Electronic Stability Research Articles

Strain effects on electronic and dynamical properties of half-Heusler semiconductors: insights from Meta-GGA

In this study, we investigated the effects of mechanical strain, including both tensile and compressive strains, on the electronic properties and dynamical stability of two ternary half-Heusler compounds: TiIrSb and ZrIrSb. We employed the plan wave pseudo-potential method (PW-PP) within the density functional theory (DFT) framework. Our calculations were performed using both the GGA-PBE and Meta-GGA-SCAN approximations. Furthermore, to compute the phonon dispersion, we employed the R2SCAN functional instead of SCAN for both compounds, addressing numerical challenges encountered with the latter. In the absence of strain, our calculations revealed that both compounds exhibit semiconducting behavior, featuring an indirect band gap at identical locations in the Brillouin Zone. Notably, the SCAN functional consistently predicted a larger band gap compared to the corresponding values obtained with PBE for both compounds. Specifically, the band gap expanded significantly, creating a noticeable separation between the valence and conduction bands. For TiIrSb, it increased from 0.84 eV with PBE to 1.05 eV with SCAN, while for ZrIrSb, it increased from 1.41 eV with PBE to 1.71 eV with SCAN. Under the application of strains, both compounds demonstrated an increased band gap under compressive strain, while the application of tensile strain led to a decrease in the band gap, resulting in an indirect-to-direct band gap transition for ZrIrSb. Remarkably, under all strain values, whether tensile or compressive, the SCAN functional consistently exhibited a larger band gap compared to PBE, indicating its accurate description of the material’s electronic structure. The calculated Density of States (DOS) and Partial Density of States (PDOS) reveal that the valence band extremum (VBM) primarily consisted of Ti/Zr-d orbitals, while the conduction band maxima (CBM) predominantly involved strong hybridization between Ti/Zr-d, Ir-d, and Sb-p states. Notably, the SCAN functional predicted higher orbital contributions to Total Density of States (TDOS) compared to the PBE approximation. Importantly, both half-Heusler materials exhibited mechanical and dynamical stability under various strain conditions.

Low-complexity continuous-variable quantum key distribution with true local oscillator using pilot-assisted frequency locking

In the domain of continuous variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD), a significant challenge arises in achieving precise frequency synchronization, an issue commonly termed as frequency locking. This involves matching the optical frequencies of both the quantum signal laser and the local oscillator laser for accurate symbol demodulation during the exchange of quantum keys. As such, implementations today still grapple with maintaining precise synchronization between sender and receiver frequencies, occasionally hindering the efficiency and reliability of the information exchange. Addressing this challenge, we present and empirically validate a novel approach to CV-QKD by incorporating a pilot tone-assisted frequency locking algorithm to enhance stability when using a locally generated local oscillator (LLO) at the receiver. The proposed design leverages software-based optimization techniques, thereby eliminating the need for high-speed electronic stabilization devices and achieving efficient performance at typical repetition rates. Specifically, the introduction of the pilot tone algorithm allows us to effectively mitigate phase fluctuations and preserve the integrity of the quantum signals during transmission without resorting to time-multiplexed reference pulses or fast-locking electronics in the lasers. Our results suggest the potential for achieving secure key rates of up to 1 Mb/s over a 50 km single-mode fiber when using these techniques, offering promising insights into the feasibility of high-rate, low-complexity CV-QKD implementations under realistic conditions.

In situ fabrication of 2D Bi/Bi2O2CO3 nanosheets anchored on Bi substrate for highly-efficient photoelectrocatalytic CO2 reduction to formate

Utilizing photoelectrocatalysis for the CO2 conversion into value-added chemicals presents a promising approach for alleviating energy-environmental crisis, but the current catalysts encounter the limitations of electron transfer efficiency, activity and stability. Herein, we in situ construct Bi/Bi2O2CO3 composite film with nanosheets anchored on Bi substrate to optimize reaction kinetics, and effectively enhance the separation and transport efficiencies of photogenerated carriers. Our findings reveal that the formate Faraday efficiency of 92.68 % at −0.95 V (vs. RHE) for photoelectrocatalytic CO2 reduction over Bi/Bi2O2CO3 film is much higher obviously than 84 % of electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaches, and there is no significant decrease within 10 h of activity test. Besides, the highest applied bias photon-to-current efficiency and cathode energy efficiency can achieve 1.19 % and 61 %, respectively, indicating the superior energy utilization of the catalyst. Finally, a reasonable electron transfer mechanism for the enhanced photoelectrocatalytic CO2 reduction over Bi/Bi2O2CO3 film is proposed and clarified based on the spectral characterizations and density functional theory calculations. This work should provide a novel perspective for the design and research of Bi-based photocathodes.

Investigating the effect of calcination temperature on the electrochemical properties of Na4MnV(PO4)3/NC@CNTs cathode materials for sodium ion batteries

Manganese-based NASICON-type Na4MnV(PO4)3 (NVMP) is used as an alternative material to the cathode materials (Na3V2(PO4)3) for sodium-ion battery (SIBs). By selecting the cheap and easily available and environmentally non-polluting Mn element to replace part of the highly toxic and expensive V element, it has the advantages of higher voltage platform, lower cost and weaker toxicity. However, the low intrinsic conductivity and poor cycling stability of NVMP severely limit its application in SIBs. In this paper, N-doped double carbon layer-coated NVMP composites (NVMP/NC@CNTs) are prepared by adding additional urea as a nitrogen source and CNTs as a carbon source using a simple and feasible sol-gel synthesis method, which improves their electronic conductivity and structural stability. On this basis, the effects of calcination temperature on the lattice structure, specific surface area, carbon disorder, Na+ diffusion coefficient (DNa+) and electrochemical properties of NVMP/NC@CNTs composites are mainly investigated. The results show that the optimal annealing temperature is 650 °C, and the NVMP/NC@CNTs material has the highest discharge capacity (105.6 mAh g−1 at 0.1C), the best rate performance (75.7 mAh g−1 at 5C), and the most stable cycling stability (79.4 %/89.3 % for 500 cycles at 1C / 5C, respectively). Even at high rate of 10C, an impressive cycling stability (77.5 % capacity retention over 1500 cycles). The sodium storage mechanism, electrochemical performance and pseudo-capacitance contribution of NVMP/NC@CNTs-650 are further investigated by kinetic analysis, GITT test, ex-situ XPS, XRD and EIS characterization. Finally, the assembled NVMP/NC@CNTs-650 || hard carbon (HC) full cell manifests a high capacity of 87.2 mAh g−1 with capacity retention of 92.5 % over 50 cycles at 1C. The results reveal that the appropriate annealing temperature can help to prepare electrochemically excellent and structurally stable NVMP composites, while the co-modification of N-doped dual-nanocarbon can produce a large number of defects and active sites, which is expected to facilitate the commercialization of SIBs.

Charge-Traps, Thermal Stability and Water-Uptakes of CaSiO3/EP and SiO2/EP Nanocomposites from Molecular Simulations and First-Principles Calculations

Various analytical methods were employed to elucidate the effects of filling nano-calcium-silicate or nano-silica on the electronic property, water-uptake, and thermal stability of an amine-crosslinked epoxy (EP) polymer. Molecular-mixture models consisting of a nanofiller or several calcium ions and EP crosslinked macro-molecules were used to simulate local regions of nanofiller/matrix interface or ion-infiltrated matrix, calculating their density of electron-states by first-principles method to determine whether and how the nanofillers introduce charge traps into EP matrix. Calcium cations on nanofiller surface dissociate away from coordinating with silicon-oxygen tetrahedron and infiltrate into void spaces in EP matrix, leaving a larger free volume at filler/matrix interface than in matrix. Calcium cations dissolved in EP matrix are adsorbed in the low electrostatic potential region or coordinate with carbonyl groups in EP matrix and thus introduce a miniband of deep electron traps at energy levels >1 eV lower than conduction band minimum of the amine-crosslinked EP polymer. Even at room temperature, thermal vibrations can break coordinate bonds between calcium cations and silicon-oxygen framework on calcium-silicate nanofiller surface and make considerable calcium ions infiltrating void spaces within EP matrix, leading to comprehensive improvements of cohesive energy, thermal stability, and charge trapping ability in the calcium-silicate/EP nanocomposite.

Tailoring Si12C12 nanocluster with late first-row transition metals: A promising approach during single-atom catalysis toward hydrogen evolution reaction (HER)

Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) has gained a great interest in recent years because it provides the cleanest fuel (H2). One of the most demanding things required for this reaction is an efficient and cost-effective catalyst. Single atom catalysis is one of the most remarkable strategies in this regard. Herein, transition metals adsorbed silicon carbide nanocages (TM@Si12C12; TM = Zn, Fe, Co, Cu, Ni) are investigated as single atom catalysts in order to search less expensive electrocatalysts with excellent efficiency for HER. The pure and hydrogen adsorbed TM@Si12C12 show geometric and thermodynamic stability which illustrates their practical utility. Interaction energies obtained range from −0.70 to −5.73 eV, and it is suggested that Cu@Si12C12 may play an excellent role in HER due to its lowest Gibbs free energy of −0.17 eV (near to zero). In this work, we investigated electronic properties through natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis of selected TM@SiC. According to NBO calculations, it is observed that charge is transferred from adsorbed transition metals towards nanocage. After H adsorption, NBO charge is transferred to hydrogen which shows the adsorption properties of H. In case of HOMO-LUMO energy gap, it is observed that transition metal adsorbed complexes have small energy gaps between 2.17 and 2.77 eV but after adsorption of hydrogen, this energy gap increases to lie in the range of to change from 2.93 to 3.12 eV, which also verified the electronic stability of H adsorbed species. The noncovalent interactions are estimated through NCI analysis. The density of states analysis gives insight about the energy states of occupied and unoccupied orbitals of electrons. The highest thermodynamic stability and electronic conductivity of transition metal adsorbed silicon carbide suggested it as an excellent supportive surface for HER.

First-principles study of adsorption, dissociation, and diffusion of hydrogen on α-U (110) surface

According to the equilibrium crystal shape of α-U, the surface of α-U (110) is more stable and has a larger area fraction than α-U (001). Therefore, the adsorption, dissociation, and diffusion behaviors of H atoms and H2 molecules on the α-U (110) surface were systematically studied by first-principles calculations. The results show that there are only two stable adsorption sites for the H atom: the surface short-bridge site (SB1) and the subsurface short-bridge site (SB2). The adsorption of H2 molecules is divided into chemical adsorption of dissociated H2 molecules and physical adsorption of undissociated H2 molecules, and the LB2-ParL adsorption configuration is the most stable adsorption configuration for H2 molecule adsorption, with an adsorption energy of −0.250 eV. The work function and charge transfer show that adsorption of the H atom or H2 molecule leads to an increase in the work function value of the α-U (110) surface, which enhances the electronic stability of the α-U (110) surface. The projected density of states shows that when the H atom or H2 molecule is close to the α-U (110) surface, the 1s orbital electrons of the H atom will hybridize with the 5f/6d orbital electrons of the nearby surface and subsurface U atoms, and new hybridized orbital peaks appear near the −4.5 eV or −7.3 eV energy level. The climbing image nudged elastic band study shows that the surface free H atoms are very easy to diffuse between the surface short-bridge sites and the subsurface short-bridge sites but the diffusion between the short-bridge site and the triangular center site is extremely difficult.

ZrN doped with 3d transition metals: a computational investigation of main physical properties for high-temperature structural applications

In the present study, ab initio density functional theory calculations were used to assess the effect of first-row transition metals (X = Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) on the stability of Zr0.5N0.5 nitrides. Specifically, the structural, mechanical, and electronic properties were studied to evaluate their applicability in high-temperature structural applications such as coating. The heat of formation for all X-doped Zr0.5N0.5 ternaries were found to be lower than that of the undoped Zr0.5N0.5. Specifically, Mn-doped Zr0.5N0.5 was observed to be the most thermodynamically stable structure, due to its lowest heat of formation. The density of states for both the undoped and doped Zr0.5N0.5 nitrides indicated full metallic behavior and observed that doping with 3d-transition metals reduce the density of states at the Fermi energy, thereby enhancing the electronic stability. Furthermore, mechanical stability was observed in these nitrides with increased melting temperatures expect for Zr0.5N0.5 doped Ti. Since Zr0.5N0.5 doped with X is thermodynamically, electronically, and mechanically stable, they are deemed suitable for high-temperature structural applications especially Zr0.5N0.5 doped Mn.

Theoretical prediction and regulation of interlayer stable angle in twisting bilayer graphene

Recent researches showed that interlayer rotation, as a control method, can effectively regulate the mechanical, electrical, and optical properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials. The control of the twisting angle and its stability influence the properties of rotation-tunable electronics, so it has attracted much attention. In this research, based on the Lennard-Jones (L-J) potential and energy density method, the energy landscape of twisted bilayer graphene (tBLG) is studied. The dependence of the locally stable twisting angle and the number of potential energy barriers on the size of the top layer graphene is analyzed. It is found that the size effect is related to the vertical distance between carbon atoms and the rotation axis. The large-sized top layer graphene has a larger energy barrier and higher stability under the same conditions, which is conducive to the structural stability of the rotation-tunable electronics. The vacancy defect and the shape of the top layer graphene have an effect on the energy landscape, based on which the regulation of stable twisting angle can be achieved. In addition, the effect of the position of the top layer graphene on the energy landscape is studied, and it is found that the energy landscape has a 2D periodicity with the change of the position, which is related to the lattice structure of graphene. There are two main modes of energy landscape with the variation of the position of top layer graphene, and the changing trend is similar under the same mode. Our research predicts the interlayer stable twisting angle theoretically and provides theoretical support for the design of rotation-tunable electronics.

Ti3C2Tx Electromagnetic Shielding Performance: Investigating Environmental Influences and Structural Changes

AbstractMXenes, a promising family of 2D transition metal carbides/nitrides, are renowned for their exceptional electronic conductivity and mechanical stability, establishing them as highly desirable candidates for advanced electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding material. Despite these advantages, challenges persist in optimizing MXene synthesis methods and improving their oxidation resistance. Surface defects on MXenes significantly impact their electronic properties, impeding charge transport and catalyzing the oxidation process. In this study, a novel synthesis protocol derived from the conventional, minimally invasive layer delamination (MILD) method, is presented. Two additional steps are introduced aiming at enhancing process yield, addressing a crucial issue as conventional methods often yield high‐quality individual MXene flakes but struggle to generate sufficient quantities for bulk material production. This approach successfully yields Ti3C2Tx films with excellent conductivity (3973.72 ±121.31 Scm−1) and an average EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of 56.09 ± 1.60 dB within the 1.5 to 10 GHz frequency range at 35% relative humidity (RH). Furthermore, this investigation delves into the long‐term oxidation stability of these films under varying RH conditions. These findings underscore the effectiveness of this innovative synthesis approach in elevating both the conductivity and EMI shielding capabilities of MXene materials. This advancement represents a significant step toward harnessing MXenes for practical applications requiring robust EMI shielding solutions. Additionally, insights into long‐term stability offer critical considerations for implementing MXenes in real‐world environments.

THE INFLUENCE OF VIBRATIONS ON THE EFFICIENCY OF THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

This article is devoted to the study of the influence of vibrations on the efficiency and reliability of the internal combustion engine (ICE). The authors consider in detail the amount of vibration that occurs as a result of engine operation and its possible consequences for various components. The article examines modern methods of vibration analysis and their impact on various types of technical systems, including electromechanical, hydromechanical, and thermal energy equipment. Vibration reduction technologies and their implementation to increase the efficiency of technical systems are being studied. The study also includes consideration of possible technologies and innovations aimed at reducing the impact of vibration on engine performance, such as the use of shock absorbers, design optimization and the use of new materials. In particular, the article analyzes the use of the latest materials for vibration reduction, the development of control and diagnostic systems, and also studies the impact of vibrations on human health and the environment. The importance of considering vibration aspects in the process of design, operation and maintenance of technical equipment is noted. Possible implications for measurement accuracy, electronic stability, and overall control efficiency are highlighted. The authors offer practical solutions to reduce these negative impacts, including the use of innovative technologies and the development of improved electronics systems. This article is aimed at the engineering and scientific community, as well as at professionals who are interested in improving the efficiency of technical systems and understanding the effect of vibrations on their functioning. The conclusions and recommendations presented in this paper can be used for further research and development in the field of vibration engineering and technology.

Concrete structure assembly technology based on 3D intelligent image analysis

AbstractAt present, there is no standard practice for temporary connection of component installation. How to make temporary connections to components more efficient and accurate is the key to the construction of cast‐in‐place connection parts in concrete prefabricated buildings. In order to improve the assembly technology of concrete structures, this paper combines three‐dimensional intelligent image analysis technology for simulation, analyzes and compares several common electronic image stabilization algorithms, discusses the video image stabilization technology based on gray projection method in detail, and gives experimental results. Moreover, this paper analyzes and compares common moving target tracking algorithms, such as feature‐based tracking, region matching‐based tracking, dynamic contour‐based tracking, and 3D model‐based tracking. In addition, this paper studies the target tracking algorithm based on the Camshift algorithm, and constructs the assembly model of the intelligent concrete structure with the support of the algorithm. Through experimental verification, it is known that the performance distribution of the concrete structure assembly model based on 3D intelligent image analysis in experimental evaluation is between [81, 89], the experimental study shows that the concrete structure assembly model based on 3D intelligent image analysis can effectively improve the assembly effect of concrete structure.

Revealing the Critical Role of Global Electron Density Transfer in the Reaction Rate of Polar Organic Reactions within Molecular Electron Density Theory.

The critical role of global electron density transfer (GEDT) in increasing the reaction rate of polar organic reactions has been studied within the framework of Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT). To this end, the series of the polar Diels-Alder (P-DA) reactions of cyclopentadiene with cyanoethylene derivatives, for which experimental kinetic data are available, have been chosen. A complete linear correlation between the computed activation Gibbs free energies and the GEDT taking place at the polar transition state structures (TSs) is found; the higher the GEDT at the TS, the lower the activation Gibbs free energy. An interacting quantum atoms energy partitioning analysis allows for establishing a complete linear correlation between the electronic stabilization of the electrophilic ethylene frameworks and the GEDT taking place at the polar TSs. This finding supports Parr's proposal for the definition of the electrophilicity ω index. The present MEDT study establishes the critical role of the GEDT in the acceleration of polar reactions, since the electronic stabilization of the electrophilic framework with the electron density gain is greater than the destabilization of the nucleophilic one, making a net favorable electronic contribution to the decrease in the activation energy.

Mitigating the Overheat of Stretchable Electronic Devices Via High-Enthalpy Thermal Dissipation of Hydrogel Encapsulation.

The practical application of flexible and stretchable electronics is significantly influenced by their thermal and chemical stability. Elastomer substrates and encapsulation, due to their soft polymer chains and high surface-area-to-volume ratio, are particularly susceptible to high temperatures and flame. Excessive heat poses a severe threat of damage and decomposition to these elastomers. By leveraging water as a high enthalpy dissipating agent, here, a hydrogel encapsulation strategy is proposed to enhance the flame retardancy and thermal stability of stretchable electronics. The hydrogel-based encapsulation provides thermal protection against flames for more than 10 s through the evaporation of water. Further, the stretchability and functions automatically recover by absorbing air moisture. The incorporation of hydrogel encapsulation enables stretchable electronics to maintain their functions and perform complex tasks, such as fire saving in soft robotics and integrated electronics sensing. With high enthalpy heat dissipation, encapsulated soft electronic devices are effectively shielded and retain their full functionality. This strategy offers a universal method for flame retardant encapsulation of stretchable electronic devices.

Thermodynamic modeling and electronic properties of CsPb1−xSnxI3 as a polymorphic alloy

We performed first-principles calculations combined with a statistical approach based on the generalized quasichemical approximation (GQCA) to study the polymorphic features of CsPb1−xSnxI3 alloy. Our analysis explored the impact of these polymorphic features on electronic properties, statistical attributes, and thermodynamic stability. Our findings indicate that a0a0a0 (Pm3¯m) polymorph makes only a minor contribution to alloy, while a−a+a− pattern has the highest probabilities at room temperature. Encompassing multiple polymorphic degrees within the same generalized ensemble, we found an increase in composition range where phase segregation becomes thermodynamically favored, albeit with a relatively low critical temperature (28.8 K). Despite this, our GQCA-PCE results obtained from the Spectroscopic Limited Maximum Efficiency (SLME) model reveal that the efficiency of alloy-based solar cells could be a little smaller than that of CsSnI3 pure metal halide perovskite (MHP), in range 26.6 % → 30.7 % for CsPbI3 → CsSnI3 at 300 K, which would be compensated by the presence of Pb reducing the tendency of Sn-based MHPs to oxidize in air, favoring the fabrication of photovoltaic devices with enhanced long-term stability.

Electronic structure and vibrational stability of copper-substituted lead apatite LK-99

Electronic structure and vibrational stability of copper-substituted lead apatite LK-99

Electronic and structural properties of Möbius boron-nitride and carbon nanobelts

For the development of nanofilters and nanosensors, we wish to know the impact of size on their geometric, electronic, and thermal stabilities. Using the semiempirical tight binding method as implemented in the xTB program, we characterized Möbius boron-nitride and carbon-based nanobelts with different sizes and compared them to each other and to normal nanobelts. The calculated properties include the infrared spectra, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), the energy gap, the chemical potential, and the molecular hardness. The agreement between the peak positions from theoretical infrared spectra compared with experimental ones for all systems validates the methodology that we used. Our findings show that for the boron-nitride-based nanobelts, the calculated properties have an opposite monotonic relationship with the size of the systems, whereas for the carbon-based nanobelts, the properties show the same monotonic relationship for both types of nanobelts. Also, the torsion presented on the Möbius nanobelts, in the case of boron-nitride, induced an inhomogeneous surface distribution for the HOMO orbitals. High-temperature molecular dynamics also allowed us to contrast carbon-based systems with boron-nitride systems at various temperatures. In all cases, the properties vary with the increase in size of the nanobelts, indicating that it is possible to choose the desired values by changing the size and type of the systems. This work has many implications for future studies, for example our results show that carbon-based nanobelts did not break as we increased the temperature, whereas boron-nitride nanobelts had a rupture temperature that varied with their size; this is a meaningful result that can be tested when the use of more accurate simulation methods become practical for such systems in the future.

Role of Co Content on the Electrode Properties of P3-Type K0.5Mn1-xCoxO2 Potassium Insertion Materials.

Potassium-ion batteries are widely being pursued as potential candidates for stationary (grid) storage, where energy dense K+ insertion cathodes are central to economic and energy efficient operation. To develop robust K-based cathodes, it is key to correlate their underlying electronic states to the final electrochemical performance. Here, we report the synthesis and structure-electrochemical property correlation in P3-type K0.5Mn1-xCoxO2 binary layered oxide cathodes. Spectroscopic analyses revealed a random distribution of Mn and Co in transition metal layers in the oxygen anion framework. In this solid-solution family, Co substitution improved the electronic conductivity and structural stability of P3 phases by minimizing local lattice distortion. Co substitution led to a systematic shift of the Co4+/Co3+ and Mn4+/Mn3+ redox potentials. Galvanostatic cycling showed that the Co substitution reduced the initial capacity while improving the cycling stability. The role of Co on final electrochemical properties of P3-layered oxides has been elucidated as a design tool to develop practical potassium-ion batteries.

Computational investigations on the performance of transition metal carbide (MXene) for methylene blue dye adsorption and remediation from wastewater

MXenes are receiving a lot of attention as adsorbents for environmental contaminants, due to their distinct characteristics, and the adsorption abilities were toughly influenced by the surface terminal groups. In this research the adsorption ability of free-standing Ti3C2 for methylene blue (MB) dye as a major hazardous contaminant in the watery environment is investigated and compared with the O and OH terminated MXene counterparts using computational material tools. DFT simulations are carried out to explore the structural properties and electronic structures, thermodynamic stability, and adsorption behavior of MB on the considered MXenes surface. The Ti3C2 monolayer is observed to behave as superior adsorbent for MB with strong interaction characteristic which is typical for the chemisorption followed by the Ti3C2(OH)2 and Ti3C2O2 MXenes with hydrogen bonding (strong physisorption) and electrostatics attractions, respectively. Meanwhile the DFTB-MD simulation of MB/MXene in ambient conditions reveals a strong ability of Ti3C2 monolayer in MB adsorption by chemical bond formation between N/C atom of MB and surface Ti atom followed by hydrogen bond formation in MB/Ti3C2(OH)2 system. The superior adsorption behavior of free-standing Ti3C2 monolayer in aqueous solution, make this novel monolayer a promising adsorbent for MB adsorption and removal from watery contaminants. The present findings will be beneficial for the design of suitable nanoadsorbents for remediation of hazardous organic contaminants from wastewater.

Collaborative control of path tracking and roll stability in intelligent commercial vehicle: A minimax robust regulator based on Nash game

—Currently, most vehicles are generally equipped with roll stability control system or electronic stability control system to improve stability. However, when encountering emergency obstacle avoidance and similar conditions, roll stability control system may compete with path tracking control system for vehicle control, resulting in the inability to balance path tracking and roll stability. Therefore, a closed-loop feedback Nash game collaborative control method is proposed to solve the collaborative problem between the two control systems. Firstly, a fifth-order vehicle model with coupled yaw-roll dynamics is presented, which was extended to a vehicle-road closed-loop model based on lateral position, yaw angle and road preview information. Secondly, the path tracking control system and roll stability control system are regarded as two agents in the dynamic game control process. On this basis, a Nash game collaborative control strategy is designed by fully considering the control interaction between two game agents. Finally, considering the influence of uncertain disturbances, a finite-time minimax robust control strategy is proposed by using minimax optimization theory. Simulation and hardware in loop experiments show that the minimax robust regulator based on Nash game controller can effectively improve the path tracking and roll stability performance of vehicles. Moreover, the regulator improves the robustness of the system when it is subjected to bounded uncertain lateral disturbances.