Electrostatic Type Research Articles

On the sound field of a resilient elliptical disk in an infinite baffle.

A resilient elliptical disk has zero mass and stiffness and is driven by a uniform pressure distribution rather than uniform velocity as would be the case for a rigid disk. It can represent the diffraction of a plane wave through an elliptical aperture in an infinite rigid screen of zero thickness as well as provide an idealized model of a loudspeaker of the electrostatic or planar magnetic type. Using the Fourier (Hankel) Green's function in cylindrical coordinates, together with the monopole Kirchhoff-Helmholtz boundary integral, rigorous analytical formulas are derived for calculating the surface velocity distribution, radiation admittance, on-axis pressure, and directivity pattern of an elliptical resilient disk in an infinite baffle and these are plotted over a range of normalized frequencies. The directivity is compared with that of a resilient circular disk and asymptotic low-frequency approximations are derived for the radiation resistance, reactance, and on-axis pressure.

Design and Construction of a Multi-Tiered Minimal Actin Cortex for Structural Support in Lipid Bilayer Applications.

Artificial lipid bilayers have revolutionized biochemical and biophysical research by providing a versatile interface to study aspects of cell membranes and membrane-bound processes in a controlled environment. Artificial bilayers also play a central role in numerous biosensing applications, form the foundational interface for liposomal drug delivery, and provide a vital structure for the development of synthetic cells. But unlike the envelope in many living cells, artificial bilayers can be mechanically fragile. Here, we develop prototype scaffolds for artificial bilayers made from multiple chemically linked tiers of actin filaments that can be bonded to lipid headgroups. We call the interlinked and layered assembly a multiple minimal actin cortex (multi-MAC). Construction of multi-MACs has the potential to significantly increase the bilayer's resistance to applied stress while retaining many desirable physical and chemical properties that are characteristic of lipid bilayers. Furthermore, the linking chemistry of multi-MACs is generalizable and can be applied almost anywhere lipid bilayers are important. This work describes a filament-by-filament approach to multi-MAC assembly that produces distinct 2D and 3D architectures. The nature of the structure depends on a combination of the underlying chemical conditions. Using fluorescence imaging techniques in model planar bilayers, we explore how multi-MACs vary with electrostatic charge, assembly time, ionic strength, and type of chemical linker. We also assess how the presence of a multi-MAC alters the underlying lateral diffusion of lipids and investigate the ability of multi-MACs to withstand exposure to shear stress.

Particle removal performance of a novel ESP type air cleaning system for indoor air quality in a subway station

A novel electrostatic precipitation type air cleaning technology with near zero ozone emission for indoor air quality of a subway station was developed. To minimize ozone emission and achieve high particle removal performance against ultrafine particulate matters (PMs), a multi-channel charging method using soft ionization by micrometre carbon fibers and a narrow gap collection method using high electric field by thin conductive plastic sheets as a high voltage electrode were used. In this study, the novel electrostatic charging and collection technologies were applied to a real scale air cleaning system in an Air Handling Unit (AHU) with air flow rate of 950 m3/min in Yuseong Oncheon subway station with an area of 3000 m2 in Daejeon, South Korea. The particle removal performance of the demonstration system was evaluated with real suspended particles in the subway station during test period with high PM concentrations in Korea over 40 μg/m3. Particle collection efficiency, pressure drop and ozone emission were evaluated, and compared to those of the a minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) 10 and 14 filters used in the typical subway stations in Korea. In the field researches, the developed ESP achieved over 80% of the PM collection efficiency higher than those of the filters with MERV-10 and -14, and even 10% higher efficiency against PM1.0, while generating only 10% of pressure drop and also emitting nearly zero ozone. It is concluded that a novel ESP type air cleaning system with near zero ozone emission could be a promising air cleaning method for a large indoor environment such as a subway station where polluted air with ultrafine particles flowed in with a very high flow rate.

Molecular interaction analysis and relaxation findings of amphiphilics in solution state

The interaction of stearic acid with non-polar benzene along polar co-solvent (amyl alcohol) is revealed in the present study. The dielectric nature of complex mixture examined in the frequency regime of 10 MHz to 30 GHz over a various temperature and concentration using time domain reflectometry(TDR). Dielectric parameters (static dielectric constant, dielectric loss, relaxation time, dielectric permittivity) were estimated from the obtained complex spectra. The excess dielectric values validate the molecular interaction between the solute and solvents. The obtained dielectric and relaxation parameter reveals the fluctuating electrostatic type interaction among the complex mixture. Thermal parameters are determined from the obtained relaxation time, in which the negative Gibb’s free energy indicates the formation of high ordered complex. The FT-IR spectrums and their assignments confirm the molecular interaction between the mixture.

Sol-gel derived ceramic nanocomposite CNFs anchored with a nanostructured CeO2 modified graphite electrode for monitoring the interaction of a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor capmatinib with dsDNA.

In the current study, the potential interaction mechanisms between capmatinib (CAP), a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and calf thymus double-stranded DNA (ds-DNA) were evaluated. In this research, we construct an amplified electrochemical platform based on a disposable pencil graphite electrode (PGE) modified with nanostructured CeO2 decorated carbon nanofiber ceramic film (CeNPs@CNF-CF) for monitoring CAP-dsDNA interaction at physiological pH. The morphology and structure of the obtained CeNPs@CNF nanocomposite were characterized. The CeNPs@CNF-CF/PGE was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The CAP-dsDNA interaction was examined using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) techniques. Voltammetric experiments were conducted using CeNPs@CNF-CF/PGE. The interaction of CAP with dsDNA was investigated after applying different incubation times. The addition of dsDNA to the CAP solution decreased the peak currents of the latter and led to a negative shift in peak potentials, suggesting that the electrostatic type of interaction is the most likely to occur. SWV was employed to quantify dsDNA, demonstrating excellent sensitivity (LOD = 5 × 10-8 M). The binding constant (K b) of CAP and dsDNA was calculated to be 4.54 ± 0.18 × 104 M-1 using SW voltammetric data.

Analysis of electrostatic precipitators plate-wire type in reducing dust emissions for sustainable environment

The current global environmental trend is that the world has agreed to go towards net zero emissions. Consequently, waste-producing-industries must comply with these provisions to achieve the mission of sustainable development and green production, including cement industry. This study aims to investigate the factors that affect the performance of the Electrostatic Precipitator (EP) as a dust collector in grinding cement raw materials. The method used was measuring the static-dynamic pressure at the poking hole closest to the EP inlet, measuring EP efficiency using the Matts-Ohnfeldt equation based on secondary data obtained from the Crane Information Management System (CIMS), and calculating the corona power to determine how strong the ion space is created between the discharge electrode and collecting electrode and determine the critical voltage and application voltage needed to generate the corona. The observations and calculations show that several factors can affect EP performance, such as inlet temperature gas discharge, concentration of dust from the chimney, and maximum concentration of chimney outlet. The maximum temperature gas discharge that EP can accept is 105°C. The maximum concentration of chimney outlet dust is 50 mg/Nm3 and maximum CO concentration is 2000 mg/m3.

Exploration of intramolecular charge transfer in para-substituted nitrobenzofurazan: Experimental and theoretical analyses

The present work aims at exploring the high electrophilic character of 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl) toward the morpholine group by an SNAr reaction in acetonitrile or water (thereafter referred to as NBD-Morph). The electron-donating ability of the morpholine causes intra-molecular charge transfer (ICT). In this report, we present a comprehensive study on the optical characteristics using UV–Vis, photoluminescence (cw-PL) and its time-resolved (TR-PL) to determine the properties of the emissive intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) in the NBD-Morph donor–acceptor system. An exhaustive theoretical investigation utilizing the density functional theory (DFT) and its extension TD-DFT methods is an essential complement of experiments to rationalize and understand the molecular structure and related properties. The findings from QTAIM, ELF, and RDG analyses establish that the bonding between morpholine and NBD moieties is of the electrostatic or hydrogen bond type. In addition, the Hirshfeld surfaces have been established to explore the types of interactions. Further, the non-linear optical (NLO) responses of the compound have been examined. The structure–property relationships obtained through the combined experimental and theoretical offer valuable insights for designing efficient NLO material.

English

Many innovative approaches have been proposed in modelling and designing the wall climbing robot. Among all these approaches, the main focus is the adhesive mechanism of a wall climbing robot (WCR). This adhesive mechanism is a critical design consideration feature when discussing system reliability. There are various types of adhesive mechanisms like magnetic, suction cup, vacuum, rope and rail, electrostatic, fusion or hybrid type etc., of which the fusion or hybrid mechanism is found to have more payload to weight ratio (P/W value). This paper proposes a hybrid method using both permanent magnet (Nd FeB magnetic wheel) and solenoid electromagnet suction at the central disc. The design is validated using a free-body diagram, and its magnetic adhesion is analyzed by visualizing the magnetic flux density lines through Finite Element Method Magnetics (FEMM) analysis software. Three different analyses in FEMM are made, and their corresponding outcome is discussed concerning its graph.

A computational assessment of the interaction of 5Fluorouracil (5FU) drug connected to B12P12 and ScB11P12 nanocages with adenine nucleobase: DFT, AIM, TD-DFT study

Intelligent transfer of drugs to target cells is one of the important challenges in pharmaceuticals and disease treatment. Based on this, various investigations have been done on the interaction of drugs with different materials and compounds, among which nanomaterials have received more attention due to their wide active surface. In this context, the interaction of 5Fluorouracil (5FU) drug connected B12P12 and ScB11P12 nanocages with the adenine nucleobase is investigated. The results of this study could provide a new idea about the effect of nanocages on drug binding to nucleobase. The computational studied base on the density functional theory at the ωB97XD/6-31G (d, p) level of theory is fulfilled in presence of a static electric field (SEF) in the z-direction (z + 0.01, z + 0.02, z + 0.03, and z + 0.04 au). The outcomes of this study confirm that the interaction of 5FU&B12P12 and 5FU&ScB11P12 complexes with adenine is exothermic and favorable. The electron localized field (ELF) plots, quantum theory of atom in molecule (QTAIM) outputs, and reduced density gradient (RDG) scatter plots have been computed and results are analyzed. The output results demonstrated that the nature of bonding between 5FU&B12P12, and 5FU&ScB11P12 complexes with adenine is electrostatic type. The Eg of all studied complexes change in the range of 5.08 to 6.95 eV and the ∆Eg% is in the range of ‒5.84 to 12.51%. The results of this study recommended that the doping Sc atom and electrical field application increase the interaction of 5FU-drug&B12P12 nanocage with adenine and it is an efficient system for 5FU drug delivery toward target cells.

試験ダクト設備を用いた煙道用ダスト計の性能評価

This paper describes the configuration and performance of the developed duct for evaluation tests and examples of evaluation measurements. In addition, the equivalence with the gravimetric measurement that cannot be accurately evaluated for the electrostatic detection type dust meter, which was a pending issue when the JIS standard was established, is discussed. As a result, the charging of dust in the test duct was confirmed and was assumed to be caused by triboelectrification with obstacles such as agitator plates and rectifying wire mesh. And since an exponentially decreasing relationship appeared between the dust concentration in the duct and the dust charge, this change in dust charge disrupted the linear relationship between the dust meter readings and the gravimetric measurements, making evaluation difficult. This indicates that when conducting equivalency tests using test ducts, dust charging should be fully considered, and in some cases, dust charge should be measured and appropriately corrected.

Kinetic, isothermal and thermodynamic modeling of fluoride ion adsorption by raw and activated clays

The objective of this study is to identify the different mechanisms involved in the phenomenon of adsorption of fluoride ions (F-) on raw and activated clays through some empirical models. The methodology is based on the application of a few kinetic (pseudo first order and pseudo second order), isothermal (Langmuir and Freundlich) and thermodynamic models on the experimental data of the adsorption of F- ions by plotting linear regression lines for determine the different characteristic parameters of each model. The results obtained show that the pseudo second order kinetic model better describes the adsorption kinetics of F- ions on raw and activated clays with correlation coefficients close to unity (range from 0.9994 to 0.9999) and similar values between experimental (0.37 to 0.676 mg.g-1) and theoretical (0.387 to 0.684 mg.g-1) capacities. The Freundlich model better describes the adsorption isotherm of F- ions on raw and activated clays with constants (KF) less than unity (0.175 to 0.953) and value of n (heterogeneity factor) which tend towards unity (0.399 to 0.921) with the exception of Arg1-2C and Arg3-2C. The thermodynamic model shows an endothermic, spontaneous process and an adsorption of physical and electrostatic type. The models used therefore apply well to the experimental data on the adsorption of F- ions on raw and activated clays because they have made it possible to identify the kinetics and the isotherm of this adsorption.

γ-irradiation induced effects on structural, morphological and photoluminescence properties of PEO-PVA blended polymer films

PEO/PVA blends have been prepared to investigate the effect of gamma rays on the structural, morphological and photoluminescence properties. The studies of non-irradiated and irradiated samples with radiation doses of 10 kGy were examined by using XRD, ATR-FTIR, Optical microscopy and PL. Gamma photons induced important chemical rearrangements, especially by PVA hydroxyl groups. We found that the crystallinity rate is strongly influenced by radiation. In this context, one could predict that the immiscibility of PVA with PEO and the interactions between the chains are of the electrostatic type. A structural-scale disturbance due to the radical formation leads to spherulitic texture modifications of the PEO. Due to the luminescence properties, the blend samples behave like core-shell nanoparticles. This phenomenon is due to the fact that the PVA polymer played the role of shell. Irradiation makes it possible to obtain well-ordered spherulites and to get a high pore density. The irradiated blend showed a higher quantum yield. The significant chemical and morphological changes caused by gamma radiation favored the optical recombination of hydroxyl groups.

Eigenvalue Curves for Generalized MIT Bag Models

We study spectral properties of Dirac operators on bounded domains $\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^3$ with boundary conditions of electrostatic and Lorentz scalar type and which depend on a parameter $\tau\in\mathbb{R}$; the case $\tau = 0$ corresponds to the MIT bag model. We show that the eigenvalues are parametrized as increasing functions of $\tau$, and we exploit this monotonicity to study the limits as $\tau \to \pm \infty$. We prove that if $\Omega$ is not a ball then the first positive eigenvalue is greater than the one of a ball with the same volume for all $\tau$ large enough. Moreover, we show that the first positive eigenvalue converges to the mass of the particle as $\tau \downarrow -\infty$, and we also analyze its first order asymptotics.

INFLUENCE OF SAMPLING FLOW RATE ON THORON EXHALATION RATE MEASUREMENTS BY THE CIRCULATION METHOD.

Researchers have used various methods to obtain the exhalation rates of radon and thoron from soil and building materials. One of the typical methods for radon exhalation rate is the circulation method using an accumulation container, an external or internal sampling pump and a continuous radon monitor. However, it is necessary to consider sampling flow rate if this method is applied to exhalation rate measurement for thoron due to its short half-life. Based on a calibration experiment, the measured thoron concentrations obtained by an electrostatic collection type radon and thoron monitor (RAD7) were found to be influenced strongly by the sampling flow rate. It was also found that the thoron exhalation rate from a soil sample depended on the pressure difference which was proportional to the increasing sampling flow rate. The thoron exhalation rate measured at the generally used sampling flow rate of the internal sampling pump of the RAD7 was overestimated compared with the value at 0 L min-1.

Low-Cost Air Purifier Prototype Using a Ventilating Fan and Pump Against Haze Pollution

This study aimed to focus on the design and development of low-cost do-it-yourself (DIY) air purifiers, using a ventilating fan, air pump, water pump, and an ultrasonic generator that can be used during the haze pollution. Six types of household air purifiers were fabricated. The amount of particulate matter (PM) and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels were recorded at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 60 min (min), then, repeated 3 times. After 10 min of the 3rd experiment of each study, the last measurement of air pollution would be recorded. The results showed at 60 min, the high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter and electrostatic fiber was the best technique regarding reduction of PM and CO2 levels. The highest PM reduction rate had occurred at 30 min using an air pump procedure (99.330 to 100%). The CO2 levels of all experiments had fluctuated at different times. After 10 min of a closed machine, PM levels of all air purifier systems were decreased, except HEPA filter and electrostatic fiber types. In conclusion, the best method for reducing particulate matter and cost without taking humidity into account is an air pump technique, whereas the HEPA filter and electrostatic fiber method is the best choice for lowering PM levels without increasing humidity and vapor production.

Property evaluation of two anticancer candidate platinum complexes with N-isobutyl glycine ligand against human colon cancer.

Small molecules have potential usage in cancer therapy due to their remarkable potency of disarranging the natural structure of nucleic acids. In this study, two complexes [Pt(NH3)2(IBgly)]NO3 (1) and [Pt(bipy)(IBgly)]NO3 (2) based on Pt(II), N-isobutylglycine (IBgly), 2,2'-bipyridine, and ammonia were prepared and characterized by spectroscopic methods. Pharmacokinetic ADME data, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and bioavailability radar showed two complexes can be introduced for Pt-based anti-cancer drugs. Mechanism of tumor inhibition and DNA interaction of these compounds was studied by UV-Vis, fluorescence, and CD spectroscopies. Also, thermodynamic parameters and the binding constants were calculated through absorption measurements. The fluorescence data showed that a static quenching mechanism occurred for both complexes with a binding constant and binding affinity towards DNA (Kb ≈ 3500M-1 and kq ≈ 2.1 × 1011M-1s-1). The thermodynamic parameters indicated electrostatic approaching and groove binding were more feasible than intercalation mode between Pt(II) complexes and DNA. CD spectra indicated the increasing intensity of the positive band and the negative band decreasing. Density functional theory calculations confirmed the experimental data and determined the quantum chemical descriptors including total energy, hardness, chemical potential, electrophilicity, electronegativity, etc. According to this, the binding tendency of these compounds with DNA could be predicted. Further, molecular docking studies were also performed. Docking studies revealed that the desolvation, hydrogen, and electrostatic binding were effective for the interaction between complexes and DNA with binding energy (- 10.44 and - 9.57kcal/mol) for complexes 1 and 2, respectively, which is mainly of partially electrostatic and groove binding type. The cytotoxic activity of Pt complexes was examined against human colon cancer cell line which indicated good activity with IC50 values of (41.66 and 47.30μM) for both complexes after 72h, respectively. Also, they demonstrated more inhibitory effects compared to carboplatin.

Interaction of 5-fluorouracil anticancer drug with nucleobases: insight from DFT, TD-DFT, and AIM calculations

In this study, the interaction of 5-fluorouracil (5FU) drug with adenine (A), guanine(G), cytosine(C), uracil (U), and thymine (T) nucleobases of DNA and RNA are surveyed at the ωB97XD/LANL2DZ, M06-2X/6-31G (d, p), MPW1PWQ1/6-31G(d, p), PBEPBE/6-31(d, p) and ωB97XD/6-31G(d, p) levels of density functional theory (DFT). The considered complexes of 5FU drug with nucleobases are optimized at the above level of theories. Max Force and RMS of optimization criteria are 0.00035 (Ha), and 0.0003 respectively. From optimized structures, the adsorption energy, thermodynamic parameters in gas and solvent media, quantum theory atom in molecule (QTAIM), electron localized function (ELF), and reduced density gradient (RDG) are calculated at ωB97XD/LANL2DZ and M06-2X/6-31G (d, p) level of DFT theory. The QTAIM, ELF, and RDG results confirm that the nature of bonding between 5FU drug with A, C, G, U, and T nucleobases is electrostatic or hydrogen bond type. The adsorption and thermodynamic energy results demonstrate that the interaction of the 5FU drug with C and G nucleobases is stronger than other nucleobases. The results of this study can be suggested the mechanism of interaction of the 5FU drug with nucleobases of DNA and RNA. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Microporous carbon with highly dispersed nano-lanthanum oxide (La2O3) for enhanced adsorption of methylene blue

• Nano La 2 O 3 is ideal to induce extra microporosity on carbon granules by heat treatment at 873 K. • Resulted carbon retained their inherent honey comb structures where nucleated metal oxide are occupied on the edges. • Material is ideal to scavenge cationic dyes by electrostatic activation because of O 2− ions of these occupied nano La 2 O 3 with organics. • John-Sivanandan Achari isotherms of GACLaO873 has three phases identified as due to molecular sieve effects, donor–acceptor and electrostatic attraction type adsorptions in the liquid phase. Activated carbon doped with Lanthanum compounds are prepared and used as a preferred material for adsorption treatment systems. In this study, use of nano La 2 O 3 and La 3+ is attempted as tuning agents for granular activated carbons (GAC) and products are marked as GACLaX and GACLaOX series, produced under controlled activation (473–1273 K) for a Lanthanum/carbon ratio 0.04. They were tested for their physico-chemical features, textural superiority, and efficiency determined by XRD, FTIR, SEM, XPS, Raman, and N 2 /BET and t-plots. It is found that carbon GACLaO873 (GAC activated with nano lanthanum oxide at 873 K) has good microporosity and adsorption efficiency. Nano La 2 O 3 and La 3+ incorporated extra microporosity ( SA micro ) measured as 707 m 2 /g for GACLaO873 compared to native carbon GAC (589 m 2 /g). The respective surface area ( SA BET ) of these new carbons are determined as 946 m 2 /g (GACLaO873), 953 m 2 /g (GACLa1073), and 997 m 2 /g (GAC383). Suitability of the new carbon materials in solid–liquid batch reactor systems is studied for methylene blue (MB) in concentration ranges 25–1500 mg/L. Analysis of equilibrium isotherm uptake data by John-Sivanandan Achari isotherm model found distinct features of different adsorption phases (kinks) in their plots. For GACLaO873, monolayer coverage q m (J-SA) has been 256 mg/g against the basic carbon GAC383 (190 mg/g). Lanthanum activated carbon GACLa1073 has been noted with adsorption efficiency for metal ions, Mn (99.3%), Fe (99.1%), Co (96.6%), As (76.3%), Ba (63.0%), Li (50.4%), Al (71.3%), Cr (47.7%), Ni (99.2%), Cu (7.11%), Zn (24.3%), Cd (55.1%), Tl (32.6%) and Pd (94.9%) tested for a contaminated groundwater sample as a field trial. Lanthanum, La 3+ , and nano La 2 O 3 doped activated carbon series (GACLaX and GACLaOX) prepared under a controlled condition and activation temperature X, bears good microporosity and adsorption efficiency for organic and metal ion contaminants.

PRODACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION COMPLEXES FORMED BY OCTENIDINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE AND PECTIN

Complexes of antiseptic octenidine dihydrochloride with biopolymer pectin were derived. The efficiency of octenidine integretion and its ratio as the component were evaluated. The electrostatic type of complexing was confirmed by dynamic light scattering and IR spectroscopy. In vitro experiments revealed antibacterial effect of complexes of octenidine dihydrochloride and pectin polysaccharide on test culture Bacillus sp. BIM B-210, whereas growth inhibition of bacteria Staphylococcus sp. BIM B-798G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa BIM B-153, Escherichia coli BIM B-378 was not observed.

Theoretical study for determining the type of interactions between a GG block of an alginate chain with metals Cu2+, Mn2+, Ca2+ and Mg2+

The alginate interaction with divalent cations has been the subject of extensive study since this biopolymer forms hydrogels in the presence of divalent cations (ionic crosslinking), which exhibit important properties with applications in fields such as medicine. It has been proposed that the properties of the hydrogel formed from the ionic crosslinking process depend, among several factors, on the type of interactions between the polymer and divalent metals. In this work, theoretical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) were used to determine the chemical stability and the type of interaction between alginate and Cu 2+ , Mn 2+ , Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ cations. For this, the lowest energy geometries were determined at the B3LYP 6-31G (d, p) level of theory for the systems formed with Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ , while those formed with Cu 2+ and Mn 2+ used effective central potential (ECP) with LanL2DZ bases. The following models were used to characterize the bonds between the oxygen atoms of the polymer chain with the different metals; theory of non-covalent interactions (NCI), natural bonding orbitals (NBO) method, and topological analysis of the electronic location function (ELF). Our results showed that the properties such as chemical stability of the systems would be correlated with the degree of covalence of the bonds and the delocalization phenomena charge, where the systems constituted with Cu 2+ and Mn 2+ formed bonds with highly polarized covalent characteristics, while Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ form bonds of the electrostatic type. Nevertheless, our results support the idea proposed by previous studies; regarding the lack of correlation between the alginate for divalent cations affinity with the strength of the interactions between these metals and the polymer.