Electronic Tacheometers Research Articles

State primary special standard of the unit of length GET 199-2024: ensuring the uniformity of measurements of high-precision total stations and their analogues in the mode of three-dimensional measurements

The metrological support of optical-electronic means of measuring spatial coordinates is described. To meet modern consumer requirements for the accuracy of measurements of spatial coordinates with electronic tacheometers and their analogues (laser scanners, absolute trackers), the State primary special standard of the unit of length GET 199-2024 includes technical means for reproducing, storing and transmitting the unit of length in three-dimensional measurement mode. A reference complex of three-dimensional measurements (coordinate measurements, coordinate increments) has been developed and studied. The means and methods for transmitting a unit of length are presented, as well as the metrological characteristics of the GET 199-2024 in the mode of measuring coordinate increments (length). The sources of non-excluded systematic error and the standard deviation of the measurement result are determined. As a result of the research performed, it became possible to reproduce a unit of length in the mode of measuring coordinate increments in the range of 0–60 m with a standard deviation of no more than 25 μm for 10 independent measurements and a non-excluded systematic error (with a confidence probability of 0.99) of 19 μm. The functionality of the GET 199-2024 will allow solving current problems of metrological support for high-precision electronic total stations and their analogues in three-dimensional measurement mode.

Determination of permanent corrections of ball reflectors

Today, there are many manufacturers of triple-prism, spherical reflectors with different mechanical characteristics. That is why there is a problem of matching the signal reflection center with the geometric one. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the methods of determining permanent corrections of electronic tacheometers, ball reflectors and to develop recommendations for their use. Method. To determine the instrument correction, a displacement interferometer is used. It contains a two-frequency He-Ne laser with a wavelength of l = 0.63 μm (red range). The study compared the results of length measurements by an interferometer and an electronic total station with a ball reflector. This allowed determining the instrument correction. The research defined the constant correction of reflectors and total stations on the phase section of the field base using the method of created linear observations. Results. Experimental studies of ball reflectors of various manufacturers and Leica electronic tacheometers were conducted. The determination of constant instrument corrections of the total station and reflector using the displacement interferometer can be performed with an accuracy of 0.1 mm. This significantly depends on the accuracy of measuring lines with the total station. The use of ball reflectors with a built-in triple prism allows significant increase of distance measurement accuracy by reducing centering errors, considering the constant instrument correction (up to 0.4 mm for Leica 1201 total stations). Scientific novelty. The methods of determining permanent corrections of ball reflectors and total stations were investigated. The proposed method determines the measurement interval length with the exception of systematic constant correction of the electronic total station and reflector. Practical relevance. The use of ball reflectors is recommended for quick and unambiguous installation at points, convenience of their use for monitoring observations, as well as for increasing the accuracy of linear measurements due to the reduction of centering errors. In order to achieve high-precision measurements of short lines, it is recommended, according to the performed studies, to carefully determine the constant correction of the total station and ball prisms. This makes it possible to increase the accuracy of line measurements at least three times compared to the declared accuracy of the total station manufacturer.

Геоінформаційні системи для створення геодезичної основи і побудови генеральних планів населених пунктів

The use of geoinformation systems in conducting geodetic activity is a modern method of geodetic production. The development of a master plan for the territory of a settlement begins with the implementation of geodetic measurement works and the construction of a geodetic cartographic base. Geodetic measuring works are now carried out with modern geodetic devices that provide high accuracy of results, which meets the modern requirements of conducting geodetic activities in our country. With the help of modern software, they process the results of geodetic measurements and further build cartographic material. The application of Remote Sensing of the Earth data makes it possible to spatially link to terrain contours and determine the scope of geodetic measurement works for the further development of general plans of settlements. Modern requirements for the development of urban planning and land management documentation require the use of the latest devices and technologies. The use of high-precision electronic tacheometers and satellite radio navigation systems makes it possible to perform geodetic measurement work quickly and qualitatively in compliance with modern requirements for them. The use of GIS technologies, remote sensing of the Earth and modern programming makes it possible to create cartographic products in digital and paper form. The main purpose of using GIS technologies and DZZ data is to quickly identify the territory of the geodetic survey, find the points of the State Geodetic Network according to the data of the geoportal of Ukraine as a GIS technology system for linking to the starting points and obtaining initial information about them. The use of information layers of the Public Cadastral Map can help to find the source information about the territories of geodetic measurements as quickly as po The use of geodetic software enables the processing of the results of geodetic measurements and the construction of maps, plans, schemes and other cartographic products in symbols of the appropriate scale quickly and accurately. The construction of such cartographic materials serves as a geodetic basis for the development of general plans for the settlement. Our study was the territory of the village of Ivano-Shychyne, Bogodukhiv district, Kharkiv region, which belongs to the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine. To develop a master plan for the village of Ivano-Shychyne with complex relief conditions and the development of degradation processes of the soil cover had to perform a geodetic cartographic basis in digital form. And only after that, develop a master plan, since the old cartographic materials have long since lost their weight. The whole situation has changed a long time ago, new building blocks have appeared, the street and road network has developed. To compare the situation, we used the data of the DZZ, where we found significant changes, which were reflected on the constructed cartographic materials, which simplifies the solution to the problem.

Комплексный мониторинг геологической среды в пределах горного отвода строящегося тоннеля

Purpose: To consider the example of the implementation of integrated monitoring based on various information collection and analysis on soil environment movements for further prognosis on massif state and timely corrections of construction decisions. To establish sequence and rhythm of monitoring implementation stages for to obtain timely information on soil massif state. To reveal possible ways of statistical processing of observation results for to ensure deformation development prediction reliability. Methods: No-touch registration method for electromagnetic emission, ground penetrating radar method, seismic-acoustics method, geodetic method, strain gauge method, statistical methods. Results: Possibility to embody deformation complex monitoring on certain example has been studied. Possible sequence of monitoring stages with the use of modern methods and technologies has been described. It has been shown that the collection of data on soil massif state from various sources makes it possible to make reliable conclusions on mining operation safety and to verify them by using statistical analysis methods. The results of real observations of deformations in the limits of mining allotment have been considered. Recommendations are given on observation organization during flank process activation. It has been described the possibility of deformation monitoring organization with complex use of various means for measurement such as inclinometric probes, high precision levels, electronic tacheometers, load cells. Geodetic monitoring (geodetic measurements) of deformations during tunnel construction should be carried out. The paper considers the need to project and create geodetic monitoring planned-altitude networks serving as a base to make observations with required accuracy on offset of construction’s structures and objects surrounding the construction. Practical significance: The results can be used in job organization to monitor offsets in excavation outputs, day surface (surrounding buildings) deformations, in the design of observation stations.

Modern methods of geotechnic – effective way of providing industrial safety in mines

Results of long term researches of scientists of Kazakh National Research Technical University (KazNRTU) on the study of geomechanical processes are considered. It is shown that the problem of controlling geomechanical processes can be solved on the basis of integrated system for geomonitoring of rock massif state, providing for comprehensive accounting and analysis of all natural and man-made factors, as well as use of developed control tools by the authors. Characteristic features of ore deposits, use of various geotechnical methods in the process of their development are analyzed. Using necessity of methods of satellite geodesy, electronic tacheometers and laser scanning for open – pit mines monitoring was revealed and substantiated. Permanent ground reference which allows to ensure speed and accuracy of centering, as well as to exclude use of tripods for installation of high-precision electronic and laser devices used for earth surface geomonitoring was developed by the authors. Firstly, particular attention is drawn to underground monitoring of deformation and rock mass destruction. Mining works experience detects main cause of massif disturbance is fracturing which is probabilistic in nature. In addition, rock blasting operations during execution of interchamber pillars (ICP) are sources of additional technological rocks fracturing, that also reduces load bearing capacity and pillars and roof stability. Secondly, during mining on chamber-and-pillar development system in mined-out chambers, repeatedly increased leading rock pressure moves between support pillars or conjunction of mine workings, which threatens with sudden roof collapse ensuing serious consequences. Therefore, to monitor roof displacement during cleaning operations, distance determination method of roof displacement has been developed and ICP, which allows operational monitoring of underground workings stability and increase safety of mining operations. Method is based on the task of tool creating that allows to constantly register roof displacement in order to timely warn of impending roof collapse and take necessary measures. Thirdly, considering that ultimate goal for all geomechanical studies is to ensure industrial safety, in order to prevent further progressive pillars destruction, composition for strengthening fractured rock mass has been developed. Composition is oriented for hardening fractured rocks in open – pit mines and hardening distructed inter-chamber pillars and ceilings in underground workings. Technical result: mining waste utilization – (mill tailings), achievement of high fluidity of solution, adhesion to rocks and strength of obtained composition. Constant monitoring of state of massif fracturing and their strengthening can significantly extend service life of pillars, increase stability of worked-out space and, thereby, ensure safety and efficiency of mining operations. The work was attended by M. B. Nurpeisova, professor of Department of Mine Surveying of Kazakh National Research University named after K. I. Satpayev, Doctor of Engineering Sciences and Sh. K. Aitkazinova, PhD doctor. The study was supported by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Grant No. АР08857097 Integrated Monitoring of Slow Deformation on Ground Surface in the Course of Large-Scale Mineral Mining in Kazakhstan.

Metrological Standardization of High-Precision Electronic Tacheometers Using a Precision Laser Tracker

The article discusses the issues of increasing the accuracy of measurements which is especially important in the installation and operation of technological equipment. The paper presents a technique for studying the accuracy of determining the rectangular coordinates of the controlled points measured by an electronic tacheometer. It is proposed to use a precision laser tracker for metrological standardization of high-precision electronic tacheometers at short distances (up to 60 m). The results of practical testing of the proposed method of metrological standardization of a high-precision electronic tacheometer are presented.

ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ РЕШЕНИЯ В ОБЛАСТИ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ ГЕОПРОСТРАНСТВЕННОЙ ИНФОРМАЦИИ О МАГИСТРАЛЬНЫХ ТРУБОПРОВОДАХ И ОБЪЕКТАХ ИХ ИНФРАСТРУКТУРЫ

Актуальность исследования обусловлена тем, чтов настоящее время в Российской Федерации для целейобслуживания добычи и разработки полезных ископаемых необходимо выполнять съемочные и геодезические работы,по результатам которых формируются массивыгеопространственных данных, которые являются основой для проектирования и обустройства нефтяных и газовых месторождений и являютсяисходной информацией для трехмерного моделирования земной поверхности, геологических структур месторождений и инфраструктуры трубопроводных систем. Кроме того,геопространственные данные необходимы для подготовки документов при постановке на государственный кадастровый учет и оформления прав землепользования. На основании этого в статье поставлена научно-техническая задача: проанализировать возможности применения различных способов обеспечения геопространственной информацией ГИС трубопроводных систем данными для 3D моделирования исследуемыхместорождений и трубопроводов.Корпоративные ГИСнаполняют данными о состоянии трубопроводного транспорта,используя информацию с космических съемочных систем с высоким и средним пространственным разрешением, а также материалы съемки с беспилотных летательных аппаратов и воздушного лазерного сканирования. Мониторинг трубопроводных систем осуществляют также с использованием данных наземных геодезических съемок.Одним из распространенных видов современного геодезического оборудования являются высокоточные и точные электронные тахеометры, позволяющие получать геопространственную информацию о местности и антропогенных объектах как в плане, так и по высоте. Высотная составляющая определяется в результате выполнения тригонометрического нивелирования. Применение способа тригонометрического нивелирования особенно актуально при работе в пересеченной местности и неблагоприятных условиях, к которым в частности относятся районы Крайнего Севера. Цель: проанализировать возможности применения различных способов обеспечения геопространственной информацией ГИС трубопроводных систем: космических съемок с различным пространственным разрешением, данных беспилотных летательных аппаратов и воздушного лазерного сканирования, тригонометрического нивелирования IIIиIV классов с применением высокоточных электронных тахеометровпри формировании массивов геопространственных данныхсистем мониторинга магистральных трубопроводов. Методы: дешифрирование аэрокосмических изображений, экспериментальные исследования в полевых условиях с материалами космических съемок, данными беспилотных летательных аппаратов и воздушного лазерного сканирования, использование высокоточных нивелиров и электронных тахеометров для тригонометрического нивелирования, геоинформационные технологии. Результаты.Выполнена оценка качества геопространственной информации для ГИС-мониторинга трубопроводных систем. Работа показала, что данные дистанционного зондирования Земли с различными пространственными разрешениями, беспилотных летательных аппаратов и воздушного лазерного сканированияпозволяют сформировать массивы геопространственных данных, необходимых для служб, эксплуатирующих трубопроводные системы, обеспечивающих плановую привязку с достаточной точностью; при создании высотного геодезического обоснования, когда точность необходимо повысить до III и IV классов, вместо трудоемкого геометрического нивелирования целесообразно дополнять массивы информацией, полученной методом тригонометрического нивелирования с использованием высокоточных электронных тахеометров.

GEODESIC CONTROL OF THE PLANNED POSITION OF THE OUTSIDE CURVES

Rail curves are the most vulnerable places on the rail in terms of design parameters violations. Existing approaches to the geodetic maintenance of the planned position of railway curves do not ensure the preservation of their design indicators. The way that can solve this problem is to create special benchmark systems on the sections of the curves. The main points of this system should be the vertices of the track or the points that allow you to determine the position of the vertex angle. More rational to date and far less costly is to set up local benchmark systems that are created for a single curve or group near the curves located. Created benchmark system in the future allows you to virtually exclude geodetic works from the current retention of the rail curve, reducing the control of its planned position to the measurements of distances from the benchmarks. These measures should be included in railway track reconstruction and repair projects. The definition of indentation in the plan can be made with respect to the chord that connects the intermediate points of the curve with the accepted interval of the breakdown. Calculations are made to determine the magnitudes of measurements within the transition and circular curves and the sequence of fixation of the value of displacements at the points of the curve to move these points to the design position.The peculiarities of the use of electronic tacheometers in bringing the railway curves to the design position are highlighted. Taking a curve with an electronic tachometer can be done in detail at all points of the breakdown or in a combined way, when the tachometer determines the coordinates of a limited number of points between which the displacements are determined.

ГЕОТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ МОНИТОРИНГ ТРАНСПОРТНЫХ ОБЪЕКТОВ С ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ ИННОВАЦИОННЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ

The paper discusses the procedure of planning, executing of work and decision making on the basis of data gained by the results of geotechnical monitoring of Obskaya — Bovanenkovo railway in 2010–2014 and artificial constructions on permafrost soils with the use of innovative technologies — laser scanners, robotized electronic tacheometers, and highly precise digital electronic levels.

Спосіб визначення геометричних параметрів колових підкранових колій

Висвітлено проблеми визначення геометричних параметрів колових підкранових колій. Розглянуто відомі методики контролю геометрії криволінійної підкранової колії. Із появою нових сучасних електронних тахеометрів постало завдання розроблення нового способу вимірювання підкранової колії полярного крана реакторного відділення. Запропоновано нову методику визначення геометричних параметрів колових підкранових колій за допомогою електронного тахеометра, який полягає у визначенні координат точок, замаркованих на колії. На віддалях 20 мм від краю колії з інтервалом у 2,81 м розмічують керном і насвердлюють 48 точок діаметром 3 мм. Виміри виконують з трьох станцій, на яких попередньо закріплюють встановлюють три штатива з підставками, на яких послідовно встановлюють електронні тахеометри або відбивачі. Вимірювання виконують почергово в секторах 25÷7, 7÷37, 12÷42, 25÷42 і використовують міні-призму. За результатами вимірів аналітично розраховують геометричні параметри колії і дані для оптимального рихтування. Використання способу визначення геометричних параметрів колових підкранових колій згідно з пропонованим винаходом підвищує оперативність проведення виконання геодезичної зйомки, ефективність знаходження геометричних даних та зумовлює зниження витрат часу для одержання результату. За допомогою універсального апроксимуючого алгоритму знайдено радіуси та розраховано дані для рихтування колії колового крана, що допомагає знизити затрати на виконання ремонтних робіт.

ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ СТАЛОЇ ВІДДАЛЕМІРА ЕЛЕКТРОННОГО ТАХЕОМЕТРА З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ НОВОГО ПРИСТРОЮ ДЛЯ ПРИВ’ЯЗКИ ДО СТІННИХ ЗНАКІВ

Urgency of the research. An important part of geodetic works is measurement lines. Linear measurements performed during the construction of geodetic networks, topographic survey, еngineering and geodetic works. Therefore, еnsuring reliable results of linear measurements is an urgent task.Target setting. In the practice of geodetic measurements, satellite technology is increasingly being used [1, 2]. But GPS positioning also has its disadvantages. The use of GPS technology to determine the coordinates of points in settlements with multi-storey buildings, in mountainous terrain in the woods, is still quite problematic. In these areas, a combination of GPS positioning and polygonometric networks [3] is used. To measure distances and angles in polygonometric networks, electronic tacheometers are currently being used. Fixing of points of geodetic networks in settlements is carried out, basically, with the help of wall signs.Actual scientific researches and issues analysis For binding to wall signs using electronic tachymeters, various visions are used [4,5]. The centers of the wall signs are located quite close to the wall or base of the building. The disadvantages of such devices are significant dimensions. This reduces the sector of device inspection from the side of the station. Therefore, a new conjecture was proposed for binding to wall signs [6], whose construction deprives these inconveniences. There was a need to determine the remote distance meter of the Trimble 3305 DR electronic meter, complete with a new device for binding to wall signs. There are various ways to define a stable electronic distance monitor [7]. An analog method is used to compare short distances measured by an electronic stationer and a measuring device, a tape measure.Uninvestigatigated parts of general matters defining The use of the Trimble 3305 DR electronic meter, complete with a new device for removal coordinates from the wall marks, requires the further development of a method for determining the constant correction electronic rangefinder.The research objective. The main purpose of this work is to familiarize with the developed method for determining the constant correction of the electronic rangefinder Trimble 3305 DR , complete with a new device for removal coordinates from the wall marks.The statement of basic materials. The new device [6] for attaching to wall signs has the following basic design elements: the body, the upper part of which is a fixing screw ending with a conical tip, which is screwed into the hole of the center of the wall sign. A round level is used to bring the device to its working condition. The reflector of light signals from the electronic station is made in the form of a troll-prism. The marker on the wall is inside the cavity, which covers the head of the wall sign. Fixing screws hold the stick on the wall sign. It was measured 30 times the short distance Trimble 3305 DR on the reflector of the new device, fixed on the wall sign. Then the new device was removed from the wall sign. A special device for counting distances up to 0.1 mm was installed in the treadmill instead of the station. Measure the same distance with the inter tool roulette 10 times relative to the center of the wall sign. The average values of the measured distances were calculated and brought to the horizon. The distances were corrected for temperature and computation. The results of the measurements were to be determined by the constant error of the ABBA criterion, the correspondence to the normal distribution by the Kolmogorov criterion and using asymmetry and excess. The result is a constant and average square error of its definition.Conclusions. The experimental researches and processing of the results for the determination of the permanent electronic timer, Trimble 3305 DR, are completed with a new device for binding to wall signs. A statistical check of series of measurements has been carried out, which showed the absence of systematic errors in the measurement series and correspond to the normal distribution of results. The constant value is + 23.4 mm ± 0.8 mm.

Metrological Support for Opto-Electronic Coordinate Measurements

Issues related to metrological support for coordinate measurements and wide-range laser measurement systems (trackers, ground scanners, interferometers, robotic electronic tacheometers) are discussed.

Experimental Investigations of the Errors of Measurements of Horizontal Angles by Means of Electronic Tacheometers

A technique and results of studies of the precision of measurements of horizontal angles by means of electronic tacheometers are presented. The investigations were carried out in order to identify tachometers with unacceptable systematic errors or to take into account these errors in order to increase measurement precision.

Calibration of Surveying Instruments and Tools – Means to the Quality Increase of Deformation Measurements

ABSTRACT Purpose This paper describes selected control and calibration procedures of some surveying instruments and tools (digital levels and code bar levelling staffs, total stations and electronic tacheometers, and reflective systems). Methods The calibration of horizontal circles of optical and electronic theodolites can be carried out under laboratory conditions, e.g. on an automated device for the calibration of optical polygons EZB-3 in the Slovak Institute of Metrology in Bratislava (SIM). Results The results of testing the influence of lighting when working with a digital levelling instrument are presented. Furthermore, the procedure and results of the calibration of horizontal circles of surveying instruments on a calibration device (Slovak Institute of Metrology in Bratislava) are described in this paper. Practical implications The result of such calibration is a set of horizontal scale corrective values for particular nominal values of the scale, determined using a series of measurements, and eventually the provision of the parameters of approximating function. Originality/value The use of a laser interferometer (laser measurement system XL 10 f. RENISHAW) for the calibration of the code leveling rod, respectively of the system calibration (digital leveling device - code late) prepared by the Department of Geodesy, SUT Bratislava with the help of European projects, will then be implemented in a unique facility in the Slovak Republic.

New Method for Determination of Adjustment Corrections for Crane Rail Axes

Abstract Electronic tacheometers are currently a standard instrument used in geodetic work, including also geodetic engineering measurements. One of the many applications of tacheometers in engineering geodesy are 3D control measurements of crane rail axes. This paper proposes a new method of computing adjustment corrections for crane rail axes based on 3D polar measurements performed with an electronic tacheometer. The intermediary method with conditions on parameters was used in the solution of the problem. The theoretical discussion was complemented with an example application on simulated results of observations. The obtained results confirmed the theoretical assumptions and encourage the verification of the presented proposal on practical examples.

Scaling of EDM calibration baselines by GPS and controlling of EDM parameters

The calibration values of electromagnetic distance measurements, which have been given by their own firms, can lose their currency in time. So, the EDMs must be controlled in the particular time intervals. The EDM controls have been usually made in the EDM calibration baselines, which are constituted for this aim. Zero addition, scale coefficient and phase difference measurement function constitute the measurement function as a result of control done. The EDM calibration baseline must be scaled to determine the scale coefficient. Not only high accuracy instruments as Kern Mekometer 3000 but also GPS can be used for scaling. In this study, it has been investigated that possibility of scaling of EDM calibration baseline by using GPS and the scaled EDM calibration baseline, and the calibration parameters of Sokkisha SET2, Topcon GTS701, Topcon GTS 229 and Sokkia Power SET 2000 electronic tacheometers have also been estimated.

Raising the accuracy in determining the geometrical parameters and calibration of vertical cylindrical vessels on checking

Methods are described for making measurements with electronic tacheometers and scanners that allow one to raise the productivity of labor by a substantial factor while increasing the accuracy in determining the geometrical parameters of the vessels. Formulas are given for estimating the geometrical parameters from the coordinates of points on the tank walls, and also estimates of the accuracy obtained by least-squares fitting.

75 Years of Change in Survey Technology

The change in surveying instrumentation and technology, as documented by the articles and advertisements in the first 300 issues of the (Empire) Survey Review, is summarised. The review concentrates on the changes in minor equipment (steel bands and tapes, plane tables, barometers, magnetic compass, tripods and tribrachs), levelling instruments, theodolites, electro-optical distance meters ('EDM instruments'), electronic tacheometers ('total stations'), laser scanners and trackers, north-seeking gyroscopes and satellite surveying systems. Another few development areas are briefly mentioned.

75 Years of Change in Survey Technology

The change in surveying instrumentation and technology, as documented by the articles and advertisements in the first 300 issues of the (Empire) Survey Review, is summarised. The review concentrates on the changes in minor equipment (steel bands and tapes, plane tables, barometers, magnetic compass, tripods and tribrachs), levelling instruments, theodolites, electro-optical distance meters ('EDM instruments'), electronic tacheometers ('total stations'), laser scanners and trackers, north-seeking gyroscopes and satellite surveying systems. Another few development areas are briefly mentioned.

Use of Optical Measuring Systems Based on Modern Electronic Tacheometers to Monitor Deformations of Surface Buildings and Structures

Theoretical bases are examined for the automation of geodetic measurements based on modern electronic tacheometers, and recommendations are given for their use.