Material Elements Research Articles

Movement, movie-making, and soil art: hope in affectively de/composing pedagogies

ABSTRACT In the complexities of current realities, we are a writing collective of educators interested in placing hope in the present, particularly in composing practices and pedagogies. Drawing on a post-qualitative methodology, we weave together examples of practices of dance/movement, digital movie-making, and soil artivism with specific concepts of affect-as/is-hope. As a counternarrative to writing pedagogies and assessments that are increasingly standardized, product-oriented, technical, rational, and disembodied, we introduce the term de/composing pedagogies to conceptualize the potential in processes of becoming/making/meaning-making that are always something else/more/different and even less. De/composing pedagogies help us name, describe, experience, and examine – individually and collectively – what is moving us and our practices more intensely and deeply; what is making possible new ways of being/becoming/doing for us and for our co-learners (e.g. the teachers and students we work with); and what is expanding potential for us as writers/composers/educators in and across various situations and contexts. As (re)sources of hope, we close with pedagogical questions related to composing through/with elements of experimentation, embodiment, an emphasis on relation and (re)connection, ephemeral and material elements, (e)motion, and the emergence of meaning-making.

"Material !Ndeed" Workshop Series as a Hyper-Focus Niche at the Intersection of Material Selection and Architectural Design Tools

This study examines the "Material !ndeed" workshop series held during the summer semesters of 2021-2022 and 2022-2023 at Özyeğin University's Faculty of Architecture and Design. This research assesses the efficacy of "hyper-focused learning," which prioritizes intensive study on a single topic, compared to "hypo-focused learning," which encompasses multiple topics within the same academic semester. The principal objective is to equip architecture undergraduate students with a comprehensive understanding of architectural sub-specialties through a hyper-focused learning approach. The workshops are designed to enhance students' research skills and ability to apply obtained knowledge to various design fields. The workshops offer a complementary learning experience that strengthens their knowledge generation and sharing skills with peer learning. The Material Indeed workshops are configured as a ten-day practice with the participation of fifteen to thirty students, focusing on systematic material selection methods, building components, elements, and conceptual design processes. The initial workshop served as a pilot study, while the second workshop was designed to facilitate the transfer of scientific knowledge to practical applications regarding pilot study results. During the second workshop, students commence seminars on building materials and representational tools, after which they undertake tasks to research and represent the various properties of building materials employed in exterior wall systems. They conduct tectonic analyses of built examples and develop 1/10 scale exterior wall models, synthesizing their findings into the design process. The workshop methodology is based on Kolb's learning process, which combines passive learning through seminars, active learning through research, and experiential learning through model-making. The study evaluates the impact of the workshops on design education, the hyper-focused learning approach, and the educational methods used. A questionnaire applied to participants led to the formulation of a discussion on the potential of hyper-focused learning, intending to improve the quality of design education.

Curating and co-producing atmospheres in street food markets: Exploring the roles and interplay between people, food and spaces

Street food markets are increasingly popular in cities around the world. While their size, formality and success differ, each market offers an affective atmosphere consisting of material and immaterial elements including the food, traders, consumers, aesthetics, sights, smells, sounds and connections to places and heritage. Studies assert that affective atmospheres are staged, yet the actors and activities involved in these processes remain poorly understood. Drawing on 9 months of ethnographic fieldwork, this paper applies the concept of curation to affective atmospheres and examines the curatorial practices of street food market organisers in London. Rather than promoting ‘good’ food, it demonstrates that these commercially motivated curators match demand with ‘appropriate’ (1) spaces, (2) food and (3) people. The paper argues that affective atmospheres are partially staged, in advance, by market organisers but also co-produced by the performances and interactions of traders, consumers, food and other non-human elements during market events. It also asserts that spaces contain and shape affective atmospheres and highlights how specific motivations shape the nature of curation and affective atmospheres.

The rate of profit and changes in the composition of capital

This article discusses two aspects of the influence of the value composition of capital (VCC) on the evolution of the rate of profit. First, it shows how changes in this composition caused by variations in the value of the material elements of constant capital or variable capital affect the rate of profit. Second, it discusses the effect of organic changes in the VCC and of their combination with changes in value on the rate of profit. The conclusion relativizes the theoretical importance of the fall in the rate of profit resulting from an increase in value compared to that resulting from an increase in the organic composition and emphasizes the distinction between tendency and countertendencies in the context of the law of the tendential fall in the rate of profit, based on the distinction between the concepts of value and organic composition of capital.

EXPLORING THE TEMOKAN TRADITION IN JAVANESE WEDDINGS: AN ANTHROPOLINGUISTIC APPROACH

This study explores the textual, contextual, and non-contextual elements of the Temokan tradition, a vital aspect of Javanese traditional wedding ceremonies. Specifically, it examines the interplay between text, co-text, and context within these ceremonial performances. Data were collected through interviews with informants and analyzed using a descriptive qualitative method combined with an ethnographic approach. The research identifies 10 distinct performances and 10 associated texts, involving 8 types of objects classified based on their co-textual features. The co-text in the Temokan tradition includes material elements such as objects used in the ceremonies, the spatial arrangement and distance between participants, and gestures that convey symbolic meaning. Contextual elements encompass ideological, social, cultural, and situational factors, illustrating the depth and richness of the tradition. These elements are further embedded with values and norms, including religious, logical, ethical, and aesthetic dimensions. Norms such as etiquette, customary practices, legal expectations, and habitual behaviors further reflect the tradition's cultural significance. From an anthropolinguistic perspective, the study highlights key performances such as Gantalan Sadak, Wiji Dadi, Wiji Suku, Sindur Binayang, Pangkon Timbang, Tanduring Pengantin, Kacar-Kucur, Dahar Kembul, Martuwi, and Sungkeman. These performances encapsulate the symbolic, cultural, and social meanings that sustain the Temokan tradition's role in preserving Javanese identity and heritage. This research contributes to understanding how linguistic and cultural practices interweave in traditional ceremonies.

Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Berbasis Multimedia

This article discusses the urgency of effective multimedia-based teaching materials in improving students' learning experience as a solution to the challenges of the times. By looking at the challenges of stagnant traditional education and the lack of utilization of technology in developing teaching materials. By utilizing various multimedia elements such as text, images, audio, and video, this research explores the use of multimedia on student motivation and understanding in the learning process. This article uses the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method to explore various studies related to the use of Multimedia in the preparation of teaching materials. The results show that the use of multimedia-based teaching materials not only increases students' interest in learning but also significantly improves learning outcomes. Feedback from users shows that interactive and visual elements in learning materials are very helpful in understanding complex concepts. This study concludes that the integration of multimedia in education can be an effective strategy to improve the quality of learning in the digital era.

Geochemical distribution of elements in the environmental media from the surroundings of open pit areas

The results of geochemical investigations - carried out within the framework of the European project LIFE IP RESTART - in the degraded areas of the Kopriva (deposit of natural stone-limestone) and Lipovški vrh (deposit of limestone for industrial purposes) open pits are presented. There test sites of the installation of secondary raw materials (a mixture of recycled materials and mineral raw materials) with the aim of revitalizing degraded surfaces are planned. The main goal of this study is to define the baseline geochemical distribution of elements in environmental materials (rocks, soil, stream sediment and surface water) for the purpose of monitoring the potential environmental impacts of installed secondary raw materials. In rocks Ca content predominates due to the geological setting (predominantly limestone) of the studied areas. According to the legislative guidelines for soil, exceedances have been found for Pb in one sample (origin can be natural or anthropogenic) and Ni in two samples (presumably natural origin) from the area of Kopriva. In the area of Lipovški vrh in the stream Suhi Potok, higher contents of Mg, Na, Sr, Ca, Mn and S occur in the downstream sediment compared to upstream sediment. It is assumed higher contents occur due to anthropogenic contribution of carbonate material along the stream (washing of materials from nearby open pit and road). In the surface water of Suhi Potok, higher concentrations of S, Sr, B, U and Zn were determined. However, the concentrations did not exceed the legislative guidelines.

Gender-based sexual violence in the case law of international tribunals

The article states that the concept of sexual violence (both gender-based and non-gender- based) has a very broad manifestation, which is substantiated by the case law of international tribunals. The list of such acts of sexual violence in the judgments of international tribunals is not complete but approximate and includes, in particular, beating, biting, mutilation or other damage to an intimate part of the body, causing another person to have foreseeable fears or fear of acts of sexual violence, in particular through the use of sexual threats; forcing a person to masturbate to himself or herself or another person; forcing a person to witness acts of a sexual nature; forced abortion; forced marriage; forcing a person to undress partially or completely and perform movements, including dancing, exercising or marching naked; examining another person’s private parts or the occurrence of menstrual cycles in women; kissing or licking another person’s body, especially an intimate part of it; touching another person in a sexual manner, such as touching an intimate part of the body, including an intimate part of the body, a weapon or other object. Based on the analysis of the case law of international tribunals, the author concludes that the concept of sexual violence is gender-neutral in itself, sexual violence may include coercion to engage in appropriate behaviour, in particular, with oneself or with a third party, and may include both physical and non-physical sexual acts, and in determining the existence of sexual violence, one should focus on the victim’s sexual humiliation or deterioration. In addition, sexual violence is understood in the case law of international tribunals through the prism of the victim’s lack of consent. The author identifies such a material element of sexual violence as a component of war crimes or crimes against humanity as a comparable degree of severity. In particular, an act of sexual violence is considered a war crime during an armed conflict of an international nature if it has a degree of gravity comparable to serious violations of the Geneva Conventions, namely, intentional killing, torture or inhuman treatment, etc.

Elements of Assemblage in Northern Informal Fisheries: Solidarity, Norms, Pink Salmon, Atlantic Salmon

We approach informal fisheries in the Murmansk region by employment of the concept of M. DeLanda. DeLanda’s concept mainly associates with the construction of a horizontal ontology, as an alternative to the traditional vertical structures that advocate a hierarchical understanding of the world and the exclusivity of humans. M. DeLanda’s horizontal ontology allows considering different-level components of fishing in two interdependent axes: 1) “material – expressive”; 2) “synthetic – variable”. The analysis of these axes allows us to analyze the problem of the lack of positive attitude of local population to the abundance of pink salmon, which is one of the most significant material components of the assemblage of informal fisheries in the Murmansk region. The theoretical explication of this problem is connected with the possibility of realising the synthesis of material elements, which – in themselves – are connected with different spheres of life activity. Historical and spatial plots show various aspects of the connection between the material and expressive poles of fish assemblage, and reveal the possibility of scaling the informal practices of the North particularly, in the Murmansk region. Pink salmon has the potential to change assemblage through exteriority – the inclusion of external elements. Figure of a salmon occupies a position between the material and the expressive stabilizing the assemblage of northern informal fishing and embodying the community's identification with place and its history. Solidarity sets patterns of behavior that define not only “us” and “them” but also the many in-betweens. Informal norms reflect perceptions of the image of the “golden mean” in fishing in the North. The connection to history and to a place, manifested in local identification, opens up the possibility of altering the agency of pink salmon in terms of expressivity.

Exploring the effect of digital and multisensory educational materials on retention in primary school using Tangible User Interfaces

ABSTRACT The spreading of digital tools for learning has been impressive in later years. Some attempts have been made to augment traditional tools with digital solutions, still offering the chance to propose multisensory stimulation and interactivity. In this context, the aim of this study is to strengthen the importance of a multisensorial approach as a key factor in the development of learning devices in educational settings. We focused on investigating if there was a significant difference in knowledge retention when adding to the learning experience the stimulation of increasingly more sensorial channels using tangible interfaces. Results indicate that children recall more information if the interface is enhanced through multisensory materials including auditory, visual, and olfactory stimuli. This effect is even stronger when the time between exposition and recall is longer. This study supports the potential of merging digital and physical elements in educational materials to foster learning, in particular, it adds new data supporting the use of the sense of smell to improve memory retention.

Colonial fantasies of invulnerability to climate change

ABSTRACT Despite an ever-growing critical literature, vulnerability retains its place as a dominant concept in climate politics. What is less heavily researched is the concept of “invulnerability,” an idea that feminist and decolonial theory has many tools to critique. After unpacking the material and discursive elements of vulnerability politics, this article focuses on invulnerability as a concept that is an influential yet unexplored set of masculine and colonial fantasies. These fantasies – of modernity, mastery, and continentalism – are critiqued through different critical traditions, which are brought into conversation with climate politics literature. I then discuss the counternarratives of Oceanic thought, following Teresia Teaiwa’s prompt to “island the world.” I argue that this can be done through a focus on care, relationality, and a decolonial politics of resistance. I conclude that resisting the politics of vulnerability requires an engagement with critical feminist and decolonial thought to enable an imaginative piercing of the fantasies of invulnerability.

Assessment of the authenticity of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) flowers by scanning electron microscopy

Introduction. Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) is a plant widely used in official and folk medicine in many countries. Pharmacopoeia raw materials in the Russian Federation are only horse chestnut seeds. Flowers, due to the fraction of phenolic derivatives and triterpene saponins contained in them, are a promising medicinal plant raw material, presumably having a venotonizing and membrane-protective effect. To obtain medicinal herbal preparations based on horse chestnut flowers, it is required to have regulatory documentation containing a list of quality indicators, including a description of the signs of its authenticity (morphology and anatomy). Scanning electron microscopy is one of the advanced methods that have recently been increasingly used in medicine and pharmacognostic analysis. Unlike light microscopy, the method provides a three-dimensional spatial representation of diagnostically significant signs of medicinal plant raw materials.Aim. The aim of the study was to study the morphology of the surface of horse chestnut flowers by scanning electron microscopy.Materials and methods. The object of the study was dried whole flowers of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.), collected in the Voronezh region in 2023 at the beginning of flowering. The pieces of flowers were pre-sprayed with silicon on an automatic spraying unit Q150R ES (Quorum Technologies Ltd., Great Britain). Micrographs were obtained using the JSM-6510LV electron microscope (JEOL Ltd., Japan).Results and discussion. The micrographs obtained during the analysis showed diagnostically significant features of the flower structure: the epidermal cells of the corolla petals are polygonal, irregularly shaped, some elongated with sinuous folds. Pollen grains can be collected in cluster-like clusters, located separately or found singly. The surface of the corolla petal is covered with numerous often twisting hairs having a rough-warped structure and a cone-shaped base with a clearly defined attachment point. The surface of the staminate filaments is striated, with longitudinal folds with single unicellular hairs. The anther has a folded shape, its surface is lined with scaly epidermal cells with rough and thickened walls. The surface of the calyx, including the pedicel, is also densely pubescent with numerous trichomes.Conclusion. The scanning electron microscopy method was used for the first time to study the morphological and anatomical features of horse chestnut flowers. The structure of the main diagnostically significant structures of this LRS has been clarified. The morphology of the epidermis surface of the petals of the corolla and calyx, trichomes, pollen filaments, anthers and pollen grains of flowers has been determined. It has been established that carbon and oxygen are the predominant elements of the raw materials.

New Modes of Materiality in the Angoysses douloureuses qui procedent d’amours (1538) by Hélisenne de Crenne

This article moves outside the conventional methodologies of visual and literary studies and material bibliography to produce a reading of the Angoysses douloureuses that demonstrates how the text and the material object of the book can be read together to recreate inscribed reading practices, including those of women readers in addition to the reading communities (of women) evoked by the text alone. The narrative of the Angoysses douloureuses displays a preoccupation with representing the materiality of the text throughout the work by means of letters exchanged between the lovers, a single, continuous narrative written by the heroine Helisenne, a manuscript book recuperated from beside her body, and a printed book whose circulation in Paris was sanctioned by Jupiter. This interest in the text’s material form goes beyond representational issues to include woodcuts and chapter headings, showing the capacity of representation to collaborate with the materiality of the printed book in producing meaning. These material elements variously show us how the text seeks to conform to the convention of publishing women’s writing posthumously while also indicating how materiality might both anticipate and shape reading practices. They also allow us to read the material book as one that delineates the problematics of a female-authored work circulating in print at this early point in the sixteenth century.

The Implementation of Ethnomathematics-Based Student Worksheet “Surya Majapahit” on the Circle Elements Material to Build Creative Thinking of Elementary Students

Objective: The application of an ethnomathematics-based student worksheet can be associated with Surya Majapahit's cultural heritage in the material of the elements of a circle. The purpose of this study is to describe the application of Surya Majapahit ethnomathematics-based worksheet as a mathematics learning resource, in addition to knowing the perceptions of teachers and students on the results of the application of Surya Majapahit ethnomathematics-based student worksheet carried out, as well as knowing the effect of applying Surya Majapahit ethnomathematics-based student worksheet in building students' creative thinking skills through the evaluation stage Method: This research uses descriptive qualitative research. This study's research subjects were 6th-grade students of Lengkong II Public School, Mojokerto Regency. Results: The results of data analysis through material validation in this study show that geometry concepts and values in Surya Majapahit ethnomathematics are seen through values and patterns in each period of government and culture that entered the archipelago. Student learning outcomes show "complete" above the criteria for achieving learning objectives. The results showed an average summative evaluation of 90 and a formative of 92.8, so students can optimize creative thinking skills on local wisdom content with geometry material elements. Novelty: The research innovatively incorporates ethnomathematics, precisely the "Surya Majapahit" Circle elements, into elementary school mathematics learning. This cultural integration can enhance students' engagement and understanding of mathematical concepts. The study seeks to foster a more imaginative and innovative approach to creative problem-solving using ethnomathematics and engaging activities.

Study Regarding the Possibility of Using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) on Earthen Construction Evaluation

The determination of drying period, compressive strength, and air-dry density represent crucial parameters for assessing the quality and performance of earthen construction materials. This paper explores the possibilities of using the ultrasonic method as a non-destructive testing technique applied to earthen materials (specimens, elements, or structures) to determine these properties. The method relies on the measurement of ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), which is influenced by factors such as density, elasticity, and curing process. By analyzing the propagation of ultrasonic waves through earthen samples, valuable insights can be gained regarding their drying period, compressive strength, and density. The drying period of earthen samples can be determined using the ultrasonic method by monitoring the changes in pulse velocity over time. As the moisture content decreases during the drying process, the velocity of ultrasonic waves increases due to the reduced presence of water. This allows for the estimation of the drying period without the need for time-consuming and destructive testing methods. Compressive strength is also a critical parameter in assessing the structural integrity of earthen materials. The UPV method offers a non-destructive approach to determine the compressive strength of earthen samples. This provides a valuable tool for quality control and assessment of earthen construction materials. Density is another important property that influences their performance and the UPV method can be used to determine the density of earthen materials by measuring the ultrasonic pulse velocity and analyzing its relationship with density. This non-destructive approach allows for quick and efficient estimation of the compactness and quality of earthen mixes. Overall, the ultrasonic method offers a non-destructive and efficient approach in determining the drying period, compressive strength, and density of various soil compositions. By measuring the pulse velocity and analyzing its relationship with these properties, valuable insights can be gained regarding the quality and performance of earthen construction materials. This method has the potential to significantly improve the assessment and quality control processes in earthen construction, leading to more sustainable and reliable structures associated with the earthen techniques.

Sociomaterial production of parents’ positions in the ECEC institution

Much of the discussion about parents’ positions in the early childhood education and care (ECEC) institution relates to the discussion of ECEC quality, in which parental involvement is a key factor. This article suggests that focusing on the sociomaterial nature of the reality, including quality, will help to furnish a more nuanced view of how parents’ positions within the ECEC institution are shaped. The concept of assemblage is used as a tool to examine how parents’ positions are produced in interaction between situational social, symbolic, and material elements related to local ways of organizing ECEC and families’ situations. The research material consists of interviews with parents of four-year-old (n=51) children. The analysis focused on the parents’ varying positions and how they are produced in sociomaterial assemblages. Four case families, each of which illuminates how a certain position within the ECEC institution is produced, were chosen to demonstrate the usefulness of the concept of assemblage in understanding the productive force of the interlinkage between families’ varying life circumstances and local ways of organizing ECEC. As a result, the opportunities for families to be part of the decision-making related to the organization of ECEC can vary greatly.

How does cloning change phenolics, minerals and antioxidant activity in Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench (Clone A, Clone B)?

Tissue culture and cloning are valuable techniques in plant biology research as they enable the production of genetically identical plants, which may be utilized for many purposes such as crop enhancement, plant breeding, and genetic manipulation. Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench (HA), also known as immortelle or strawflower (Asteraceae), is a species of flowering plant in the sunflower family. In this study, the aerial part of two Clones (Clone A, Clone B) of H. arenarium were used to consider the effect of Clones on the phenolics, minerals, and antioxidant activities. The methanol extracts were analyzed and compared for phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) is a widely used method for the determination of a wide range of elements in plant materials, including macro and micro elements. Calcium and potassium are the major mineral elements. The phenolics were identified and quantified using high performance liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The highest caffeic acid was determined in the methanolic extract, followed by protocatechuic aldehyde and protocatechuic acid.

K-POP에서 활용되는 샘플링 기법 분석 - 한국 4대 기획사 출신 아이돌 음악을 중심으로

In this study, we analysed the sampling techniques used in K-pop music. The songs of 3rd generation idol groups and solo artists from the four Korean major agencies were selected by referring to the data registered on whosampled.com, a UK-based sampling music database site. Sampling techniques were analysed by dividing them into material, technique, and content elements. The result showed that various sampling techniques were used, but certain techniques stood out in terms of sample length, editing techniques, overall proportion of sample parts in the song, and genre changes. In addition, we found that the sampling techniques in BTS's music were particularly prominent, correlated sampling techniques with the hip-hop genre, and identified the prevalence of classical music sampling in certain years. Through this study, it can be inferred that music sampling is used as a tool for genre convergence between pop and hip-hop in idol music, and furthermore, music sampling is used as a narrative part of the album. Through these findings, this study analyses how music sampling is being used in the K-pop genre, and it is significant to examine the past and present aspects of music sampling in K-pop.

Landscape as a presence

Following the observations of Antal Szerb on the Italian countryside, this article presents, in succession, the divers aspects of a landscape that a beholder experiences as a presence. A landscape affects the body of the beholder and the adopted bodily posture has some bearing on the physical and atmospheric manifestation of a landscape. Both the material characteristics and the expressive, animated qualities of the landscape are unpredictable and subject to continual modification. The atmosphere of a landscape consists of a specific ‘emotional essence’ diffused throughout the material elements. In addition, the landscape may reveal its restrained, silent, perfect, and beautiful presence. The beauty and perfection of the landscape arise from the experience of synchrony with the surroundings and in the personal significance attributed to a scenery.

Understanding and Optimizing Inactive Doping in P2-Type Sodium Layered Oxides for Sodium Ion Batteries

Sodium ion batteries are promising alternatives to complement lithium ion batteries in the modern energy storge market. Among sodium-based cathodes, layered oxides (NaxTMO2, TM = transition metal) are one of the most attractive candidates. P2 and O3 are two of the most studied structures in the NaxTMO2 system. Regarding Na+ conductivity, P2 is believed to be preferable over O3 as it provides open prismatic pathways with a lower energy barrier for Na diffusion.[1] However, a drawback for P2 materials is that they are typically synthesized with low Na content, often close to x = 2/3, and can rarely reach beyond 3/4, which is not ideal when building full cells.[2] The other major issue of P2 is the P2–O2 phase transition taking place at high voltage during electrochemical cycling, which is not well reversible and limits its cycling stability and capacity retention.[3,4] Our work aims to improve the Na inventory by doping inactive elements in pristine cathode materials while maintaining their cycling stability.In this presentation, we would first focus on a family of Li doped P2 materials with nominal compositions of Na5/6LiyNi5/12-3y/2Mn7/12+y/2O2 (y = 2/18, 3/18, 4/18, 5/18). We report on the characterizationsof the crystal structures of these materials, as well as the temperature-resolved in situ XRD during their solid-state synthesis. These studies provide guidance for further synthesis of desired phases and compositions of the P2 materials.Electrochemically, this family of materials show an increasing trend of polarized hysteresis in the first charge and discharge cycle, which suggests the capacity contribution from oxygen redox. We coupled semi-simultaneous operando XRD and x-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) to understand the structural evolution and redox behavior during this process. In particular, we observed that Li in the TM site mitigates phase transitions at high voltage, with a threshold likely between 0.15 and 0.18 Li per formula unit (f.u.). An increasing Li amount facilitates the activation of the O-redox starting at lower voltages (in attached Figure). To further understand the contribution by TM- and O-redox, we studied the gassing behavior using online electrochemical mass spectrometry (OEMS) to detect the amount and onset of oxygen release depending on the materials composition.We studied rate performance and cycling stability of these materials in half cells against sodium metal reference. The 0.15 and 0.18 f.u. Li stoichiometric compositions prove to deliver the best balance of cycling stability and capacity. We further applied these two compositions against hard carbon in exploration of their possibility in full cells. We also compared the electrochemical characteristics of similar compositions with distinct morphology. Finally, we would share the ongoing progress of other inactive element doping beyond TM layer, e.g., Ca in the alkali layers in the P2 materials.