Electronic Processes Research Articles

M3ICRO: Machine learning-enabled compact photonic tensor core based on programmable multi-operand multimode interference

Photonic computing shows promise for transformative advancements in machine learning (ML) acceleration, offering ultrafast speed, massive parallelism, and high energy efficiency. However, current photonic tensor core (PTC) designs based on standard optical components hinder scalability and compute density due to their large spatial footprint. To address this, we propose an ultracompact PTC using customized programmable multi-operand multimode interference (MOMMI) devices, named M3ICRO. The programmable MOMMI leverages the intrinsic light propagation principle, providing a single-device programmable matrix unit beyond the conventional computing paradigm of one multiply-accumulate operation per device. To overcome the optimization difficulty of customized devices that often requires time-consuming simulation, we apply ML for optics to predict the device behavior and enable differentiable optimization flow. We thoroughly investigate the reconfigurability and matrix expressivity of our customized PTC and introduce a novel block unfolding method to fully exploit the computing capabilities of a complex-valued PTC for near-universal real-valued linear transformations. Extensive evaluations demonstrate that M3ICRO achieves a 3.5–8.9× smaller footprint, 1.6–4.4× higher speed, 9.9–38.5× higher compute density, 3.7–12× higher system throughput, and superior noise robustness compared to state-of-the-art coherent PTC designs. It also outperforms electronic digital A100 graphics processing unit by 34.8–403× higher throughput while maintaining close-to-digital task accuracy across various ML benchmarks.

Disentangling the Effects of Laser and Electron Irradiation on AgX (X = Cl, Br, and I): Insights from Quantum Chemical Calculations.

The effects on the lattice structure and electronic properties of different polymorphs of silver halide, AgX (X = Cl, Br, and I), induced by laser irradiation (LI) and electron irradiation (EI) are investigated using a first-principles approach, based on the electronic temperature (Te) within a two-temperature model (TTM) and by increasing the total number of electrons (Ne), respectively. Ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations provide a clear visualization of how Te and Ne induce a structural and electronic transformation process during LI/EI. Our results reveal the diffusion processes of Ag and X ions, the amorphization of the AgX lattices, and a straightforward interpretation of the time evolution for the formation of Ag and X nanoclusters under high values of Te and Ne. Overall, the present work provides fine details of the underlying mechanism of LI/EI and promises to be a powerful toolbox for further cross-scale modeling of other semiconductors.

A Flexible and Electrically Conductive Liquid Metal Adhesive for Hybrid Electronic Integration

AbstractElectrical and mechanical integration approaches are essential for emerging hybrid electronics that must robustly bond rigid electrical components with flexible circuits and substrates. However, flexible polymeric substrates and circuits cannot withstand the high temperatures used in traditional electronic processing. This constraint requires new strategies to create flexible materials that simultaneously achieve high electrical conductivity, strong adhesion, and processibility at low temperature. Here, an electrically conductive adhesive is introduced that is flexible, electrically conductive (up to 3.25×105S m−1) without sintering or high temperature post‐processing, and strongly adhesive to various materials common to flexible and stretchable circuits (fracture energy 350 <Gc< 700 J m−2). This is achieved through a multiphase soft composite consisting of an elastomeric and adhesive epoxy network with dispersed liquid metal droplets that are bridged by silver flakes, which form a flexible and conductive percolated network. These inks can be processed through masked deposition and direct ink writing at room temperature. This enables soft conductive wiring and robust integration of rigid components onto flexible substrates to create hybrid electronics for emerging applications in soft electronics, soft robotics, and multifunctional systems.

Coherent correlator design analysis for the implementation of deep learning networks.

Optical signal processing can reduce the electrical power consumption required over that required by graphically processing units. There remain a number of challenges to overcome. Noise is potentially much larger in optical systems than in their electronic counterparts, and some of the operations, such as a bias addition, are not easy to implement in free space processors. This paper analyzes a proposed design that utilizes a camera and lightweight electronic processing to perform the convolutional layers. Simulations are performed to compare the expected performance against an ideal system that cannot be physically realized and a proposed architecture. The impact of speckle noise in the system is analyzed and methods to reduce this are proposed.

Electron and ion emission characteristics of metal irradiated by nanosecond laser

Clarifying the electron and ion emission characteristics of metals irradiated by nanosecond focused laser in low pressure environment is crucial for improving applications based on laser-produced plasmas. This paper investigates the emission characteristics through electrical and optical diagnosis. The emission process is investigated through joint analysis of electrons and ions behavior, and relevant influencing factors are studied. The emission process of electrons and ions is divided into four stages, characterized by the arrival of prompt electrons e1, ultrafast electrons e2/ions i1, fast ions i2 and thermal electrons e3/ions i3, respectively. e1 is mainly related to thermal emission and photoemission, which can be improved by high electric field, gas pressure (within a certain range), laser energy and melting boiling points of target. e2/e3 and i1/i2/i3 mainly originate from laser ablation, and their expansion process follows obvious bipolar diffusion characteristics, while the latter is related to the different mass and charge states of the ions. The amplitude of i2 and e3 can be improved by using low density and melting point metals, and they are easily blocked by background gas, almost independent of the weak electric field.

Dynamic evolution investigation on the dielectric surface charging under electron irradiation with various energy distributions

Spacecrafts face various environmental risks in their working durations, thereinto, surface charging, which may result in abnormal operation of devices, is a typical detrimental effect and deserves to be deeply investigated, especially the charging process under various electron energy distributions. In this work, aiming to reveal the evolution process of surface charging in detail, we establish an approach for predicting surface potential under electron irradiation by considering the electron emission process. Mathematical relationships for the dependence of surface charging on the secondary electron yield properties of dielectric surfaces are established. The dynamic process of surface potential evolution is calculated for MgO and Al2O3 when the energy variation of incident electrons obeys uniform distribution, Gaussian distribution, and Maxwell distribution. By analyzing the dynamic equilibrium process of electron incidence/exit in the positively/negatively charged cases, the effect of electron energy on equilibrium surface potential and equilibrium time are quantitatively calculated. It is found that the surface potential will be a dozen volts when the surface is positively charged, surface charging of this magnitude does not have a noticeable effect, and the equilibrium time is short (several microseconds). However, the surface potential may reach very high levels (thousands of volts) leading to breakdowns when the dielectric surface is negatively charged, and its equilibrium time is 3 to 4 orders of magnitude higher than the positively charged case. Via calculating the surface potential under various incident distributions, we acquire the dynamic evolution process of surface potential evolution under different energy distributions, and find its consequence shows a similar tendency for the situation of constant energy irradiation. This work digs into the mechanism of surface charging under various irradiation situations, which makes sense for further works involving surface charging induced by electron irradiation with multiple energy distributions.

Enhancing Continuous Assessment in Jigawa State Senior Secondary Schools: The Impact of Electronically Processed Data

This journal article explores the relationship between electronically processed data and continuous assessment in senior secondary schools in Jigawa State. The study investigates the potential benefits of using electronic data processing methods in continuous assessment and evaluates their impact on student performance and educational outcomes. Through a mixed-methods approach involving qualitative interviews with teachers and quantitative analysis of student data, the research provides valuable insights into the advantages of electronic data processing in improving the efficiency, accuracy, and effectiveness of continuous assessment practices. The findings demonstrate the transformative potential of electronic data processing in enhancing educational outcomes and informing instructional decisions. Based on the results, the article provides recommendations for successful implementation and future research directions.

A biostimulant prepared from red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii induces flowering and improves the growth of Pisum sativum grown under optimum and nitrogen-limited conditions.

Nitrogen (N) is one of the critical elements required by plants and is therefore one of the important limiting factors for growth and yield. To increase agricultural productivity, farmers are using excessive N fertilizers to the soil, which poses a threat to the ecosystem, as most of the applied nitrogen fertilizer is not taken up by crops, and runoff to aquatic bodies and the environment causes eutrophication, pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, we used LBS6, a Kappaphycus alvarezii-based biostimulant as a sustainable alternative to improve the growth of plants under different NO3 - fertigation. A root drench treatment of 1 ml/L LBS6 significantly improved the growth of Pisum sativum plants grown under optimum and deficient N conditions. No significant difference was observed in the growth of LBS6-treated plants grown with excessive N. The application of LBS6 induced flowering under optimum and deficient N conditions. The total nitrogen, nitrate and ammonia contents of tissues were found to be higher in treated plants grown under N deficient conditions. The LBS6 treatments had significantly higher chlorophyll content in those plants grown under N-deficient conditions. The root drench application of LBS6 also regulated photosynthetic efficiency by modulating electron and proton transport-related processes of leaves in the light-adapted state. The rate of linear electron flux, proton conductivity and steady-state proton flux across the thylakoid membrane were found to be higher in LBS6-treated plants. Additionally, LBS6 also reduced nitrogen starvation-induced, reactive oxygen species accumulation by reduction in lipid peroxidation in treated plants. Gene expression analysis showed differential regulation of expression of those genes involved in N uptake, transport, assimilation, and remobilization in LBS6-treated plants. Taken together, LBS6 improved growth of those treated plants under optimum and nitrogen-limited condition by positively modulating their biochemical, molecular, and physiological processes.

Thermal activation energy on electrical degradation process in BaTiO3 based multilayer ceramic capacitors for lifetime reliability

For a high capacitance and high lifetime reliability of multilayer ceramic capacitors for automotive applications, the activation energy on thermal activation process can typically be calculated by using Arrhenius based Prokopowicz–Vaskas equation as a method for lifetime prediction. In this study, it is clearly observed that the activation energy shows to be constant in the range of ~ 1.5 eV for the prototype MLCCs, higher than the activation energy values of ~ 1.0 eV related to the motion or diffusion of oxygen vacancies reported in the previous literature. The activation energy value of ~ 1.5 eV for three prototype MLCCs is close to a half the energy band gap (Eg/2 ≈ 1.6 eV) of BaTiO3 obtained from specific environment, where oxygen vacancies are stabilized by external containment such as the effect of rare earth oxide additives. Due to an obvious difference in activation energy values, it difficult to explain the conduction mechanism for failure by only oxygen vacancy migration. Therefore, the concepts of electronic processes and oxygen vacancy should be considered together to understand conduction mechanism for failure of BaTiO3-based MLCCs in thermal activation processes. It can be useful as an indicator for future MLCC development with high lifetime reliability.

Ekdotika in tehnologija: elektronske znanstvenokritične izdaje slovenskega slovstva

The collection of critical editions eZISS came about with the connection of three elements: the awakening of interest in primary sources of Slovene literature; the intensive methodological introduction of the fundamental philosophical-historical sciences, particularly ecdotics or text criticism; and finally the use of contemporary open standards for electronic text encoding and processing. The article presents the points of departure and methods used in the preparation of scientific publications, in particular those methods employing electronic text encoding technology. The preparation of the publications is based on guidelines issued by the consortium Text Encoding Initiative (TEI), by which technological standards are linked with the classical philological methods of critical editions. This approach has also proved fruitful for the issuing of critical editions of Slovene literature, and it has stimulated more intensive interest in the research and publication of primary sources of Slovene literature.

Trauma Center Transition From Paper to Electronic Quality Improvement: Enhancing Trauma Performance Efficiency.

The American College of Surgeons requires continuous process improvement review to maintain trauma center verification. Paper-based systems to monitor and track performance improvement are commonly used but can be inadequate to monitor concurrent ongoing improvement effectively. To describe the implementation of an electronic process to capture and monitor performance improvement in near real time. In 2020, a Midwestern U.S. Level I adult trauma center and a Level II pediatric trauma center's trauma programs transitioned from a paper to an electronic file-sharing system for performance improvement. We converted our primary, secondary, and tertiary review documentation into a single electronic performance improvement file stored on the institution's virtual hard drive, accessible to designated staff, allowing continuous real-time updates. The electronic file-sharing and monitoring process reinvigorated the team and enhanced performance improvement efforts, leading to increased efficiency through documentation and effective loop closure. Real-time monitoring allowed the trauma program to identify opportunities for improvement and enact timely action plans, including targeted performance improvement projects, department education, and ongoing training. We found that implementing an electronic file-sharing system enhanced the trauma team's ability to monitor and trend performance improvement in real time.

Refining DIIS algorithms for Si and GaAs solar cells: incorporation of weight regularization, conjugate gradient, and reverse automatic differentiation techniques.

Pivotal enhancements in electronic minimization algorithms, which are vital for the advancement of computational materials science, are introduced in this research. Our research is dedicated to refining the DIIS algorithm specifically for electronic structure calculations of silicon (Si) and gallium arsenide (GaAs) solar cells, aiming to enhance their efficiency and stability. We have enriched DIIS by integrating a weight regularization factor, significantly bolstering its convergence stability. This modification enhances iteration robustness and curtails the average iteration duration, thus streamlining the convergence process. Furthermore, we have incorporated the conjugate gradient (CG) algorithm to proficiently resolve symmetric positive definite residual matrices. This inclusion substantially accelerates the solution-finding process within the DIIS framework. A novel aspect of our research is the application of reverse automatic differentiation (AD), deployed in two distinct methodologies: the construction of the Jacobian matrix and direct chain rule application for gradient computation. These approaches involve sophisticated mathematical techniques that enhance computational precision and efficiency specifically for Si and GaAs solar cell materials in determining the optimal weights for residual combinations during DIIS iterations. The integration of these advanced methods into the DIIS algorithm not only augments its convergence stability but also ensures a substantial reduction in total computational time. Our findings demonstrate that the enhanced DIIS, CG-enhanced DIIS, and AD-integrated DIIS methods collectively lead to a more efficient electronic minimization process. This balance of stability and efficiency is crucial in high-performance computational materials science, particularly for complex systems analysis. The findings of this research represent a notable advancement in computational strategies for Si and GaAs solar cell materials, providing enhanced methodologies and insights that significantly improve the efficiency and stability of electronic structure calculations in these critical components of renewable energy technologies.

PRESCRIPTION PERILS: SAFEGUARDING PATIENT WELFARE THROUGH ENHANCED ELECTRONIC PRESCRIBING PROTOCOLS IN PRIMARY HEALTH CARE

As electronic prescribing becomes ubiquitous in primary health care settings, the imperative to ensure patient safety is paramount. This paper delves into the potential hazards associated with electronic prescribing systems and proposes enhanced protocols to mitigate medication errors. The discussion encompasses the intricate landscape of electronic prescription processes, identifying vulnerabilities that may compromise patient welfare. Through an analysis of current practices, this paper outlines proactive measures and improved guidelines aimed at fortifying the electronic prescribing framework. By emphasizing the importance of a comprehensive approach to medication safety, this research contributes to the ongoing dialogue surrounding electronic prescribing in primary health care.

Innovative Controller and Remote Battery Capacity Measurement System

The article aims to present a system capable of managing emergency power systems in an automated, digital, precise, economical and environmentally friendly manner, ensuring continuity of energy supply. Modern technological progress has resulted in an increased demand for advanced security systems capable of processing data in real-time. As devices become more and more integrated with electronic data collection and processing systems, the importance of energy autonomy in securing these systems in emergencies increases. This challenge is particularly important for entities managing extensive and geographically dispersed technical infrastructure, such as telecommunications, services railways, pipeline maintenance and military operations. Ensuring energy autonomy for such enterprises requires periodic technical assessment of energy storage solutions, especially batteries.

Electrical properties of Lithium silicate-based glasses and their Glass-ceramics

Crystallization of lithium di- and meta-silicates were developed in the SiO2–Li2O–TiO2 glass system. Inclusion of TiO2 relatively reduced the crystallization temperature. Through the sintering process at 650 °C/2 h, lithium disilicate was devolved in the TiO2-free sample, whereas the incorporation of TiO2 catalyzed the appearance of lithium metasilicate phases. The microstructure of lithium disilicate glass-ceramics was studied using differential thermal analysis (DTA), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). At 650 °C/2 h, the microstructure consists of spherulitic growths with reasonably sorted nanosize particles in a glassy groundmass. The electrical characteristics of lithium silicate glasses and glass-ceramics having variable concentrations of TiO2 were tested in order to explore their electronic hopping process. To clarify the effects of composition and sintering on the electrical and dielectric behavior of glasses based on lithium silicate, a Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy (BDS) was employed. While the matching-sintered glass-ceramic exhibits like an insulator with interfacial polarization that significantly lowers the density number of free ions, bulk glass nevertheless demonstrate high conductivity. Lithium oxide considerably increases the conductivity of the composite instead of titanium oxide.

Electronic regulation to achieve efficient anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW): strategies, challenges and potential solutions

Anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) is prone to system breakdown under high organic loading rates (OLRs) condition, which subsequently reduces the efficiency of digestion process and results in substantial economic losses. In this perspective paper, the substances metabolisms, electrons flow, as well as microbial interaction mechanisms within AD process are comprehensively discussed, and the underlying bottleneck that causes inefficient methane production is identified, which is “electrons surplus”. Systems encountering severe electron surplus are at risk of process failure, making it crucial to proactively prevent this phenomenon through appropriate approaches. On this basis, the present perspective proposes three potential electronic regulation strategies to prevent electrons surplus, namely, electron shunt, accelerating electron transfer and regulating methanogenic metabolism pathway, and presents specific methodologies for each strategy. Furthermore, the potential solutions to challenges that may occur during the electronic regulation process are also presented in this paper. This perspective aims to provide innovative approaches to achieve the efficient and stable operation of OFMSW anaerobic digestion, especially under high OLRs condition.

Teaching Reform of the Course “Electronic Materials Preparation Processes and Equipment”: Updating Content and Exploring Teaching Methods

Teaching Reform of the Course “Electronic Materials Preparation Processes and Equipment”: Updating Content and Exploring Teaching Methods

Users involvement in the electronic health information systems development process in Uganda: what is missing in relation to requirements gathering and analysis

Abstract User involvement in the electronic health information systems (eHIS) development process is crucial for gathering and analysing requirements that accurately reflect user needs. This is because their involvement is linked to the gathering and analysis of requirements that align with user needs. However, several studies reveal that there is still limited user involvement during these crucial phases, leading to the development of ineffective and inefficient systems that do not reflect user needs. Thus, this study explored how users were involved in the requirements gathering and analysis phases during eHIS development, with an aim of identifying the missing elements that hindered the design of more effective and effective eHIS. A cross-sectional survey, encompassing secondary and primary users, explored their involvement in the requirements gathering, analysis and design phases, using both open-ended and close ended questionnaires. Respondents (n = 140) were purposively selected from 20 organizations in northern and central Uganda. Data were cleaned and analysed using Microsoft Excel. The findings revealed a dominant use of a top-down approach, favouring the capture of high-level requirements at the Ministry of Health level, and among implementing partners. However, less attention was given to gathering and analysing requirements from facility-level users. Even when collected, primary users reported that their opinions and recommendations were often ignored/disregarded, resulting in eHIS designs with usability-related challenges. This study underscores the critical need for active user involvement in the early stages of eHIS development to ensure alignment with user needs and work practices.

Assessing the Role of ICT Training in Bridging Digital Competence Gap among Administrative Staff of Federal Tertiary Institutions in South-West Nigeria

This study examines the role of ICT training in bridging digital competence gap among administrative staff of the Federal tertiary institutions in southwest Nigeria. The study employed the survey approach with the use of questionnaire as instrument for data collection. The population comprised all senior Registry staff of the institutions from which a sample of 373 was selected systematic multi-stage technique. Three hypotheses were formulated and tested with inferential statistics involving regression at 0.05 level of significance. The results indicate that ICT training has significant contributions to electronic information processing skills, virtual communication ability and adaptive technology use among administrative staff of Federal tertiary institutions in South-west Nigeria. It was concluded that ICT training especially in domain specific areas is essential in equipping administrative staff of federal tertiary institutions with relevant and up-to-date digital skills, bridging the digital competence gap and leads to adaptation of the staff to new and emerging technologies. The study recommends that ICT training needs of the administrative staff should be regularly assessed and such trainings should be domain-centered and focused on key areas of administrative roles in which digital competence and mastery are required.

ГЕОДЕЗИЧНИЙ МОНІТОРИНГ ПРИ РОЗРОБЦІ КОМПЛЕКСНИХ ПЛАНІВ ПРОСТОРОВОГО РОЗВИТКУ

The purpose of the article is the development and research of a system for determining complex plans of spatial location and geometric characteristics using geodetic methods. The tasks set in the work are solved by analyzing the database of satellite geodetic and inertial measurement systems. Method. The application of satellite technologies, which allow determining the spatial position in automatic mode (shooting in motion), is a priority direction for solving the tasks of increasing the safety and efficiency of geodetic work in full in accordance with the strategic direction of scientific and technical development. The results. Since the 1950s, an intensive process of electronicization and automation has been observed in geodesy. Electronicization in geodesy made it possible to improve the technologies of performing geodetic works, to achieve higher productivity while increasing the accuracy of measurements. In principle, these processes and problems were internal to topographic and geodetic production and did not affect users directly. The first product that differed from traditional topographic maps and plans was digital terrain models. The first such model of the Earth's surface was created in 1957 in the USA at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It was a model of the relief of the earth's surface and was intended for the design of highways, constructed objects by optimizing project solutions. With the development of electronic computers and data processing methods, new forms of presenting information about the earth's surface began to appear. Currently, the study and research of the natural environment is closely related to the use of geographic information systems and various types of geo-information resources: electronic digital maps and spatial databases, GIS services and many others. Geo-informational software complexes allow you to process a large volume of data obtained during various studies, as well as organize and regulate information that has a spatial reference. Various geographic information systems, such as 3D cartography and virtual reality, are described, which allows creating more visual and understandable representations of geographic information. Geovisualization and 3D modeling provide quick access to geodata. Scientific novelty. The joint use of satellite and inertial measurements for surveying is substantiated, a theoretical solution for data processing is performed, and a methodology for drawing up large-scale plans is proposed. The geodetic component of the development of complex plans has been updated. Practical significance. The obtained results can be used to develop complex spatial development plans with a geodetic component. In addition, the materials of the article can be used in geodetic and cartographic activities.