation

Sentiment classification gains a lot of attention nowadays. For a university, the knowledge obtained from classifying sentiments of student learning in courses is highly valuable, and can be used to help teachers improve their teaching skills. In this research, sentiment classification based on text embedding is applied to enhance the performance of sentiment classification for Thai teaching evaluation. Text embedding techniques considers both syntactic and semantic elements of sentences that can be used to improve the performance of the classification. This research uses two approaches to apply text embedding for classification. The first approach uses fastText classification. According to the results, fastText provides the best overall performance; its highest F-measure was at 0.8212. The second approach constructs text vectors for classification using traditional classifiers. This approach provides better performance over TF-IDF for k-nearest neighbors and naïve Bayes. For naïve Bayes, the second approach yields the best performance of geometric mean at 0.8961. The performance of TF-IDF is better suited to using decision tree than the second approach. The benefit of this research is that it presents the workflow of using text embedding for Thai teaching evaluation to improve the performance of sentiment classification. By using embedding techniques, similarity and analogy tasks of texts are established along with the classification.

Pedagogical grammar as the frameworkof tefl research.part 7. native language syntax acquisition: conceptual complexity

The paper presents the results of the experimental data analysis in the said sphere. Basing upon a high degree of the data similarity, the author makes a conclusion that the native language (English) syntax acquisition is a rule-governed process with its specific stages. Taking into account the said data, the author also offers some assumptions concerning the content of stages in the process of tag questions, negation, passive constructions and relative clauses acquisition in English as a native language, as well as regarding the conditions of fully inverted tag questions emergence in the child’s speech and the potential catalysts of this process. The paper analyses the influence of the minimal proximity principle on the correct interpretation of relative clauses and those containing passive constructions by the young children of different age groups. The author offers an assumption concerning the gradual character of the acquisition of conceptually complicated syntactic categories, in particular, about the dissimilar transfer speed of the passive construction use rule to the verbs indicating actions, on the one hand, and states – on the other. The paper lists the factors affecting the sequence and speed of the syntactic means acquisition, which include the semantic and grammatical complexity, frequency of use and perceptual salience. The author generalizes the stages of syntax acquisition, which include the acquirement of the sentence structure elements linear sequence (where the notions of ‘precedence’ and ‘succession’ are acquired); the acquisition of the rules, which do not take into account the sentence structure; the primary consolidation of sentence elements in terms of their surface features; the identification of sentence components on the basis of the minimum proximity principle; the formulation of the rule, which takes into account the sentence structure and its expansion to a small class of words; the gradual expansion of the latter rule to the entire class of words. The paper outlines the prospects of further research concerning the development of pedagogical grammar, taking into account the abovementioned conclusions.

PENGGUNAAN KALIMAT TUNGGAL DALAM KUMPULAN DONGENG BERBAHASA INDONESIA

The purpose of this research are (1) to describe the simple sentences type based on the class of words which occupy the predicate, (2) to describe simple sentence pattern, (3 )to describe expansion of the elements in the simple sentences found in the fairytales collection of Indonesian language. Type of this research is a descriptive qualitative research. Data collection techniques in the research by using the simak method then advanced techniques are namely simak bebas libat cakap technique dan noted technique. Data analysis techniques in this research are used agih method with bagi unsur langsung technique, lesap technique, ganti technique, balik technique, and read markah technique. The results of data analysis are informal and formal methods. The results of this study is suggest that (1) a simple sentences type based on the class words that occupy predicate in the fairytales collection namely verbal predicate sentence, nominal predicate sentence, adjectival, prepositional phrase predicate sentences, (2) the general pattern of simple sentences in the collection fairytales of Indonesian language namely S + P + (O) + (Mop) + (Ket) and its realization is S + P, S + P + (Mop), S + P + (O), S + P + (K), S + P + (Mop) + (Ket), S + P + (O) + (Ket), S + P + (O) + (Mop), (Ket) + S + P, (Ket) + S + P + (O) , (Ket) + S + P + (Ket), (Ket) + S + P + (Mop), (Ket) + S + P + (O) + (Ket), (3) expansion of the elements of simple sentences in the fairytales collection is divided into 3 namely the addition of the elements of the description, the addition of the noun vocative, and the addition of apposition.

Declarative and Interrogative Sentences in The Film “American Sniper”

This paper entitled “Declarative and Interrogative Sentences in the Film “American Sniper” is mainly aimed to identify the kinds and functions of declarative and interrogative sentences used in this film directed by Clint Eastwood. The data of this study is declarative and interrogative sentences taken from film entitled American Sniper. This study was using qualitative and documentary methods. The data were analyzed qualitatively in accordance with some related theories to define the kinds and functions of declarative and interrogative sentences. The theories used in this study are declarative sentence theory “Declarative sentence is a sentence that used to expressing of the statement, it completely formed sentence elements such a subject, verb, object, and another element.” by Quirk (1985) and interrogative sentence theory “Interrogative is a term used in grammar to refer to features that form questions.” by John Eastwood (1994). Then the data were presented descriptively by explaining the process and the result of discussion. The finding in the analysis shows that declarative and interrogative sentences was used in the film American Sniper. The result is: two kinds of declarative sentences, positive and negative declarative sentence, and eight kinds of interrogative sentences: (a) yes-no question; (b) w-h question; (c) suggestion; (d) command; (e) request; (f) greeting; (g) confirmation; (h) offering.

SYNTACTIC CATEGORY AND ITS FUNCTIONS

This research described about the“Syntactic Category and its Functions” of English language which only implemented on the “present tense”. This research was more focused on some certain sentences elements and expanded into some type of verbs such as ordinary intransitive, complex-intransitive, semitransitive, ordinary monotransitive,complex-transitive, ditransitive and prepositional partial of ditransitive. This research was intended to increase the English learners and teachers’ abilities to have a better understanding related to the sentence elements of English language in the future time. The theories of syntax proposed by Huddleston and Pullum (2005) and Verhaar (2012) were appliedto determine the syntax category and its functions in this research.The introspective reflexsive method was applied to gain the data in this research, however the qualitative descriptive method was applied to analyse the data in this research.

A contra-linguistic study of negation in Korean and English

Abstract Negation is frequently found in every language, and many logicians or linguists have been carrying out research on it. Their investigations are, however, mostly confined to the languages of Europe. Although some of them pay attention to non-European languages, we can hardly find research on negation in Korean. In this paper, we carry out contra-linguistic analysis of four aspects of negation in Korean and English. First, we compare the expressions of negative elements in Korean and English sentences. Second, we contrast the types of negation in Korean with those of English. Third, we draw a distinction between Korean and English in what decides the scope of negation. Finally, we contrast the answers to questions which contain negative elements.