Electrostatic Potential Maps Research Articles

The Structure-Antiproliferative Activity Relationship of Pyridine Derivatives.

Pyridine, a compound with a heterocyclic structure, is a key player in medicinal chemistry and drug design. It is widely used as a framework for the design of biologically active molecules and is the second most common heterocycle in FDA-approved drugs. Pyridine is known for its diverse biological activity, including antituberculosis, antitumor, anticoagulant, antiviral, antimalarial, antileishmania, anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer's, antitrypanosomal, antimalarial, vasodilatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiproliferative effects. This review, spanning from 2022 to 2012, involved the meticulous identification of pyridine derivatives with antiproliferative activity, as indicated by their minimum inhibitory concentration values (IC50) against various cancerous cell lines. The aim was to determine the most favorable structural characteristics for their antiproliferative activity. Using computer programs, we constructed and calculated the molecular descriptors and analyzed the electrostatic potential maps of the selected pyridine derivatives. The study found that the presence and positions of the -OMe, -OH, -C=O, and NH2 groups in the pyridine derivatives enhanced their antiproliferative activity over the cancerous cellular lines studied. Conversely, pyridine derivatives with halogen atoms or bulky groups in their structures exhibited lower antiproliferative activity.

Functionalized Thienopyrazines on NiOx Film as Self‐Assembled Monolayer for Efficient Tin‐Perovskite Solar Cells Using a Two‐Step Method

Three functionalized thienopyrazines (TPs), TP‐MN (1), TP‐CA (2), and TPT‐MN (3) were designed and synthesized as self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) deposited on the NiOx film for tin‐perovskite solar cells (TPSCs). Thermal, optical, electrochemical, morphological, crystallinity, hole mobility, and charge recombination properties, as well as DFT‐derived energy levels with electrostatic surface potential mapping of these SAMs, have been thoroughly investigated and discussed. The structure of the TP‐MN (1) single crystal was successfully grown and analyzed to support the uniform SAM produced on the ITO/NiOx substrate. When we used NiOx as HTM in TPSC, the device showed poor performance. To improve the efficiency of TPSC, we utilized a combination of new organic SAMs with NiOx HTM, the TPSC device exhibited the highest PCE of 7.7% for TP‐MN (1). Hence, the designed NiOx/TP‐MN (1) acts as a new model system for the development of efficient SAM‐based TPSC. To the best of our knowledge, the combination of organic SAMs with anchoring CN/CN or CN/COOH groups, and NiOx HTM for TPSC has never been reported elsewhere. The TPSC device based on the NiOx/TP‐MN bilayer exhibits great enduring stability for performance, retaining ~80% of its original value for shelf storage over 4000 h.

Functionalized Thienopyrazines on NiOx Film as Self-Assembled Monolayer for Efficient Tin-Perovskite Solar Cells Using a Two-Step Method.

Three functionalized thienopyrazines (TPs), TP-MN (1), TP-CA (2), and TPT-MN (3) were designed and synthesized as self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) deposited on the NiOx film for tin-perovskite solar cells (TPSCs). Thermal, optical, electrochemical, morphological, crystallinity, hole mobility, and charge recombination properties, as well as DFT-derived energy levels with electrostatic surface potential mapping of these SAMs, have been thoroughly investigated and discussed. The structure of the TP-MN (1) single crystal was successfully grown and analyzed to support the uniform SAM produced on the ITO/NiOx substrate. When we used NiOx as HTM in TPSC, the device showed poor performance. To improve the efficiency of TPSC, we utilized a combination of new organic SAMs with NiOx as HTM, the TPSC device exhibited the highest PCE of 7.7 % for TP-MN (1). Hence, the designed NiOx/TP-MN (1) acts as a new model system for the development of efficient SAM-based TPSC. To the best of our knowledge, the combination of organic SAMs with anchoring CN/CN or CN/COOH groups and NiOx as HTM for TPSC has never been reported elsewhere. The TPSC device based on the NiOx/TP-MN bilayer exhibits great enduring stability for performance, retaining ~80 % of its original value for shelf storage over 4000 h.

Investigation of cholinesterase and α-glucosidase enzyme activities, and molecular docking and dft studies for 1,2-disubstituted cyclopentane derivatives with phenyl and benzyl units.

Six known products (4-9) were prepared from reaction of adipoyl chloride with 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene according to the literature. From (2,3,4-trimethoxyphenyl)(2-(2,3,4-trimethoxyphenyl)cyclopent-1-en-1-yl)methanone (4) of them, four new 1,2-disubstituted cyclopentane derivatives (10-13) with phenyl and benzyl units were synthesized by reactions such as hydrazonation, catalytic hydrogenation and bromination. The obtained compounds 4-13 were examined for their in vitro inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and α-glucosidase enzymes. All compounds 4-13 showed inhibition at nanomolar level with Ki values in the range of 45.53 ± 7.35-631.96 ± 18.88nM for AChE, 84.30 ± 9.92-622.10 ± 35.14nM for BChE, and 25.47 ± 4.46-48.87 ± 7.33 for α-Glu. In silico molecular docking studies of the potent compounds were performed in the active sites of AChE (PDB: 1E66), BChE (PDB: 1P0I), and α-glucosidase (PDB: 5ZCC) to compare the effect of bromine atom on the inhibition mechanism. The optimized molecular structures, HOMO-LUMO energies and molecular electrostatic potential maps for the compounds were calculated by using density functional theory with B3LYP/6-31 + G(d,p).

Quantum study of the competition and interplay between complexes resulting from the interaction of methylamine and halogen cyanides

In this study, quantum calculations were conducted to investigate the nature, formation mechanism, and properties of complexes resulting from the interaction between methylamine (MA) and halogen cyanide molecules (XCN, X = F, Cl, Br, and I). Three types of complexes were formed from the interaction of MA with XCN, characterized as Tetrel bond-hydrogen bond (TB-HB), Tetrel bond (TB), and Halogen bond (XB), denoted by symbols A, B, and C, respectively. The data obtained from the interaction energy indicated that complexes with structure C are significantly more stable compared to the other two structures. Molecular electrostatic potential map (MEP) analysis revealed that the size of the σ-hole of the halogen atom ligand plays a crucial role in the stability of structure C complexes. To further evaluate the properties of the resulting complexes, various analyses were conducted, including Molecular electrostatic potential map (MEP), Geometry optimization, Spectroscopy, Interaction energy (SE), Natural bond orbital (NBO), Atoms in molecules (AIM), Non-covalent interaction index (NCI), and Energy decomposition analysis (EDA).

Molecular modeling analysis for functionalized graphene/sodium alginate composite

This study examined the functionalization of graphene with easily ionizable elements, such as lithium, and subsequently its interaction with the biopolymer sodium alginate (SA), to highlight its potential for biomedical applications. Utilizing Density Functional Theory (DFT), the research comprehensively investigated the structural, electronic, and spectroscopic properties of these graphene-based composites. The electronic properties of functionalized graphene were investigated using DFT at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level. Among the various configurations studied, graphene exhibited weak interaction with two lithium atoms, displaying the highest reactivity in terms of total dipole moment (TDM) at 5.967 Debye and a HOMO/LUMO energy gap (ΔE) of 0.748 eV. Electrostatic potential mapping revealed that graphene when enhanced with lithium and three units of SA, exhibited an augmented potential density on its surface, a finding corroborated by other investigated physical properties. Notably, the configuration of graphene/3SA/Li, with weak interaction occurring at two side carbons, demonstrated the highest reactivity with a TDM of 15.509 Debye and ΔE of 0.280 eV. Additionally, a shift in the spectral characteristics of graphene towards lower wavenumbers was observed as lithium and SA interacted with the graphene substrate. The PDOS plot for Graphene/3SA/Li, showed the highest contribution in the HOMO orbitals was equally from lithium, sodium, hydrogen, and oxygen, while the lowest contribution was from carbon. This computational analysis provides comprehensive insights into the functionalized graphene systems, aiding in their further development and optimization for practical biomedical use.

Probing the Adsorption Sites of 5‐amino‐2‐mercaptobenzimidazole Conformations on Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles Investigated by SERS and DFT

AbstractGold nanoparticles (AuNP) have shown great potential in biomedical applications due to their unique and tunable properties. Understanding the ligand conformation on AuNP has profound interest in nanoparticle research leading to a precise drug delivery system. Colloidal AuNPs were synthesized using trisodium citrate as reducing agent. Normal Raman spectrum (NRS) in solid and aqueous phase identifies that 5‐amino‐2‐mercaptobenzimidazole (5A2MBI) mainly exist as thione form. Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) investigation of 5A2MBI depending on pH was performed to explore the adsorption mechanism of thiolate and thione conformations on AuNPs. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to find the band assignments and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) mapping to identify the electron rich site where metal can interact preferentially. Using SERS spectral analysis and DFT results, surface adsorption scheme was proposed. At basic pH, 5A2MBI adsorbs on AuNP as thiolate form bidentately via Sulfur and nitrogen atom of imidazole ring with tilted geometry. However, in acidic condition the thione form adsorbs on nanosurface with perpendicular orientation.

Novel series of hydrazones carrying pyrazole and triazole moiety: Synthesis, structural elucidation, quantum computational studies and antiviral activity against SARS-Cov-2

The novel series of hydrazones carrying both pyrazole and triazole moiety were synthesized and characterized using single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. It is found that the compound crystallizes in the triclinic system in the space group P1̅. Hirshfeld analysis was carried out to visualize the noncovalent intermolecular interactions which are responsible for molecular packing in the crystal. Further, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to calculate optimized molecular structure, stability, and a few of the quantum chemical parameters. Derived results are in good agreement with the experimentally obtained results. Analysis of frontier molecular orbitals (HOMO and LUMO) and their energy gap of the optimized structure revealed that the compound is stable in the gaseous state. Molecular electron densities, and electrostatic potential maps provide the reactive site and charge distribution of triazole group. Quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) and reduced density gradient (RDG) analysis were carried out to explore the weak interactions present in the molecule. In addition, the synthesized compound was investigated as an inhibitor for SARS CoV-2 protease using in-silico molecular docking analysis to understand the mode of binding. The docking results showed the good binding score with Mpro protease 6LU7. Further, molecular dynamics (MD) were carried out for the best hit docked complexes.

Organo Mediated Sustainable Synthesis and In‐Silico Studies of Novel Benzisoxazole‐Chromene Acyl Hydrazones as AChE Inhibitors

AbstractA new class of benzisoxazole‐Chromene (BC) analogues containing acyl hydrazones BCA (5a‐5m) were obtained by the condensation of different benzo hydrazides with BCs in good yield. All the synthesized BCA analogues were evaluated for their in‐silico activity against Acetylcholine Esterase (AChE). According to docking experiments, the co‐crystallized ligand was outperformed by derivatives 5e (4‐benzisoxazole‐chromene‐3‐(4hydroxyphenyl) acrylohydrazide), 5m (7‐chloro,4‐hydroxy) and 5l (8‐methyl, m‐nitro) showed superior binding modes and binding free energies whereas compound 5j (8‐methyl, 4‐hydroxy) showed appropriate binding energy. These moieties containing acyl hydrazone has shown 4‐fold increase in the binding interactions and orientation. According to ADMET and toxicity studies, derivatives 5e, 5m, 5j, and 5l had the potential to be drugs and have proven to be safe when evaluated using seven toxicity models. Further on checking selectivity with the other cholinesterase enzyme, 5l came out to be selective towards AChE whereas 5e & 5j were acting on another target as well. Finally, DFT analysis validated the binding of the derivatives towards AChE and moreover Molecular Dynamic investigation revealed that 5l is the most capable candidate to interact with the target receptor by comparing its molecular orbital energies, molecular electrostatic potential maps, and ligand movement against the co‐crystallized Ligand.

Comprehensive investigation of 2-methylquinolinium-5-sulphosalicylate monohydrate: Synthesis, characterization, multifaceted analysis of molecular structure, optical, and nonlinear optical properties

We introduce the synthesis and characterization of a novel molecular salt crystal, 2-methylquinolinium-5-sulphosalicylate monohydrate (MQSSA), obtained through an equimolar reaction between donors (D) and acceptors (A) employing crystal engineering principles. The resulting proton transfer complex, MQSSA, crystallized into a monoclinic crystal system with space group P21/C, as revealed by SCXRD analysis. Significant peaks observed in PXRD analysis confirmed the crystallinity and purity of the material. FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopy were employed to analyze various functional groups present in the molecule. UV–Vis-NIR spectroscopy provided insights into absorbance transmittance, lower cutoff wavelength, and optical band gap, suggesting it's suitability for diverse optical applications, while characteristic emission was identified using PL measurements. Thermal stability was assessed via TG-DTA and TG-DSC techniques. Nonlinear absorption coefficient (β), nonlinear refractive index (n2), and third-order nonlinear susceptibility (χ3) were quantified using the Z-scan technique. Hirshfeld surface analysis and fingerprint plots were utilized to gain insight into intermolecular interactions and atomic arrangements within the MQSSA crystal, emphasizing the roles of crystal structure in H...H and O...H/H...O interactions. Additionally, quantum computational methods were employed to evaluate various molecular-level electronic characteristics, including molecular orbitals, molecular electrostatic potential maps, and first and second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) polarizability, providing insights into the molecular-level NLO response properties.

Structural characterization and biological activity evaluation of Magnoflorine alkaloid, a potential anticonvulsant agent

Magnoflorine (MGF), an isoquinoline alkaloid, emerges as a quaternary aporphine alkaloid derived from L-tyrosine amino acid, found in families Magnoliaceae plants and it presents important biological activity being noted for its effect on the nervous system. In this work, a deep study of structural, vibrational and electronic properties has been carried out for the MGF. From Potential Energy Surface (PES) scan the most stable conformer of alkaloid was identified and geometrical parameters were determined by Density Functional Theory (DFT) using B3LYP/6–311++G** method. A complete vibrational assignment of the normal modes was theoretical and experimentally achieved from FT-IR and Raman spectroscopies and scaled SQM methodology. Electronic transitions observed in UV–visible spectrum in aqueous medium were identified using TD-DFT methodology, with the π→π* transition being the most probable UV signal. The MEPs, the electric charge distribution along with the HOMO and LUMO frontier orbitals were analyzed and the GAP energy values justified the stability of the molecule in aqueous medium. The molecular electrostatic potential map reveals the most favourable region for electrophilic attack on MGF. Molecular docking was used to analyze the anxiolytic biological activity of the title molecule on the GABAA receptor. The results suggest an intermolecular binding capability of MFG toward both intracellular and extracellular domains of GABAA receptor, and the extracellular domain presents a higher affinity by alkaloid. Finally, the biological study infers that MGF could be used as a potential anxiolytic compound.

Molecular interactions of the Omicron, Kappa, and Delta SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins with quantum dots of graphene oxide.

The Omicron, Kappa, and Delta variants are different strains of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs) represent a burgeoning class of oxygen-enriched, zero-dimensional materials characterized by their sub-20-nm dimensions. Exhibiting pronounced quantum confinement and edge effects, GOQDs manifest exceptional physical-chemical attributes. This study delves into the potential of graphene oxide quantum dots, elucidating their inherent properties pertinent to the surface structures of SARS-CoV-2, employing an integrated computational approach for the repositioning of inhibitory agents. Following rigorous adjustment tests, a spectrum of divergent bonding conformations emerged, with particular emphasis placed on identifying the conformation exhibiting optimal adjustment scores and interactions. The investigation employed molecular docking simulations integrating affinity energy evaluations, electrostatic potential clouds, molecular dynamics encompassing average square root calculations, and the computation of Gibbs-free energy. These values quantify the strength of interaction between GOQDs and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein variants. The receptor structures were optimized using the CHARM-GUI server employing force field AMBERFF14SB. The algorithm embedded in CHARMM offers an efficient interpolation scheme and automatic step size selection, enhancing the efficiency of the optimization process. The 3D structures of the ligands are constructed and optimized with density functional theory (DFT) method based on the most stable conformer of each binder. Autodock Vina Software (ADV) was utilized, where essential parameters were specified. Electrostatic potential maps (MEPs) provide a visual depiction of molecules' charge distributions and related properties. After this, molecular dynamics simulations employing the CHARM36 force field in Gromacs 2022.2 were conducted to investigate GOs' interactions with surface macromolecules of SARS-CoV-2 in an explicit aqueous environment. Furthermore, our investigation suggests that lower values indicate stronger binding. Notably, GO-E consistently showed the most negative values across interactions with different variants, suggesting a higher affinity compared to other GOQDs (GO-A to GO-D).

Benzothiazole-derived Compound with Antitumor Activıiy: Molecular Structure Determination Using Density Functional Theory (Dft) Method

The Gaussian computational chemistry software package was employed to investigate the molecular structure and energetics of benzothiazole, a compound known for its anti-tumor properties. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were conducted using the Becke, 3-parameter, Lee-Yang-Parr (B3LYP) method, coupled with the LanL2DZ basis set. Molecular structure optimization was carried out to determine the most stable configurations of the benzothiazole compound. Furthermore, thorough analyses of molecular orbital energies, molecular properties, and molecular electrostatic potential surface maps were performed on the optimized molecular system. Our current research suggests that the compound 2-(4-aminophenyl) benzothiazole, containing benzothiazole, maybe a potential drug candidate for free radical species on cells due to its anti-cancer properties.

Theoretical studies for the detailed electronic structure of organotin(IV) derivatives of 4-fluoroanthranilic acid, X-ray structure of n-dibutyltin bis(4-fluoroanthranilate)

The present study describes the detailed DFT-based electronic structure calculations without any symmetry constraints being performed on di- and triorganotin derivatives of 4-fluoroanthranilic acid (AFA), viz. Me2SnL2 (1), n-Bu2SnL2 (2), Me3SnL (3), and Ph3SnL (4) (where L= monoanion of AFA). The structural and atomic charge analysis have confirmed the previously reported our experimental results, i.e. bicapped tetrahedral and distorted tetrahedral geometry for di- and triorganotin derivatives, respectively, and all the complexes 1–4 contain a positively charged central tin atom surrounded by a negatively charged system. The single crystal X-ray structure of complex 2 (n-Bu2SnL2) also suggests that AFA acts as a monoanion and bidentate ligand resulting a bicapped tetrahedral environment around tin. Various population analysis such as Mulliken (MPA), Hirshfeld (HPA), and natural population analysis (NPA) have been employed to calculate the charges at all the atoms. A finite difference approximation method has been used to explain the charge distribution within the studied complexes 1–4 based on the conceptual global and local reactivity DFT-based descriptions, frontier molecular-orbital analysis (FMOA), and molecular electrostatic potential maps (MEP). Further, the conceptual DFT-based global reactivity descriptors and frontier molecular orbital analysis show that the interactions between CT-DNA and complexes 1–4 may be groove binding or electrostatic. The integral equation formalism-polarizable continuum model (IEF-PCM) has been employed to calculate the UV–visible spectra of 1–4 in the solvent field, whereas the same in the gas phase has been obtained with the help of time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) at the same level of theory. The intramolecular charge distribution in 1–4 has been investigated with the help of natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. The topological and energetic parameters at the selected bond critical points in the coordination sphere of complexes 1–4 have been calculated using atoms-in-molecules (AIM) theory. The analysis of different kinds of non-covalent interactions (NCI) in complexes 1–4 has also been investigated.

Quantum chemical computational analysis, electronic transitions, interaction mechanisms analysis by spectroscopic, molecular docking, and molecular dynamic simulation of retinol

Quantum computational simulations based on density functional theory are employed to investigate the molecular structure of Retinol. Both geometrical parameters and electronic transitions for gas and green solvents are calculated. Characteristic frequencies were identified and band assignments were achieved through normal coordinate analysis. The calculated spectra and a comparative study of the vibrational spectra, which included a variety of vibration modes, were compared with the experimental spectra. A compound’s strong reactivity may be indicated by the bandgap, which also indicates the possibility of further charge exchange through the molecule. Determination of relative electrophilicity/nucleophilicity indices of retinol was undertaken through the prediction of condensed Fukui functions, complemented by the generation of molecular electrostatic potential surface maps. This exploration was validated through meticulous correlation with reduced density gradient and isodensity surface plots. The docking analysis of retinol with different proteins was performed to confirm anti-inflammatory activity. To gain comprehensive insights into macromolecule pliability concerning protein–ligand interactions, an effective molecular dynamics simulation was conducted.

The adsorption of CO gas on the surface of boron nitride incorporating 2D carbon allotropes: a DFT analysis

The adsorption properties of different Carbon allotropes (i.e., graphene, γ-graphyne, Mobius graphene, and R-graphyne) and their corresponding Boron (N) and Nitrogen (N) incorporated BCN nanostructures toward carbon monoxide (CO) gas are studied via density functional theory calculation. All the adsorbents demonstrated negative formation energies and real frequencies, i.e., can be synthesized and have dynamical stability. The adsorption energies have increased due to B and N incorporation, although still comparatively low for practical application. The highest adsorption energy with suitable recovery time is observed for the Mobius BCN structure, about −0.112 eV and 77.8 ps, respectively. Very nominal charge transfer is observed via Mulliken charge distribution and electrostatic potential map analysis. The changes in energy gap and electrical conductivity are observed due to CO adsorption.

Comparison of Physicochemical, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Properties of Caffeic Acid Conjugates.

Spectroscopic studies (FT-IR, Raman, 1H, and 13C NMR, UV-VIS) of caffeic acid (CFA) and its conjugates, i.e., caftaric acid (CTA), cichoric acid (CA), and cynarin (CY), were carried out. The antioxidant activity of these compounds was determined by a superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity assay and the hydroxyl radical (HO•) inhibition assay. The cytotoxicity of these compounds was performed on DLD-1 cell lines. The molecules were theoretically modeled using the B3LYP-6-311++G(d,p) method. Aromaticity indexes (HOMA, I6, BAC, Aj), HOMO and LUMO orbital energies and reactivity descriptors, NBO electron charge distribution, EPS electrostatic potential maps, and theoretical IR and NMR spectra were calculated for the optimized model systems. The structural features of these compounds were discussed in terms of their biological activities.

Green synthesis of a novel bis-Schiff base derived from 4-N, N-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde and hexamethylenediamine: DFT study

The study focuses on the green synthesis of a novel bis-Schiff base (EE) derived from 4-N, N-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, and hexamethylenediamine. The structural properties of the bis-Schiff base were investigated using experimental methods such as IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and elemental analyses (CHN). Computer simulation using Gaussian03 software at DFT/B3LYP/6–311 G (d, p) level of theory was also used to identify the structural parameters, geometrical isomers, conformational analysis, Mulliken charges, optical properties, frontier orbitals, electrostatic potential map and chemical reactivity descriptors of the bis-Schiff base. The formation mechanism of EE and its geometrical isomers were studied. The study compares theoretical and experimental IR, 1HNMR, and 13CNMR spectra, highlighting the importance of green chemistry in reducing toxic organic solvents and chemicals.

Synthesis and characterization of novel quinaldic acid based Ni, Fe, and Cr Complexes: A computational and experimental study

Complexes ([Ni(quin-2-c)2(H2O)2]•2H2O, [Fe(quin-2-c)2(H2O)2], [Cr(quin-2-c)2(H2O)2] were synthesized from aqueous solutions of metal salts, quinaldic acid, and semicarbazide. In the crystal structure of the first complex, the nickel atom is chelated by the deprotonated quinaldic acid molecule through the oxygen atom of the carboxyl group, and the heterocyclic nitrogen atom, as well as two water molecules, are coordinated. The other two water molecules are located in the outer sphere. In the structure of the iron and chromium complexes, the metal atoms have a similar complex formation but do not have water molecules in the outer sphere. In all compounds, quinaldic acid acts as a bidentate ligand to form five-membered metallocycles. The electronic structure properties were investigated through theoretical modeling using the B3LYP method at the 6–31 + G(d,p) computational level. Density functional theory (DFT) was employed in quantum chemistry simulations to refine proposed structures and explore the characteristics of frontier orbitals via analysis of frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs). These computations facilitated the identification of specific sites on the surface of molecules by generating molecular electrostatic potential maps and provided insights into the structural and reactive properties. Hirshfeld surface analysis was conducted to examine intermolecular interactions, revealing a prevalence of H⋅⋅⋅H interactions.

Investigation of Anticancer Properties of 2-benzylidene-1-indanone and Its Derivatives by DFT and Molecular Docking

In this study, 2-benzylidene-1-indanone and its derivatives, which is a chalcone compound and contains indanone in its structure, were examined. Quantum chemical parameters for these compounds were calculated with the B3LYP method and the 6-31G(d) basis set and evaluated for their biological activity. The effect of different functional groups (F, Cl, Br, CF3, CH3 and OCH3) attached to the 2-benzylidene-1-indanone compound on biological activity was investigated. Some quantum chemical parameters such as highest energy filled molecule orbital energy (EHOMO), lowest non-bonding empty molecule orbital energy (ELUMO), energy gap (ΔE), hardness (η), softness (σ), global molecular electrophilicity (ω) index, global molecular nucleophilicity (ɛ) index, electron-accepting (ω+) and electron-donating (ω-) electrophilicity index were calculated for the biological activities of the compounds. Frontier molecular orbitals and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) maps were interpreted. The biological activities of 2-benzylidine-1-indanone and some of its derivatives bearing the 1-indanone skeleton were evaluated by performing molecular docking studies with the target protein PDB ID = 1HJD corresponding to the melanoma cell line. The activity ranking obtained with quantum chemical parameters was found to be compatible with the binding energies obtained from docking results.