Electronic Industries Association Research Articles

A Multi-Hysteresis Control for Minimizing Battery Charging Time Within Industrial JEITA Guidelines

In common industrial practices, the Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association (JEITA) guideline is widely adopted for battery temperature regulations. However, the conventional JEITA-compliant temperature-regulated current control (TRCC) is generally designed without considering the charging speed. To address this issue, a multi-hysteresis temperature-regulated current control (MTRCC) is proposed in this paper. The proposed MTRCC is designed based on the conventional JEITA-compliant TRCC by dividing the hysteresis band for each temperature reference from one to multiple. As a result, the number of charging current levels is increased from three to multiple, such that the charging speed can be improved according to the analysis. The proposed control inherits the simple and effective temperature regulations of the conventional control, while enhancing the charging speed without additional hardware costs. This approach has potential to be an alternative of the state-of-the-art TRCC in JEITA guidelines for single-cell charging applications. Empirical results validate that the proposed MTRCC (with four hysteresis bands) can achieve faster charging than the conventional control at four different ambient temperatures and the charging speed improvement is more significant when the ambient temperature is higher.

Improvement of Lithium-Ion Battery Charging From the State-of-the-Art Industrial JEITA Guidelines to a Hybrid Temperature-Regulated Current Control

This article addresses some practical issues of the Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association (JEITA) battery charging guidelines and common industrial practices. The issues involve the temperature-dependent charging profile that may not lead to optimal charging time. A hybrid temperature-regulated current control (HTRCC) is proposed and compared with common JEITA charging profile in order to minimize the charging time within the thermal limits of the battery. The form factor of the charging current is used for a quick verification that HTRCC can shorten the charging time. Based on an electro-thermal battery model, the minimum charging speed improvement rate compared to JEITA charging profile is also predicted. Practical measurements of the charging profile and charging time are included to confirm the theoretical analysis.

Effects of Zn2+/Mg2+ ratio on dielectric properties of BaTiO3-based ceramics with excellent temperature stability: Experiments and the first-principle calculations

To satisfy the development of MLCC devices, the dielectric properties and temperature stability of ceramic materials urgently needs to be improved. In our work, the 0.9BaTiO3-0.1Bi(ZnxMg0.5-xY0.5)O2.75 ceramics with x=0.0–0.5 are successfully prepared based on a traditional solid-state method. Meanwhile, the ceramic sample (core-shell structure) with x = 0.1 exhibits excellent dielectric properties and temperature stability (εr: 1207, tanδ: 0.009 and εr/ε25 ≤±15% within −80 to 200 °C), which satisfies the Electronic Industries Association (EIA) X9R (-55–150 °C, Δεr/ε25 ≤±15%) specification. In addition, the physical mechanism behind dielectric properties and temperature stability is systematic investigated based on experimental characterization and the first-principle calculations. The interface polarization is regarded as the primary cause affecting the dielectric properties, and has a close relationship with shell structure of ceramic samples. The lattice deformation of shell structure is caused by the introduction of heterovalent ions and non-equivalent substitution. Dielectric constant may be advance as content of Zn2+ ions increases due to the electronic enrichment around the zinc site in distorted lattice matrix. However, the weaken force between atom and electron results in the poor temperature stability.

Colossal permittivity (Nb, Mg) co-doped BaTiO3 ceramics with excellent temperature stability and high insulation resistivity

High performance colossal permittivity ceramic materials are indispensable for the development of electronic devices. In this work, Mg and Nb co-doping BaTiO3 ceramics were prepared by solid-state reaction under reducing atmosphere. The polarization mechanism, dielectric properties and insulation mechanism were investigated. The defect dipoles ([MgTi″−VO••]× and [MgTi″−2NbTi•]×) could be formed inside co-doping BaTiO3 ceramics with various content of MgO, which is the source of colossal permittivity. Appropriate MgO content doping is favorable to enhance short-range hopping, thus improve grain resistance, grain boundary resistance and grain boundary activation energy. The 1.0 at% MgO modified BaTiO3-0.01Nb2O5 ceramics possess excellent performance at room temperature with colossal dielectric constant (ԑr = 4.5 × 104), low dielectric loss (tanδ<0.018), and high insulation resistivity (ρv = 6.52 × 1011 Ω cm). Meanwhile, good temperature stability is obtained in 1.0 at% MgO modified BaTiO3-0.01Nb2O5 ceramics, which satisfies the Electronic Industries Association (EIA) X8R (−55–150 °C, △εr/ε25≤ ±15%) specification. This study suggests that the defect-dipoles related polarization mechanism can be used to design the colossal permittivity BaTiO3-based ceramics.

Analysis and Experimental Test of Electrical Characteristics on Bonding Wire

In this paper, electrical characteristic analysis and corresponding experimental tests on gold bonding wire are presented. Firstly, according to EIA (Electronic Industries Association)/JEDEC97 standards, this paper establishes the electromagnetic structure model of gold bonding wire. The parameters, including flat length ratio, diameter, span and bonding height, were analyzed. In addition, the influence of three kinds of loops of bonding wire is discussed in relation to the S parameters. An equivalent circuit model of bonding wire is proposed. The effect of bonding wire on signal transmission was analyzed by eye diagram as well. Secondly, gold bonding wire design and measurement experiments were implemented based on radio frequency (RF) circuit theory analysis and test methods. Meanwhile, the original measurement data was compared with the simulation model data and the error was analyzed. At last, the data of five frequency points were processed to eliminate the fixture error as much as possible based on port embedding theory. The measurement results using port extension method were compared with the original measurement data and electromagnetic field simulation data, which proved the correctness of the simulation results and design rules.

Multifunctional BaTiO3‐(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3‐based MLCC with high‐energy storage properties and temperature stability

AbstractBaTiO3‐(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 (BTBNT)‐based multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLCC) chips with the inner electrodes being Ag0.6/Pd0.4 are prepared by a roll‐to‐roll casting method. The BTBNT‐based MLCC chips with ten‐dielectric layers can be sintered very well at a low temperature of 1130°C via two‐step sintering (TSS). X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) results show that MLCC chips are a core‐shell structure with two phases coexistence. The core exhibits a tetragonal phase at room temperature and then gradually changes into a cubic phase when the temperature increases above Tc (175°C). While, the shell exhibits a pseudocubic phase at all tested temperature from 25°C to 500°C. BTBNT‐based MLCC chips exhibit a broad temperature stability and meet the requirement of Electronic Industries Association (EIA) X9R specifications. In terms of energy storage performance, a large discharge energy density of 3.33 J/cm3 can be obtained at 175°C under the applied electric field of 480 kV/cm. Among all tested temperature ranging from −50°C to 200°C, the energy efficiency of all chips is higher than 80%, even under a high applied electric field. The experimental results indicate that this novel BTBNT‐based X9R MLCCs can be one of the most promising candidates for energy storage applications, especially operated in high temperature.

Study on Whisker Growth on Solder Joints—Part I: Study on Acceleration Test Method

The shift to lead-free tin-based solder in electronics has created a frequent observation of whisker growth from the plated tin surface. With an expectation that the tin whisker growth is not limited to the tin-plated surface, a three-year project of the Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association (JEITA) for a study of whiskers on lead-free electronics was initiated in 2006, as one of the Strategic Core Technology Advancement Programs funded by Organization for Small and Medium Enterprises and Regional Innovation Japan. This paper reports one of the results of this JEITA project, relating to whisker formation from solder joints and its acceleration test methods. When samples were submitted to soldering process and then exposed to a high-temperature, high-humidity environment, a portion of the solder surface became unevenly corroded (oxidized). Tin in the area between corrosion received the stress and formed tin whiskers. Since soldering flux with bromine content exhibited a tendency to create whisker relatively fast, the influence of temperature and relative humidity was studied with this type of flux. The results from this test were analyzed for acceleration factors and found to have a good linearity in Arrhenius plotting with varied temperatures and a constant humidity, with a calculated activation energy of 0.84 eV. Combined with the test results with constant temperature and varied humidity, the same characteristic formulas for whisker growth from the plated tin surface under high temperature/humidity in the reports of the International Electronics Manufacturing Initiative were found to be also applicable to the cases of solder joints. The constants in the formulas, however, were found to be approximately equal to those for the humidity behavior of the conductive adhesive/tin plating interface or those found for electrochemical migration.

Environmental advantages of the reverse logistics: a case study in the batteries collection in Brazil

Abstract Paper aims Evaluate the environmental advantages of the Reverse Logistics of Portable Batteries carried out by the Brazilian Electrical and Electronics Industry Association (ABINEE). Originality The adoption of reverse logistics of batteries contributed with the minimization of environmental impact and stimulated the manufacturers of electronics in the adhesion of sector agreement as well as strengthened the players of reverse chain. Research method A case study was developed by means of interviews and documental analysis, and for data analysis, the mass balance was carried. Main findings 4,304,465 batteries were collected, representing 176,422kg of both solid and chemical wastes, which were disposed properly, reducing the environmental impact. Implications for theory and practice The theoretical contribution consists in environmental assessment by means of mass balance of the adoption of reverse logistics of batteries, and the practical contribution consists in stimulating the electronic manufacturers to develop social license among the community, government and players of reverse chain.

Effect of MgO addition on the microstructure and dielectric properties of BaTiO3 ceramics

MgO-doped BaTiO3 (BaTiO3/MgO) ceramics were prepared by a solid-state sintering method. The effects of MgO doping on the dielectric properties of BaTiO3/MgO were investigated in terms of its microstructural development. The BaTiO3/MgO was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and x-ray powder diffraction. Results show that grain growth of the BaTiO3/MgO during sintering was inhibited by adding MgO at least 0.5mol%. It resulted in a high resistance of the BaTiO3/MgO sintered at high temperature. The BaTiO3/MgO possessed a broad temperature stability and met Electronic Industries Association (EIA) ×7R specification. The improved dielectric properties of the BaTiO3/MgO are attributed to the decreased tetragonality of BaTiO3 lattice due to Mg2+ substitute for Ti4+.

Progress Report of the Advanced Television Systems Committee

This report summarizes the work currently under way in the Advanced Television Systems Committee, Inc., (ATSC) relating to technical standards for digital television. The ATSC is an international, nonprofit organization developing voluntary standards and recommended practices for digital television. ATSC member organizations represent the broadcast, broadcast equipment, motion picture, consumer electronics, computer, cable, satellite, and semiconductor industries. ATSC also develops digital television implementation strategies and supports educational activities on ATSC standards. ATSC was formed in 1983 by the member organizations of the Joint Committee on Intersociety Coordination (JCIC), including the Electronic Industries Association (EIA), the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB), the National Cable Telecommunications Association (NCTA), and the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE). This year, ATSC observes its 36th year of operation.

Manufacture and dielectric properties of X9R Bi-based lead-free multilayer ceramic capacitors with AgPd inner electrodes

In this paper, 0.6(Na0.5Bi0.5)TiO3–0.4NaNbO3(0.6NBT–0.4NN) was synthesized by solid state reaction method. The homogenous green ceramic sheets with high density were produced by tape casting according to suitable casting parameters. Embryos of multilayered ceramic capacitors (MLCC) had been fabricated by punching, screen printing, stacking, laminating and cutting processes. And then after burning out and sintering at different conditions, the cross-sectional microstructures of components were compared. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis and the thermo-gravimetric analysis of green devices were carried out to analyze the effects of different sintering procedures on MLCCs. The dielectric properties and polarization loops of the MLCCs were investigated with dielectric constant (800–895), dielectric loss (0.004–0.007) and capacitance variation ΔC/C < 11 % in the temperature range of −55 to 205 °C, which satisfied X9R in the Electronic Industries Association standard. The breakdown strength of the capacitor was 260 kV/cm. The resistance of the capacitor was measured to be 1.873 × 1011 Ω. These properties of the 0.6NBT–0.4NN ceramic capacitor indicated the potential dielectric materials for the application of MLCCs at the high temperature.

Destruction failure analysis and international reliability test standard for power devices

The demand of power devices such as IGBT is expected to continue to increase in the future for Electric Vehicles (EV), Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV), and industrial applications. Power devices are affected by stresses, such as large current and abrupt temperature changes, which differ from those of normal semiconductor devices, so how to ensure the reliability is an important issue. Especially in practical use, the comprehension of destruction, which comprises the great majority of failures, and the control approach, are key points. We would like to explain some measures to reduce the number of destruction failures.To ensure the power device quality and reliability, the special evaluation and qualification methods are important; however, if we follow the international standards for testing, a large amount of evaluation samples are needed. So in Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association (JEITA), activities such as standardizing of the power device reliability test method and making a qualification guideline for automotive applications are being performed. In this lecture, we will first explain the trend of power devices and the state of the measures for the destruction failures. Then we will describe the outline of the reliability standard of the power devices, the qualification guideline formulation state for high reliability applications in Japan and the issues of quality and reliability for compound semiconductors.

Green synthesis and characterization of Ag1/2Al1/2TiO3 nanoceramics

Abstract Single phase silver aluminum titanate (Ag1/2Al1/2)TiO3, later called AAT, nanoceramic powder (particle size 2 to 7.5 nm) was synthesized by a low-cost, green and reproducible tartaric acid gel process. X-ray, FT-IR, energy dispersive X-ray and high resolution transmission electron microscopy analyses were performed to ascertain the formation of AAT nanoceramics. X-ray diffraction data analysis indicated the formation of monoclinic structure having the space group P2/m(10). UV-Vis study revealed the surface plasmon resonance at 296 nm. Dielectric study revealed that AAT nanoceramics could be a suitable candidate for capacitor applications and meets the specifications for “Z7R” of Class I dielectrics of Electronic Industries Association. Complex impedance analyses suggested the dielectric relaxation to be of non-Debye type. To find a correlation between the response of the real system and idealized model circuit composed of discrete electrical components, the model fittings were performed using the impedance data. Electric modulus studies supported the hopping type of conduction in AAT. The correlated barrier hopping model was employed to successfully explain the mechanism of charge transport in AAT. The ac conductivity data were used to evaluate the density of states at Fermi level and minimum hopping length of the compound.

Microstructure effect on dielectric Properties of MgO-doped BaTiO3–BiYO3 ceramics

MgO-doped 0.97BaTiO3–0.03BiYO3 (0.97BT–0.03BY) polycrystalline ceramics were prepared by the solid-state sintering method. Then the structural, dielectric and resistant properties were investigated as functions of MgO addition. Microstructure was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The results show that Bi3+, Y3+ and Mg2+ ions exhibit nonuniform distribution behavior in BT–BY ceramics, demonstrating the existence of a “core–shell” structure, which plays important roles in the capacitance-temperature characteristics, where 0.97BT–0.03BY with the addition 2.2–2.8at% MgO meets the Electronic Industries Association (EIA) X8R (−55 to 150°C, ΔC/C25°C=±15% or less) specification. Moreover, the fine-grained samples with core–shell structure show much higher bulk resistance than the coarse-grained samples over the studied temperature range, which is attributed to the higher proportion of grain boundaries and the lower concentration of the effective acceptor.

Effect of Eddy Currents on Method for Evaluating Shielding Performance of Magnetically Shielded Rooms Using Exciting Coil

The standard of Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association EM-4502, in which the shielding factor (SFo) of magnetically shielded rooms (MSRs) for the uniform magnetic field can be estimated using coils within 10% error for the extremely low-frequency region of <;1 Hz without eddy current effects, has been already published. In this paper, to establish standard methods for evaluating SF for low-frequency region using coils, the effects of the setting method, size, and distance from MSR of the coils on SF are investigated by a linear eddy current analysis of an actual MSR made of copper and permalloy plates. It is shown that the coil should be placed in front of the door, and a much larger estimation error than 10% should be permitted for practical use in a standardization to estimate SFo for low frequency. Moreover, a method of estimating not only SFo but SFs as well when the noise source is close to MSR should be added in a standardization.

Structures, phase transformations, and dielectric properties of (1−x)Bi2Zn2/3Nb4/3O7–xBi1.5NiNb1.5O7 pyrochlore ceramics prepared by aqueous sol–gel method

As a candidate of thermostable low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) material, (1−x)Bi2Zn2/3Nb4/3O7–xBi1.5NiNb1.5O7 (0.0⩽x⩽1.0) ceramics with improved dielectric properties have been prepared via aqueous sol–gel method. The relations of phase equilibrium, crystal structure and dielectric properties of the composites were investigated systematically. Phase transformation, from orthorhombic zirconolite-like to cubic pyrochlore structure, occured with the increasing Bi1.5NiNb1.5O7 content. The phase stability of the orthorhombic and cubic pyrochlore phase in the (1−x)β-BZN–xBNN system was dependent on the Bi3+ content as well as the distribution and variety of divalent cations, such as Ni2+/Zn2+ ratio. The phase boundaries were located around x=0.1 and x=0.6 for orthorhombic and cubic phases, respectively. Near-zero temperature coefficient of dielectric constant (τε) was obtained and the dielectric constant (εr) was in the range of 80–165 in this system, which were strongly correlated with phase composition. The (1−x)β-BZN–xBNN ceramic with x=0.2 satisfied the EIA (Electronic Industries Association) specification NP0 (τε≤± 30ppm/°C between −55 and 125°C) exhibited excellent dielectric properties of εr=105.6, small dielectric tangent (tanδ)∼10−4, τε=−11.1ppm/°C with the low-firing temperature of 900°C within the two-phase region, which can be a promising candidate for LTCC and multilayer components applications in high frequency and microwave range.

Dielectric relaxation in Ba(Y1/2Nb1/2)O3–BaTiO3 ceramics

Lead-free (1 − x)Ba(Y1/2Nb1/2)O3–xBaTiO3; (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) ceramics have been synthesized using solid-state reaction method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, dielectric and impedance studies. The crystal-structure of the compounds is found to be cubic with the space group Pm3m(221) except for BaTiO3 for which it is tetragonal (P4/mmm). Complex impedance spectroscopy analysis indicated the presence of non-Debye type dielectric relaxation in Ba(Y1/2Nb1/2)O3–BaTiO3 system. Compound 0.25Ba(Y1/2Nb1/2)O3–0.75BaTiO3 exhibited a low value of temperature coefficient of capacitance (<±8 %) in the working temperature range (up to +100 °C), room temperature dielectric constant equal to 295 and low loss tangent (0.039) which meets the specifications for “Z5F” of Class I dielectrics of Electronic Industries Association. Hence, this composition might be a suitable candidate for capacitor applications. Ac conductivity and electric modulus studies supported the hopping type of conduction in the system and frequency dependent ac conductivity data obeyed Jonscher’s power law.

The Structural, Electrical And Magnetic Properties Of Perovskite (1-x)Ba(Fe1/2Nb1/2)O3–xBaTiO3 Ceramics

Lead-free pseudo-binary compounds (1-x)Ba(Fe1/2Nb1/2)O3–xBaTiO3; (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) have been synthesized at 1200°C using conventional ceramic technique and characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, dielectric and vibration sample magnetometer studies. The crystal structure of the compounds is found to be monoclinic with the space group P2/m except for BaTiO3 for which it is tetragonal (P4/mmm). The incorporation of BaTiO3 significantly reduces the dielectric loss and improve the frequency and temperature stability of the dielectric properties of Ba(Fe1/2Nb1/2)O3. Compound 0.25Ba(Fe1/2Nb1/2)O3-0.75BaTiO3 exhibited a low value of temperature coefficient of capacitance (< ±3%) in the working temperature range (up to +85°C), room temperature dielectric constant equal to 282 and low loss tangent (~10-2) which meets the specifications for “Z5D” of Class II dielectrics of Electronic Industries Association. Hence, this composition might be a suitable candidate for capacitor applications. Besides, magnetic studies indicated the possibility of magneto-electric coupling in the system.

CONTRIBUTIONS OF OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT TO THE COMPETITIVENESS OF THE BRAZILIAN ELECTRONICS SECTOR

The objective of this paper is to identify and analyze various aspects of the internal and external operations management of Brazil's electronics sector and to consider the opportunities for and the threats to increasing the competitiveness of its participation in the global supply chain. To address this shortage in the literature, a survey of Brazilian Electric and Electronic Industry Association (ABINEE) companies was conducted. The collected data were complemented with secondary data to establish an overall view of the electronics sector in Brazil. The results suggest that electronics product assembly companies have the opportunity to invest more in information technology to expand process integration, plan and develop products, integrate customers, and maintain rather than expand their supply chain practices. The alignment between internal and external operations management becomes important in this context. The originality of this paper lies in its clarification of operations management in an economically important sector and the insight it provides to academics, practitioners and policy makers involved in the domestic and international electronics sector.

Preparation and Characterization of X8R Fine-Grained Dielectric Ceramics

Fine-grained BaTiO3-based nonreducible ceramics were obtained by a conventional mixing method and the dielectric and electrical properties were characterized. The average grain size was less than 200 nm. The materials provided a dielectric constant of 1300 and satisfied the Electronic Industries Association (EIA) X8R specification. Fine-grained ceramics showed a better performance under a direct current (DC) field at high temperatures, compared with coarse-grained ceramics. Impedance analysis was conducted to determine the activation energy and to evaluate the ionic transference number. Moreover, capacitance variation under a DC field was also largely improved for fine-grained ceramics and relative mechanisms were examined.