Electronic Era Research Articles

Highly conductive alcohol‐processable n‐type conducting polymer enabled by finely tuned electrostatic interactions for green organic electronics

Solution‐processable conducting polymers open up a new era in organic electronics, fundamentally altering the processing methods of electronic devices. P‐type conducting polymers, exemplified by aqueous solution‐processed poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), have been successfully commercialized. However, the performance of electron‐transporting (n‐type) materials remains considerably poorer. One of the primary challenges lies in striking a balance between conductivity and solvent processability. At present, most n‐type conducting polymers necessitate toxic solvents for processing, which contradicts environmentally sustainable principles and impedes their potential for large‐scale industrial applications. Herein, we developed an alcohol‐processable high‐performance n‐type conducting polymer, poly(3,7‐dihydrobenzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b’]difuran‐2,6‐dione): poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline) (PBFDO:PEOx), which utilizes electrostatic interactions between PEOx and PBFDO to simultaneously achieve high conductivity and alcohol‐processability. The PBFDO:PEOx films exhibit remarkable electrical conductivity exceeding 1000 S cm−1 with outstanding stability even at temperatures up to 250 °C, establishing it as a prominent green solvent‐processed n‐type conducting polymer that rivals the most advanced p‐type counterparts. Various applications including organic thermoelectric, electrochemical transistor and electrochromic devices were showcased, highlighting the broad potential of PBFDO:PEOx in advancing green organic electronics.

Highly conductive alcohol-processable n-type conducting polymer enabled by finely tuned electrostatic interactions for green organic electronics.

Solution-processable conducting polymers open up a new era in organic electronics, fundamentally altering the processing methods of electronic devices. P-type conducting polymers, exemplified by aqueous solution-processed poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), have been successfully commercialized. However, the performance of electron-transporting (n-type) materials remains considerably poorer. One of the primary challenges lies in striking a balance between conductivity and solvent processability. At present, most n-type conducting polymers necessitate toxic solvents for processing, which contradicts environmentally sustainable principles and impedes their potential for large-scale industrial applications. Herein, we developed an alcohol-processable high-performance n-type conducting polymer, poly(3,7-dihydrobenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']difuran-2,6-dione): poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PBFDO:PEOx), which utilizes electrostatic interactions between PEOx and PBFDO to simultaneously achieve high conductivity and alcohol-processability. The PBFDO:PEOx films exhibit remarkable electrical conductivity exceeding 1000 S cm-1 with outstanding stability even at temperatures up to 250 °C, establishing it as a prominent green solvent-processed n-type conducting polymer that rivals the most advanced p-type counterparts. Various applications including organic thermoelectric, electrochemical transistor and electrochromic devices were showcased, highlighting the broad potential of PBFDO:PEOx in advancing green organic electronics.

A Multi-Scale GNN-Based Personalized Recommender System for Online Consumption Decision

In an era of consumer electronics, effective consumption recommendation contributes a lot to improving benefits for online shopping operators. However, consumers and products constitute a complex heterogeneous information network, in which extraction of structural features is essential. To construct more fine-grained feature space for modeling, we introduce the graph neural network (GNN) theory for this purpose. Accordingly, a multi-scale GNN-based personalized recommender system for online consumption decision is proposed in this paper. Firstly, we set up an encoder for consumption decision based on a multi-scale GNN structure, and define the loss function. Two realistic datasets are utilized as the research scenario, in order to complete the feature combination of online consumption. Then, personalized recommendation settings are completed based on a recurrent neural network structure. And a graph learning module is embedded in it to integrate cross-attention mechanism to establish the consumption decision algorithm. Finally, the proposed method is tested by comparing with relevant research methods under several metrics: adaptability, success rate, and stability. The results show that the proposed method has achieved some improvement in accuracy, coverage, and recommendation speed.

Exploring the challenges to development and institutionalization of E-learning content as perceived by faculty members of medical schools in Iran: A qualitative content analysis study

Electronic learning (E-learning) is a method of acquiring knowledge by using information technology. In this regard, faculty members of medical schools play an important role in the design, development and institutionalization of electronic content education and face many challenges. Hence, the present study was performed to explore the challenges to the development and institutionalization of e-learning content as perceived by faculty members of medical schools in southern Iran. The present study is a descriptive qualitative study. Purposeful sampling was performed. Based on this, 23 individual and in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 faculty members of medical schools. Granheim and Lundman's approach was used for data analysis. Three themes and eleven subthemes were extracted based on the qualitative data analysis results. Three main themes included individual challenges, organizational management challenges, and course design challenges. Based on the results of the present study, we should keep in mind that electronic teaching methods and preparation of e-learning content by professors are different from traditional educational methods. Hence, the senior managers of educational system should make necessary arrangements and plans for methodological support, technological and technical support, and all kinds of organizational support and create continuous professional development opportunities for professors to minimize the negative effects caused by the rapid changes of electronics era and educational environments on professors, and consequently on the quality of educational contents and processes.

Full-color, highly bright and stretchable electroluminescent device with Janus colors based on photoluminescent electrode for wireless dynamical display

Stretchable displays are essential for the upcoming era of flexible electronics as they are the foundation of interactive human–machine interface. To date, alternating current electroluminescent (ACEL) devices are regarded as one of the most practicable routes for stretchable displays but their colors are very limited for the demand of full-color displays. Herein, we developed an ACEL device with Janus and full color through photoluminescent electrodes. In the front of the devices, multiple colors are achieved, Red, Blue, Green, and Yellow, covering a 66 % National Television System Committee color gamut. In the back, mixed lights of White, Purple, and Cyan color are obtained, enabling devices with Janus colors. The brightness enhancement of highly desirable white light achieves 4.4-fold, which is also one of the best performances. Our strategy exploits the indispensable electrode for ACEL and avoids structural changes, endowing the devices with a much better stretchability and brightness as compared to traditional methods. Moreover, our strategy is a general method that is applicable to different stretchable ACEL devices. A wearable device of 8*8 pixels is assembled and can dynamically display information from smart phones through Bluetooth in real time, laying a considerable advancement towards stretchable displays with full color.

Optical, thermal, and electrical characteristics of cashew gum/Polypyrrole/zinc oxide nanocomposites for next‐gen optoelectronics

AbstractIn this electronic era, there is a demand to switch from conventional polymers to conducting biopolymers. We developed conducting biopolymer nanocomposites of cashew gum (CG) and polypyrrole (PPy) with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanofillers [CG/PPy/ZnO] via in‐situ oxidative polymerization using a sustainable solvent. These nanocomposites were characterized using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–visible spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope (FE‐SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The FTIR signal at 855 cm−1 confirms the successful inclusion of ZnO nanofillers into the biopolymer. UV–vis absorption of the blend nanocomposite increases with the nanoparticle doses. Among the various blend nanocomposites, the least bandgap energy was observed for 7 wt% ZnO loading. FE‐SEM revealed homogeneous dispersion of ZnO nanofillers in the CG/PPy blend at 7 wt% ZnO. TGA and DSC demonstrated that the CG/PPy/ZnO nanocomposites have better thermal stability and glass transition temperature than the pure polymer blend, indicating enhanced thermal properties. The CG/PPy/7 wt% ZnO showed the highest conductivity, 4.62 times greater than the pristine blend at 100 Hz. Dielectric constant, activation energy, AC conductivity and dielectric loss measurements demonstrated that the nanocomposites outperformed the pure polymer blend. Complex impedance analysis revealed increased impedance with rising temperature. Overall, CG/PPy/ZnO nanocomposites exhibit superior optical, morphological, thermal, electrical, and dielectric properties, making them promising for energy storage and optoelectronic applications.Highlights Ecofriendly synthesis of CG/PPy/ZnO nanocomposites Enhancement in optical, structural, and thermal properties of CG/PPy/ZnO Dielectric properties and temperature‐dependent AC conductivity are summarized. Blend nanocomposite shows higher AC conductivity and dielectric constant CG/PPy/ZnO nanocomposites are suitable for energy storage applications

Development of conductive carbon-based interdigitated electrode array integrated with microfluidic channel for blood glucose sensing

PurposeThis study aims to provide a microfluidic blood glucose sensing platform based on integrated interdigitated electrode arrays (IDEAs) on a flexible quartz glass substrate, adhering closely to pertinent electrochemical characterizations.Design/methodology/approachSensors are the key elements of the modern electronics era through which all the possible physical quantities can be detected and converted into their equivalent electrical form and processed further. But to make the sensing environment better, various types of innovative architectures are being developed nowadays and among them interdigitated electrodes are quite remarkable in terms of their sensing capability. They are a well-qualified candidate in the field of gas sensing and biosensing, but even their sensitivities are getting saturated due to their physical dimensions. Most of the thin film IDEAs fabricated by conventional optical lithographic techniques do not possess a high surface-to-volume ratio to detect the target specified and that reduces their sensitivity factor. In this context, a classic conductive carbon-based highly sensitive three dimensional (3D) IDEA-enabled biosensing system has been conceived on a transparent and flexible substrate to measure the amount of glucose concentration present in human blood. 3D IDEA possesses a way better capacitive sensing behavior compared to conventional thin film microcapacitive electrodes. To transmit the target biological analyte sample property for the detection purpose to the interdigitated array-based sensing platform, the design of a microfluidic channel is initiated on the same substrate. The complex 3D Inter Digital array structure improves the overall capacitance of the entire sensing platform and the reactive surface area as well. The manufactured integrated device displays a decent value of sensitivity in the order of 5.6 µA mM−1 cm−2.FindingsDevelopment of a low-cost array-based integrated and highly flexible microfluidic biochip to extract the quantity of glucose present in human blood.Originality/valuePotential future research opportunities in the realm of integrated miniaturized, low-cost smart biosensing systems may arise from this study.

From data to durability: Evaluating conventional and optimized machine learning techniques for battery health assessment

In the electronic era, the demand for efficient storage systems has rapidly increased, making the health and durability of batteries crucial. This research investigates the performance of distinct Machine Learning (ML) techniques—namely, Logistic Regression (LR), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and CNN performance tuning using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)—for Battery Health Analysis (BHA). The dataset comprises various parameters related to battery health, with Remaining Useful Time (RUL) as the target variable. The proposed work is evaluated using Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and R-squared (R2) scores. Initially, the basic LR Model is employed for BHA, followed by the CNN Model to capture complex data patterns. Subsequently, the CNN Model's performance is optimized using the PSO algorithm, aiming for improved performance. Experimental results demonstrate that the CNN Model significantly outperforms the LR approach in terms of accuracy, lower RMSE and MAE, and higher R2 scores. The conventional CNN model significantly outperformed the LR approach, resulting a lower RMSE of 20.11, MAE of 15.26, and higher R2 score of 0.996; whereas, the PSO-Optimized-CNN further enhanced the performance metrics with RMSE of 14.97, MAE of 8.03 and R2 score of 0.998. Henceforth, the PSO-optimized CNN Model exhibits further improved performance metrics compared to the standalone CNN Model. The findings offer valuable insights into ML approaches for BHA and suggest methods for optimizing battery management systems in various applications, including renewable energy systems, electric vehicles, and portable electronics.

PQCAIE: Post quantum cryptographic authentication scheme for IoT-based e-health systems

The increasing integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in consumer electronics has revolutionized various sectors, including healthcare. This evolution has led to the development of IoT-enabled consumer health devices and systems, offering benefits such as enhanced remote health monitoring and more efficient health data management. However, these advancements also pose significant security challenges, especially regarding data privacy and secure access. A critical concern is the vulnerability of current cryptographic methods to potential future quantum computing capabilities. This paper focuses on addressing these challenges by exploring the implementation of Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) in IoT-based consumer health electronics. Specifically, it evaluates the application of PQC methods in conjunction with Transport Layer Security 1.3 (TLS 1.3) for robust authentication in these systems. The study analyzes the performance and security efficacy of these schemes, comparing them to existing cryptographic approaches. Additionally, it delves into the practical hurdles and prospective solutions related to the deployment of post-quantum cryptographic techniques in the context of consumer health electronics, paving the way for more secure and reliable healthcare technology in the era of advanced consumer electronics.

Forensically Valuable Odonatological Records Documentation in an Era of Electronics: How Aware Are the Dental Fraternity?

Forensic odontology plays a pivotal role in the identification of victims in mass disasters with the help of "Preserved dental records" available to general dental practitioners (GDPs). Comparison of dental data obtained from the deceased person with dental data obtained by the dentist from the person's file is a primary method of identification through dental evidence. We explored the practice of maintaining dental records among GDPs, as well as their knowledge of legal regulations and the application of dental records in forensic odontology. Two hundred fifty dentists participated in an online survey. Questions covered general information on dentists, maintenance of dental records, and knowledge of legal requirements and forensic odontology. Overall, 85.2% of dentists obtain and archive written informed consent, while 73.2% retain records in the form of dental cast. Generally, non-carious dental lesions and developmental dental anomalies were not recorded. About 90.8% of dentists use Fédération Dentaire Internationale (FDI) notation. The survey revealed different practices in the maintenance of dental records, including significant flaws and a lack of awareness of their forensic importance. This obvious need for additional education on the proper maintenance of dental records could be met by including forensic odontology in compulsory undergraduate courses and postgraduate dental education. Establishing national and international standards in dental charting would comply with contemporary trends in health care and the requirements of forensic expertise.

Development of flexible PVDF/ BaTiO3-MoS2 polymer nanocomposites for energy harvesting and gas sensing applications

The need for flexible and wearable devices is quite great in the modern era of advanced electronics and the Internet of Things (IoT). Here, we present a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/Barium Titanate–Molybdenum Disulfide (BaTiO3–MoS2) composite-based flexible piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) with an improved electroactive phase. The electroactive, β-phase of the PVDF is shown to increase with the addition of BaTiO3–MoS2 fillers as a result of the filler’s good interfacial interaction with the polymer matrix. The improved electroactive phase in the PVDF matrix was confirmed by the X-ray diffraction method and FTIR analysis of the composite films. The uniform dispersion of filler particles in the polymer matrix was confirmed by a scanning electron microscopy analysis. The developed piezoelectric nanogenerator device generated peak-to-peak output voltage of 4.9 V with a high dielectric constant of 22 and a low dielectric loss of 4.7. The fabricated gas sensor can perform at room temperature and exhibits good gas sensing performance toward the NH3 gas. It was found that, compared to all other samples, the composite PVDF/BaTiO3–MoS2 films had a high level of sensitivity. Additionally, the composite films showed response and recovery times of 11 and 17 s. The composite based on PVDF/BaTiO3–MoS2 is a suitable material for NH3 sensor applications.

Multi-Scale Dispersion Engineering on Biomass-Derived Materials for Ultra-Wideband and Wide-Angle Microwave Absorption.

Efficient electromagnetic waves (EMWs) absorbing materials play a vital role in the electronic era. In traditional research on microwave absorbing (MA) materials, the synergistic modulation of material dispersion and structural dispersion of EMWs by incorporating multi-scale effects has frequently been overlooked, resulting in an untapped absorption potential. In this study, the material dispersion customization method based on biomass carbon is determined by quantitative analysis. The study carries out thermodynamic modulation of carbon skeleton, micro-nano porous engineering, and phosphorus atom donor doping in turn. The dielectric properties are improved step by step. In terms of structural dispersion design, inspired by the theory of antenna reciprocity, a Vivaldi antenna-like absorber is innovatively proposed. With the effective combination of material dispersion and structural dispersion engineering by 3D printing technology, the ultra-wideband absorption of 36.8GHz and the angular stability of close to 60 ° under dual polarization are successfully realized. The work breaks the deadlock of mutual constraints between wave impedance and attenuation rate through the dispersion modulation methods on multiple scales, unlocking the potential for designing next-generation broadband wide-angle absorbers.

Reducing contact resistance of MoS2-based field effect transistors through uniform interlayer insertion via atomic layer deposition.

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), a semiconducting two-dimensional layered transition metal dichalcogenide (2D TMDC), with attractive properties enables the opening of a new electronics era beyond Si. However, the notoriously high contact resistance (RC) regardless of the electrode metal has been a major challenge in the practical applications of MoS2-based electronics. Moreover, it is difficult to lower RC because the conventional doping technique is unsuitable for MoS2 due to its ultrathin nature. Therefore, the metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) architecture has been proposed as a method to fabricate a reliable and stable contact with low RC. Herein, we introduce a strategy to fabricate MIS contact based on atomic layer deposition (ALD) to dramatically reduce the RC of single-layer MoS2 field effect transistors (FETs). We utilize ALD Al2O3 as an interlayer for the MIS contact of bottom-gated MoS2 FETs. Based on the Langmuir isotherm, the uniformity of ALD Al2O3 films on MoS2 can be increased by modulating the precursor injection pressures even at low temperatures of 150 °C. We discovered, for the first time, that film uniformity critically affects RC without altering the film thickness. Additionally, we can add functionality to the uniform interlayer by adopting isopropyl alcohol (IPA) as an oxidant. Tunneling resistance across the MIS contact is lowered by n-type doping of MoS2 induced by IPA as the oxidant in the ALD process. Through a highly uniform interlayer combined with strong doping, the contact resistance is improved by more than two orders of magnitude compared to that of other MoS2 FETs fabricated in this study.

Chemical vapor deposition growth of [formula omitted] on Si- and C- face off-axis 4H–SiC at high temperature

Realization of β‐Ga2O3 on a high-thermal-conductivity substrate is crucial to overcome the poor thermal conductivity of β‐Ga2O3 which is one of the major roadblocks against its era in power electronics. We investigated low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) growth on both Si and C- face (0001) 4H–SiC at a high growth temperature of 925 °C using Ga metal and O2 gas source. Growths on C-face 4H–SiC resulted polycrystalline β‐Ga2O3 for the entire O2-flow range, whereas under optimized O2-flow conditions, step flow growth of (−201) β‐Ga2O3 was achieved on Si-face 4H–SiC with 3.7 nm rms surface roughness and rocking curve FWHM of 0.54° at a growth rate reaching 2.48 μm/h 4° off-axis nature of the substrate promoted the growth of some of the in-plane rotational domains while suppressing others. Raman measurements further verified the pure β‐Ga2O3 nature of the grown films. Using a customized LPCVD with solid source Ga, a cost-effective, safe and industrially scalable method was shown to pave the way to enable β‐Ga2O3 heteroepitaxy on 4H–SiC for high-power electronics.

Influence of Antimony doping on electrical and photoelectrical response in Indium Selenide crystals

Indium Selenide (InSe) is the most suitable photovoltaic conversion material with narrow band gap (1.3 eV) in the layered semiconductors. The optical and transport properties of InSe offer significant potential for promising applications in the modern era of electronics and photo-electronic devices. The aim is achieved by high electric conductivity of InSe crystals, SbxIn1−xSe (x= 0.00, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20) crystals was grown by direct vapour transport (DVT) technique. The chemical compositional and surface morphology properties of grown crystals were studied by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) respectively. The hexagonal crystal structure of grown crystal has revealed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra. The dopant concentration of antimony (Sb) was found to have a decreasing effect on the optical band gap and activation energy as calculated through absorption spectra and Arrhenius relations respectively. The photo-response parameters: growth-decay and trap-depth parameters have been obtained using growth-decay curve. These results confirm that SbxIn1−xSe crystal was collective applicant for electronic and optoelectronic devices.

An Assessment of Electronic Information Searching Trend of Medical Postgraduate Trainees at Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo

The present electronic era is significant for all types of libraries with regard to their electronic information services. The Library of Postgraduate Institute of Medicine (PGIM), University of Colombo provides enormous services to the medical professionals in Sri Lanka. Annually a considerable amount of money is allocated to PGIM to purchase electronic health information resources. Anyhow it was observed that most often many postgraduate medical trainees who are engaged in medical postgraduate training have expressed their dissatisfaction over the inaccessibility of electronic information resources of the library of PGIM, University of Colombo. Therefore, this study assesses the information searching trend of medical postgraduate trainees in an electronic environment. Total number of 815 medical postgraduate trainees, from 32 medical specialties was selected as the study population. Sample was proportionately selected among these specialties. Using Lwanga and Lemeshow (1991) method 427 trainees were selected as study sample and the response rate was 89% (380). Collected data was analyzed using SPSS ver. 23. According to the findings, the electronic environment has created a positive hope in the information seeking trend and training sessions to enhance information literacy was highly appreciated by the trainees as a means of improving the digital information literacy skill, and to downsize their ability to access the appropriate resources and to save their time. Further, the topmost information need was for exam preparation. HINARI and PUBMED were the widely used electronic resources by the majority of trainees. Most of the trainees did not attend the orientations or workshops conducted by PGIM and a major reason for not participating was that time has not been allocated for orientations. Study concluded that availability of electronic information resources was directly affecting the information searching trend of trainees following postgraduate medical education. This study recommends that the library of the PGIM should provide more digital resources, proper training on digital information literacy skills and efficient Internet services in the library.

High‐Speed Operation of Electrochemical Logic Circuits Depending on 3D Construction of Transistor Architectures

AbstractThe emergence of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) has opened a new era of printable electronics and bioelectronics, due to their unique advantages including innately superior transconductance and biocompatibility. Despite the foreseeable advancements available from their further implementations in fundamental logic circuitry, however, insufficient operation speeds and short compatibilities to scaling‐down have so far hindered advanced integrations other than biosensing and biosignal amplifications. Here, a 3D‐construction‐dependent operational analysis of OECTs is reported, with which an all‐vertical architectural design enabled unprecedentedly high operating speed and a facile expansion to large‐area and high‐density 3D crossbar arrays. A simple vertical channel architecture completed with solid‐state Ag/AgCl top‐gate electrodes enables an ultrafast redistribution of ions within channels, yielding a state‐of‐the‐art operation frequency reaching 12 MHz V−1. Various printed logic circuit arrays, including NOT, NAND, and NOR gates, with high stability and reproducibility.

A comprehensive review electronic cooling: A nanomaterial perspective

In the 21st-century era of electronics and the digital world, electronic gadgets are handy worldwide, and routine life without utilizing these gadgets is difficult. Compact size and lightweight are the most predominant factors in the development of chronic devices. Compacting the size of the electronic device faces the biggest challenges of heat transfer caused though maximum collapse. A study area that combines the advantages of nanofluids with mini channels has emerged as one of the most intriguing options as the heat generated by new electronic components keeps increasing. In this review paper, paramount information in the form of a summary of on-going research and completed research work of alternate methods are included. This article reviews current studies on the application of nanofluids for cooling electronics. This article also presents several fascinating aspects on the utilization of nanofluids and methods to be used for cooling electrical components. Additionally, this article provides and discusses the potential directions for future study and the current issues in this field. In the not-too-distant future, it has been shown that using nanofluids as innovative cooling medium said as novel coolants and heat pipes can considerably improve the cooling technology for electronic equipment. The traditional cooling methods are not efficient for thermal management, so the new devices developed through carbon nanotubes (CNT) with high thermal conductive nanoparticles, nanofluids, and hybrid materials enhance heat transfer through electronic devices. The advancement of such technology may provide viable outcomes by reducing the dimensions of electronic gadgets and depicting an improvement in their efficiency.

Emerging Two-Dimensional Materials for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Application.

Graphene is the first two-dimensional material that becomes the center material in various research areas of material science, chemistry, condensed matter, and engineering due to its advantageous properties, including larger specific area, lower density, outstanding electrical conductivity, and ease of processability. These properties attracted the attention of material researchers that resulted in a large number of publications on EMI shielding in a short time and play a central role in addressing the problems and challenges faced in this modern era of electronics by electromagnetic interference. After the popularity of graphene, the community of material researchers investigated other two-dimensional materials like MXenes, hexagonal boron nitride, black phosphorous, transition metal dichalcogenides, and layered double hydroxides, to additionally enhance the EMI shielding response of materials. The present article conscientiously reviews the current progress in EMI shielding materials in reference to two-dimensional materials and addresses the future challenges and research directions to achieve the goals.

Comparative coherence between layered and traditional semiconductors: unique opportunities for heterogeneous integration

Abstract As Moore’s law deteriorates, the research and development of new materials system are crucial for transitioning into the post Moore era. Traditional semiconductor materials, such as silicon, have served as the cornerstone of modern technologies for over half a century. This has been due to extensive research and engineering on new techniques to continuously enrich silicon-based materials system and, subsequently, to develop better performed silicon-based devices. Meanwhile, in the emerging post Moore era, layered semiconductor materials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), have garnered considerable research interest due to their unique electronic and optoelectronic properties, which hold great promise for powering the new era of next generation electronics. As a result, techniques for engineering the properties of layered semiconductors have expanded the possibilities of layered semiconductor-based devices. However, there remain significant limitations in the synthesis and engineering of layered semiconductors, impeding the utilization of layered semiconductor-based devices for mass applications. As a practical alternative, heterogeneous integration between layered and traditional semiconductors provides valuable opportunities to combine the distinctive properties of layered semiconductors with well-developed traditional semiconductors materials system. Here, we provide an overview of the comparative coherence between layered and traditional semiconductors, starting with TMDs as the representation of layered semiconductors. We highlight the meaningful opportunities presented by the heterogeneous integration of layered semiconductors with traditional semiconductors, representing an optimal strategy poised to propel the emerging semiconductor research community and chip industry towards unprecedented advancements in the coming decades.