Applications In Electronic Devices Research Articles

Synthesis, Characterization, and Dielectric Properties of Bentonite Clay Modified by (3-chloropropyl) triethoxysilane and Co(II) Porphyrin Complex for Technologies Electronic Devices Application

Synthesis, Characterization, and Dielectric Properties of Bentonite Clay Modified by (3-chloropropyl) triethoxysilane and Co(II) Porphyrin Complex for Technologies Electronic Devices Application

In-Plane Transition-Metal Dichalcogenide Junction with Nearly Zero Interfacial Band Offset.

Two-dimensional in-plane transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMD) junctions have a range of potential applications in next-generation electronic devices. However, limited by the difficulties in ion implantation on 2D systems, the fabrication of the in-plane TMD junctions still relies on the lateral epitaxy of different materials, which always induces lattice mismatch and interfacial scattering. Here, we report the in-plane TMD junction formed with monolayer (ML) PtTe2 at the boundary of ML and bilayer graphene on SiC. As the scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy results revealed, the substrate screen effect is weak on ML PtTe2, compared to the nonlayered materials. At the interface of the junction, the atomic lattice is continuous, and a smooth type-II band alignment is formed with a near-zero band offset. The reported technique can be readily extended to other 2D semiconductors with strong interlayer coupling and is feasible for fabricating TMD junctions with promising interfacial electronic structures, aimed at device applications based on low-dimensional electronic behaviors.

Heterostructure growth, electrical transport and electronic structure of crystalline Dirac nodal arc semimetal PtSn4

Topological semimetals have recently garnered widespread interest in the quantum materials research community due to their symmetry-protected surface states with dissipationless transport which have potential applications in next-generation low-power electronic devices. One such material, , exhibits Dirac nodal arcs and although the topological properties of single crystals have been investigated, there have been no reports in crystalline thin film geometry. We examined the growth of heterostructures on a range of single crystals by optimizing the electron beam evaporation of Pt and Sn and studied the effect of vacuum thermal annealing on phase and crystallinity. The electrical resistivity was fitted to a modified Bloch–Grüneisen model with a residual resistivity of 79.43(1) cm at 2K and a Debye temperature of 200K. Nonlinear Hall resistance indicated the presence of more than one carrier type with an effective carrier mobility of 33.6 and concentration of 1.41 at 300 K. X-ray photoemission spectra were in close agreement with convolved density of states and a work function of 4.7(2) eV was determined for the (010) surface. This study will facilitate measurements that require heterostructure geometry, such as spin and topological Hall effect, and will facilitate potential device incorporation in future quantum technologies.

Heterostructure Design of Amorphous Vanadium Oxides@Carbon/Graphene Nanoplates Boosts Improved Capacity, Cycling Stability and High Rate Performance for Zn2+ Storage

AbstractAs a promising power supplier, flexible aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) have drawn great attention and been demonstrated potential applications in portable electronic devices, yet their capacity, stability, and rate performance are severely limited by cathode materials. Herein, a spontaneous encapsulation and in situ phase transformation strategy is proposed for the construction of heterostructured amorphous vanadium oxide@carbon/graphene (A‐VOx@C/G) nanoplates as highly stable and efficient cathode materials for Zn2+ storage. In this design, A‐VOx provides abundant active sites with rapid ion diffusion channels and robust tolerance against ion insertion/extraction, while N‐doped carbon encapsulation and interlaced graphene network ensure efficient electron transfer. The mechanisms respectively for phase transformation during electrochemical amorphization and charge storage during cycling are investigated in detail. The as‐prepared A‐VOx@C/G achieves an outstanding electrochemical performance with 429 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, 73% retained at 20 A g−1 (315 mAh g−1), and excellent stability over 2000 cycles at 20 A g−1 (91% retention). Moreover, quasi‐solid‐state AZIBs assembled from A‐VOx@C/G cathode exhibit high flexibility and can sustain large mechanical deformation without performance degradation. It is believed that this study provides a guideline toward designing high‐performance cathode materials for AZIBs through structure optimization.

Investigation of Dielectric Anisotropy and Electrical Modulus-Impedance Properties of PCBM/E7 Composite for Organic Electronic Devices Applications

This study investigates the dielectric anisotropy and electrical modulus-impedance properties of a PCBM/E7 composite material for organic electronic devices applications. The research examines a specially fabricated cell combining nematic liquid crystal E7 with [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) semiconductor. Through comprehensive analysis of dielectric anisotropy, AC conductivity, electrical modulus, and impedance characteristics under varying frequencies and applied voltages (-6.0V to +6.0V), the study reveals distinct behavioral regions and multiple relaxation processes. Key findings include frequency-dependent dielectric anisotropy transitions, enhanced AC conductivity at higher frequencies and voltages, and voltage-modulated impedance characteristics. The observed dual-peak phase angle response suggests multiple relaxation mechanisms, indicating the composite's potential for voltage-tunable electrical properties in advanced optoelectronic applications.

Advances in the Application of Lithium-Rich Oxide Materials in Lithium-ion Battery Cathodes

With the rapid growth of global energy demand and the increasing awareness of environmental protection, the development of efficient, safe, and environmentally friendly energy storage systems has become one of the hotspots in today's science and technology fields. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have shown great potential for application in portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, and large-scale energy storage due to their high energy density, low self-discharge rate, and long cycle life. However, with the continuous technological advancement and expanding market, the requirements for the performance of LIBs are increasing, especially in terms of energy density and cycle stability. Li-rich oxides as cathode materials for Li-ion batteries are not only capable of releasing a large amount of lithium ions during charging, providing a much higher specific capacity than traditional cathode materials, but also have less reactive oxygen involved in the reaction in their layered structure, which helps to maintain the cycling stability and average operating voltage of the materials, thus extending the service life of the batteries and improving the overall performance. In this paper, we first explore the effects of the layered and disordered structures in the crystal structure of Li-rich oxides on the performance of LIBs. Then, the paper summarizes the problems of Li-rich oxides. Finally, two methods, ion doping, and surface capping, are proposed to improve the performance of Li-rich oxides.

Individualized Physical Activity Prescriptions for Children and Adolescents With Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

For improved health outcomes, children and adolescents with cancer must maintain physical activity. Individualized physical activity prescription is an effective way to promote physical activity in this group. We reviewed and meta-analyzed evidence on the effectiveness of individualized physical activity prescriptions for improving physical activity and other health outcomes among children and adolescents with cancer. Seven databases were searched from inception up to January 2024 for randomized controlled trials. Two researchers independently extracted data and assessed the quality of studies using the Risk-of-Bias tool. Data were pooled into Review Manager 5.3 for data synthesis and subgroup analyses. Seventeen randomized controlled trials were included. The systematic review summarized the characteristics of recent interventions. Meta-analyses showed that although individualized physical activity prescriptions had no overall effect on physical activity (n = 8 studies), anthropometry and body composition (n = 5), functional capacity (n = 3), quality of life (n = 8), fatigue (n = 3), and self-efficacy (n = 5), they improved cardiovascular fitness (n = 8, P = .02) and muscle strength (n = 8, P = .04). Subgroup analyses showed that studies providing 6-month interventions (P = .003) or such interventions combined with motivational interviewing (P = .002) reported significantly increased physical activity in patients. Individualized physical activity prescriptions appear to improve cardiovascular fitness and muscle strength in children and adolescents with cancer. High-quality studies providing long-duration interventions and motivational interviewing are needed for optimal physical activity programs for children and adolescents with cancer. The application of electronic devices should increase the types of physical activities for this group to further improve health outcomes.

Vacuum-Nitrogen Assisted (VANS) Topotactical Deintercalation for Extremely Fast Production of Functionalized Silicene Nanosheets.

Silicene, the analog of graphene composed of silicon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice, has garnered significant attention due to its unique properties, positioning it as a promising candidate for various applications in electronic devices, photovoltaics, photocatalysis, and biomedicals. While the chemical synthesis of silicene nanosheets has traditionally involved time-spending and expensive- methods, this study introduces a rapid vacuum/nitrogen cycle assisted (VANS) protocol that dramatically speeds up the production of silicene. The strategic implementation of vacuum/nitrogen cycles provides the efficient removal of the generated hydrogen, boosting the overall reaction kinetics while maintaining inert reaction conditions to prevent oxidation. In contrast to previous methodologies, usually qualified by prolonged reaction durations of up to 5 days and low reaction temperatures (-30°C), this integrated approach substantially shortens the synthesis time from hours to minutes. Indeed, the VANS method drastically reduces the reaction time, operates at room temperature, and exhibits the successful fabrication of silicene flakes with structural properties comparable to those achieved through prolonged reaction times and low temperatures.

Integrating Experimental and Computational Insights: A Dual Approach to Ba2CoWO6 Double Perovskites

Double perovskite materials have emerged as key players in the realm of advanced materials due to their unique structural and functional properties. This research mainly focuses on the synthesis and comprehensive characterization of Ba2CoWO6 double perovskite nanopowders utilizing a high-temperature conventional solid-state reaction technique. The successful formation of Ba2CoWO6 powders was confirmed through detailed analysis employing advanced characterization techniques. Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman data established that Ba2CoWO6 crystallizes in a cubic crystal structure with the space group Fm-3m, indicative of a highly ordered perovskite lattice. The typical crystallite size, approximately 65 nm, highlights the nanocrystalline nature of the material. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) discovered a distinctive morphology characterized by spherical shaped particles, suggesting a complex particle formation process influenced by synthesis conditions. To probe the electronic structure, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) identified cobalt and tungsten valence states, critical for understanding dielectric properties associated with localized charge carriers. The semiconducting character of the synthesized Ba2CoWO6 nanocrystalline material was confirmed through UV-Visible analysis, which revealed an energy bandgap value of 3.3 eV, which aligns well with the theoretical predictions, indicating the accuracy and reliability of the experimental results. The photoluminescence spectrum exhibited two distinct emissions in the blue-green region. These emissions were attributed to the transitions 3P0→3H4, 3P0→3H5, and 3P0→3H6, primarily resulting from the contributions of Ba2+ ions. The dielectric characteristics of the compound were analyzed across a different range of frequencies, spanning from 1 kHz to 1 MHz. Magnetic characterization using Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM) revealed antiferromagnetic behavior of Ba2CoWO6 ceramics at room temperature, attributed to super-exchange interactions between Co3+ and W5+ ions mediated by oxygen ions in the perovskite lattice. Additionally, first-principles calculations based on the Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA+U) with a modified Becke–Johnson (mBJ) potential were employed to gain a deeper understanding of the structural and electronic properties of the materials. This approach involved systematically varying the Hubbard U parameter to optimize the description of electron correlation effects. These results deliver an extensive understanding of the structural, optical, morphological, electronic, and magnetic properties of Ba2CoWO6 ceramics, underscoring their potential for electronic and magnetic device applications.

Designing Silk Biomaterials toward Better Future Healthcare: The Development and Application of Silk-Based Implantable Electronic Devices in Clinical Diagnosis and Therapy.

Implantable medical electronic devices (IMEDs) have attracted great attention and shown versatility for solving clinical problems ranging from real-time monitoring of physiological/ pathological states to electrical stimulation therapy and from monitoring brain cell activity to deep brain stimulation. The ongoing challenge is to select appropriate materials in target device configuration for biomedical applications. Currently, silk-based biomaterials have been developed for the design of diagnostic and therapeutic electronic devices due to their excellent properties and abundant active sites in the structure. Herein, the aim is to summarize the structural characteristics, physicochemical properties, and bioactivities of natural silk biomaterials as well as their derived materials, with a particular focus on the silk-based implantable biomedical electronic devices, such as implantable devices for invasive brain-computer interfaces, neural recording, and in vivo electrostimulation. In addition, future opportunities and challenges are also envisioned, hoping to spark the interests of researchers in interdisciplinary fields such as biomaterials, clinical medicine, and electronics.

The Electronic Structure, Optical and Magnetic Properties of Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and V Doped Bi2WO6 in the Visible Light Region

Abstract The elastic and mechanical properties of intrinsic Bi2WO6 semiconductors, along with the electronic, optical, and magnetic properties of Cu-, Fe-, Mn-, Ni-, and V-doped Bi2WO6 at a uniform doping concentration of 6.25%, are studied using density functional theory (GGA+U). The study shows that intrinsic Bi2WO6 semiconductors exhibit good mechanical stability, anisotropy, and mixed ionic-covalent characteristics (Poisson's ratio ν = 0.17), classifying them as brittle oxide materials (B/G ≈ 0.8). Compared to intrinsic Bi2WO6, the doped Bi2WO6 exhibits a narrower bandgap, a broader absorption spectrum, and higher optical sensitivity. Their optical properties in the visible light range surpass those of intrinsic Bi2WO6, making them more promising for use as semiconductor catalysts. Notably, Cu- and V-doped Bi2WO6 exhibit higher absorption coefficients in the visible light region compared to other element-doped Bi2WO6, with a broader absorption spectrum and more pronounced photocatalytic effects. Furthermore, Cu-, Fe-, Mn-, Ni-, and V-doped Bi2WO6materials exhibit characteristics of diluted magnetic semiconductors, The total magnetic moments are 1.793 μB (Bi1.9375Cu0.0625WO6), 3.086 μB (Bi1.9375Fe0.0625WO6), 3.823 μB (Bi1.9375Mn0.0625WO6), 1.257 μB (Bi1.9375Ni0.0625WO6), and 1.859 μB (Bi1.9375V0.0625WO6). Bi1.9375Mn0.0625WO6 exhibits ferromagnetic ordering, while Bi1.9375Cu0.0625WO6, Bi1.9375Fe0.0625WO6, Bi1.9375Ni0.0625WO6, and Bi1.9375V0.0625WO6 exhibit Ferrimagnetic ordering. Compared to other element-doped Bi2WO6, Bi1.9375Mn0.0625WO6 shows a larger energy difference between the FM and NM ordering states(ΔE = 18.510 eV), demonstrating stronger magnetic ordering than Cu-, Fe-, Ni-, and V-doped Bi2WO6，and these materials hold potential for application in electronic spin-polarized devices.

Mechanistical Study on Substrate-Controlled Highly Selective [2+2] and [2+3] Cycloaddition Reactions.

Polycyclic conjugated hydrocarbons have acquired increased interests recently because of their potential applications in electronic devices. On metal surfaces, the selective synthesis of four- and five-membered carbon rings remains challenging due to the presence of diverse reaction pathways. Here, utilizing the same precursor molecule, we successfully achieved substrate-controlled highly selective cycloaddition reactions towards four- and five-membered carbon rings. A 97 % yield for four-membered carbon rings on Au(111), while a 96 % yield towards five-membered carbon rings is achieved on Ag(111). The detailed topological structures of the reaction products are carefully examined by bond-resolving scanning tunneling microscopy (BR-STM) imaging with a CO functionalized tip. The underlying mechanism of the novel surface-directed reaction selectivity is elucidated by extensive density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our study paves the way for high selective synthesis of polycyclic conjugated hydrocarbons with non-benzenoid rings.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Performance of (Eu, Ni) Co-Doped ZnO Thin Films for Environmental Applications

Undoped and Ni-Eu co-doped ZnO thin films were successfully fabricated via spray pyrolysis at 400°C. The impact of co-doping on the structural, morphological, electrical, and optical properties of the thin films was thoroughly investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the absence of secondary phases and verified the successful incorporation of dopant ions into the ZnO lattice. Morphological examination revealed enhanced crystallization and a more uniform surface following the incorporation of nickel. Spectral studies in the UV-Vis region were conducted to determine the optical band gap of the synthesized ZnO films, indicating a slight decrease in bandgap values and volume and surface energy losses (VELF and SELF) with increasing Ni doping concentration. Photoluminescence spectra exhibited emission peaks in the UV region around 415 nm and broad visible emissions spanning 450-650 nm for all samples. Electrical characterization using Hall Effect measurements confirmed n-type electrical conductivity in all prepared films, as evidenced by the observed negative Hall coefficients. The co-doped ZnO thin films, particularly those incorporating Ni-Eu, show promise for applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices. Additionally, we investigated the photodegradation of green malachite under a UV lamp. Remarkably, the results demonstrated degradation rates of 93% within 2 hours, showcasing promising potential for practical applications.

A Multi-Mode Recognition Method for Broadband Oscillation Based on Compressed Sensing and EEMD

In power systems, the application of wind power generation equipment and power electronic devices leads to an increased frequency of broadband oscillation events, and the detection of oscillation information becomes extremely difficult, due to the limitations of communication bandwidth and the sampling theorem. To ensure the safety and stability of a power system, this paper presents a new recognition method of broadband oscillation information, which combines compressed sensing (CS) technology and an ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) algorithm to solve the problem of wideband oscillation recognition. Firstly, the broadband oscillation signal data collected by the phasor measuring unit (PMU) is compressed and sampled by a Gaussian random matrix in the substation, then the low-dimensional data obtained is uploaded to the main station. Secondly, in the main station, the subspace pursuit (SP) algorithm is used to reconstruct the low-dimensional signal; the broadband oscillation signal is recovered without losing the main features of the signal. Finally, we use the EEMD algorithm to decompose the reconstructed signal; the intrinsic mode function (IMF) components containing wideband oscillation information are screened by the energy coefficient, and the wideband oscillation information is identified.

Unveiling the Potential of Double Perovskite Halides Rb2CuSbH6 (H = Cl, Br, I) for Flexible Electronics: An Integrated Study of Structural, Mechanical, Electrical and Optical Properties

The structural, mechanical, electrical and optical properties of double perovskite halides like Rb2CuSbH6 (where H = Cl, Br, and I) for flexible electronic devices are fascinating and complex. Extensive literature survey clearly establishes that there has been limited research on analyzing the potential uses of these materials for the highly sought-after sector of flexible electronic devices. In this paper, focused studies have been carried out on investigating the characteristics of these materials using QuantumATK NanoLab Software Tool. All double perovskite halides Rb2CuSbH6 (H = Cl, Br, I) show positive values for the elastic constants C11, C12, and C44, and obey the stability trend C11>C12>C44. Mechanical stability was established using Born-Huang criteria. Optimized values of Young's modulus, bulk modulus, shear modulus and Poisson ratios established that materials are stable and ductile in nature. While carrying out analysis of electronic properties, all three materials Rb2CuSbCl6, Rb2CuSbBr6, and Rb2CuSbI6 were found to be possessing indirect energy bandgap of 0.924 eV, 0.560 eV, and 0.157 eV, respectively. Moreover, the Complex Bandstructure (CB) naturality indicates that most evanescent wave may exist when layer separation is lowest in Rb2CuSbCl6 (6.0 Å), Rb2CuSbBr6 (6.33 Å), and highest in Rb2CuSbI6 (6.8 Å). Absorption bands for Rb2CuSbCl6, Rb2CuSbBr6 and Rb2CuSbI6 lie in the visible range with 344 nm to 574 nm, 348 nm to 688 nm and 369 nm to 608 nm respectively. The reflectivity (r) reported under this study is 0.105, 0.139 and 0.185 respectively for Rb2CuSbCl6, Rb2CuSbBr6 and Rb2CuSbI6. Overall, all the obtained results implicate toward need to explore the Rb2CuSbH6 materials in more depth for variety of electronic device applications.

Fabrication of PVTF Films with High Piezoelectric Properties Through Directional Heat Treatment

Piezoelectric materials can realize the mutual conversion of mechanical energy and electric energy, so they have excellent application prospects in the fields of sensors, energy collectors and biological materials. The poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-based polymers have the best piezoelectric properties in the piezoelectric polymer, but they still have a large room for improvement compared with the piezoelectric ceramics. Improving their content of the polar β phase has become a consensus to polish up the piezoelectric performance. Most available studies construct hydrogen bonds or coulomb interactions between the surface of the dopant and molecular chains by doping, which promotes the molecular chains arrangement and thus facilitates the formation of the polar β phase. Recent studies show that the ordered arrangement of molecular chains is also important for piezoelectric properties. At present, the main way to improve the piezoelectric performance of PVDF is through doping or complex heat treatment process. Here, the poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) film was treated by directional heat treatment which used a heating table. Compared with uniform heat treatment like muffle furnace heat treatment, this simple vertical temperature gradient has many advantages for the content of the β phase and the crystallinity of P(VDF-TrFE). The results of the experiment showed that the content of the β phase of films remained at about 88%. When the film thickness was limited to 100 μm and the heat treatment temperature was limited to 200 °C, its crystallinity could reach 75% and the highest piezoelectric coefficient could reach 33.5 ± 0.7 pC/N. P(VDF-TrFE) films based on the experimental methods described above that show great potential for future applications in electronic devices and biomedical applications.

Thermoelastic polarization and other effects in polar semiconductors

Electrical polarization and associated effects are now gaining importance for electronics due to growing application of wide-bandgap polar semiconductors such as gallium arsenide and gallium nitride. The internal polarity of the structure of such semiconductors has significant impact on millimeter wave losses as well as on the technological features and application of electronic devices based on polar semiconductors. It has been shown that any piezoelectric has an intra-crystalline polar moment, even if the piezoelectric crystal does not belong to the pyroelectric symmetry. A new effect of thermoelastic polarization in polar-neutral crystals is described and a number of possibilities for its implementation are discussed. The experimental study of the internal polarity in piezoelectrics is provided by the partial limitation of thermal strain method. It is believed that thermoelastic polarization must be taken into account in the technology of polar semiconductors as enabling creation of integrated sensors based on them.

Fe3O4‐doped highly electromagnetically shielded PAN‐PVP composite porous carbon films

AbstractWith the wide application of modern electronic devices, the problem of electromagnetic pollution is becoming more and more serious, and the demand for efficient electromagnetic shielding materials is becoming more and more urgent. To address this problem, we homogeneously mixed polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and triiron tetraoxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles by solution blending, and prepared composite precursor membranes by taking advantage of the magnetic properties and good electromagnetic loss characteristics of Fe3O4, as well as the high thermal stability and film‐forming properties of PAN and PVP. Subsequently, carbonized PAN‐PVP/ Fe3O4 composite films with different Fe3O4 contents were successfully prepared by carbonization under high temperature inert atmosphere to convert PAN and PVP into carbon materials. It was found that the PAN‐PVP/ Fe3O4 porous carbon film with 3 wt% Fe3O4 addition had a conductivity of 3.99 S·mm−1 at a thickness of 0.42 mm, and an average EMI SET of 78.9 dB, SEA of 64.8 dB, and SSEt of 1838 dB/(cm2·g−1) in the X‐band, which is a typical wave absorbing material and can meet commercial electromagnetic shielding requirements. This work provides new ideas and methods for the research and development of polymer‐based porous carbonized film as electromagnetic shielding materials.Highlights The carbon films with rich porous structure were prepared. Fe3O4 was successfully embedded into the carbon film. Carbon films have an efficient conducting network. Carbon film has excellent electromagnetic shielding performance. The main shielding mode of carbon film is absorption.

A Coaxial Triboelectric Fiber Sensor for Human Motion Recognition and Rehabilitation via Machine Learning

This work presents the fabrication of a coaxial fiber triboelectric sensor (CFTES) designed for efficient energy harvesting and gesture detection in wearable electronics. The CFTES was fabricated using a facile one-step wet-spinning approach, with PVDF-HFP/CNTs/Carbon black as the conductive electrode and PVDF-HFP/MoS2 as the triboelectric layer. The incorporation of 1T phase MoS2 into the PVDF-HFP matrix significantly improves the sensor’s output owing to its electron capture capabilities. The sensor’s performance was carefully optimized by varying the weight percentage of MoS2, the thickness of the fiber core, and the CNT ratio. The optimized CFTES, with a core thickness of 156 µm and 0.6 wt% MoS2, achieved a stable output voltage of ~8.2 V at a frequency of 4 Hz and 10 N applied force, exhibiting remarkable robustness over 3600 s. Furthermore, the CFTES effectively detects human finger gestures, with machine learning algorithms further enhancing its accuracy. This innovative sensor offers a sustainable solution for energy transformation and has promising applications in smart portable power sources and wearable electronic devices.

An efficient Matlab code for two-dimensional heat transfer analysis applying the finite-volume theory.

In engineering, professionals must understand the properties and performance of a specific material before exposing it to the conditions of a specific application. In this context, engineers and scientists have been searching for materials with peculiar properties that withstand extreme adversities, responding with high performance to the challenges imposed. Heat transfer studies are essential and have been extensively explored due to their relationship with our daily lives, such as in thermal insulation systems and electronic device applications. Over the past few decades, computational models have been used and have achieved excellent results in studying and predicting material properties. The Finite Volume Theory (FVT) was first introduced in 2003, using Cartesian coordinates. It establishes the continuity and boundary conditions through the faces of the discretized analysis domain in a surface-averaging sense. The theory also satisfies the flux balance equations in the subvolumes in a volume-averaged sense. The temperature fields are approximated by second-degree polynomials that are expressed in the local coordinates of the subvolumes. Despite the versatility and efficiency of numerical methods, the long processing time has led researchers to look for ways to improve the performance of computational models. One solution is to use computational language tools that simplify operations and reduce code execution times, even for large-scale problems. This study aims to present an efficient code that uses MATLAB computational resources to analyze two-dimensional heat transfer by applying the finite-volume theory.