Electronic Control Devices Research Articles

입력 급변 대응을 위한 철도 차량용 보조전원장치 외란 억제 알고리즘 구현

The railway vehicle has an auxiliary power unit for supplying power to the associated electronic control devices and passenger service unit. Typically, input voltage from the catenary for rolling stock is highly fluctuating according to the substation capacity, vehicle propulsion and regeneration. Especially, the frost and freezing on contact wire in winter can cause a blackout inside vehicle, and also brings about electronic components damaging and the system down. To prevent this problem, a large filter and capacitor is used. But this is not a perfect solution, because it is increasing weight of the unit. In this paper, a new algorithm is proposed to suppress the disturbance without adding devices. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has performance to suppress the disturbance at the sudden input voltage variations.

Development of a dual displacement controlled circuit for hydraulic shovel swing motion

Abstract Complexity of large structure of hydraulic shovel system drives the guideline development for designing a swing unit of the shovel. Some of the issues are how to achieve smooth swing motion, save energy, and easily adjust its swing velocity. In this paper, we proposed a dual-closed-hydraulic-circuit (DCHC) accordingly to meet the design requirement. In the DCHC system, instead of manual adjustment, the displacement of hydraulic axial piston pump is controlled by programmed software algorithm through electronic control device, which significantly simplifies the current circuit design. The DCHC system also enables controllable recuperation of kinetic energy of swing motion for use by other actuators. Accordingly, the new system will achieve smoother motion compared with existing system and more efficient operation. We demonstrate the advantages of our DCHC design through simulation and verify through developing a hydraulic shovel prototype with bucket capacity of 15 cubic meters and operational weight of 270 tons. Both simulation and experimental results indicate that the DCHC system is feasible and works as intended.

Secondary utilization of waste heat for heat regimes optimization in aggregates of self-propelled vehicles

The paper proposes a functional diagram for system of secondary utilization of engine waste heat. The system is used for preheating and heat regimes optimization in aggregates of self-propelled vehicles operating in wide range of ambient air temperatures. The system includes recuperative heat exchanger of utilization circuit equipped with automatic control of its heating efficiency, heat consumption circuits and electronic control devices.

Development and application of a control scheme to reduce insufficient operation of an NG-diesel dual-fuel automobile

The thermal efficiency levels are generally maintained while the smoke emission levels are reduced significantly with natural-gas–diesel dual-fuel operation in comparison with those with diesel operation. Thus, the dual-fuel mode is a good choice for in-use vehicles to reduce the smoke emissions and the fuel cost. However, the higher hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions compared with those for traditional diesel operation under low loads is a concern. In this paper, a control scheme is proposed to reduce insufficient operation in the natural-gas–diesel dual-fuel mode. Also, a control system, including a control unit and actuating devices, is developed to realize the scheme. The responses of the governor lever, the smoke emissions of the vehicle and the fuel consumption values are compared and analysed. The test results show that the response of the governor lever is sufficient for practical applications, as it is able to follow the pedal stroke instantaneously with good accuracy. The lugdown smoke emissions of the diesel mode do not conform to those given in the Chinese Standard GB 3847-2005, but those of the dual-fuel mode do. In the road tests, the substitution ratio of liquefied natural gas to diesel is 61.36%, and the fuel cost saving ratio is up to 21.71%. Overall, the scheme and the electronic control device work reliably and can be applied to both liquefied natural gas and compressed natural gas as gaseous fuels.

Surveys of Police Chiefs and Sheriffs and of Police Officers About CIT Programs.

Two surveys were conducted on the crisis intervention team (CIT) model, a police-based program designed to improve responses to individuals with mental illnesses. Data were collected between July and September 2013 from 171 police chiefs and sheriffs (42 had implemented CIT in their agency), and 353 law enforcement officers (273 had CIT training) in Georgia. Police chiefs and sheriffs reported barriers to implementing CIT, such as not having enough officers and insufficient access to mental health services. CIT-trained officers differed from non-CIT-trained officers only with regard to being less likely to use force in response to a man with psychotic agitation described in a vignette, when the analysis controlled for whether the officer carried an electronic control device. Some hypothesized differences, such as in job satisfaction and work burnout, were not observed. However, CIT-trained officers appeared to be less likely to revert to force in a situation involving psychotic agitation.

Trends and problems in development of the power plants electrical part

The article discusses some problems relating to development of the electrical part of modern nuclear and thermal power plants, which are stemming from the use of new process and electrical equipment, such as gas turbine units, power converters, and intellectual microprocessor devices in relay protection and automated control systems. It is pointed out that the failure rates of electrical equipment at Russian and foreign power plants tend to increase. The ongoing power plant technical refitting and innovative development processes generate the need to significantly widen the scope of research works on the electrical part of power plants and rendering scientific support to works on putting in use innovative equipment. It is indicated that one of main factors causing the growth of electrical equipment failures is that some of components of this equipment have insufficiently compatible dynamic characteristics. This, in turn may be due to lack or obsolescence of regulatory documents specifying the requirements for design solutions and operation of electric power equipment that incorporates electronic and microprocessor control and protection devices. It is proposed to restore the system of developing new and updating existing departmental regulatory technical documents that existed in the 1970s, one of the fundamental principles of which was placing long-term responsibility on higher schools and leading design institutions for rendering scientific-technical support to innovative development of components and systems forming the electrical part of power plants. This will make it possible to achieve lower failure rates of electrical equipment and to steadily improve the competitiveness of the Russian electric power industry and energy efficiency of generating companies.

Sudden cardiac arrest associated with application of shocks from a TASER Electronic Control Device

Sudden cardiac arrest associated with application of shocks from a TASER Electronic Control Device

Lésions induites par les pistolets à impulsion électrique de type Taser®

The use of electronic control devices (ECD), such as the Taser®, has increased in Europe over the past decade. However, scientific data concerning the potential health impact of ECD usage remains limited. We reviewed the scientific literature in order to evaluate the safety, mortality, and morbidity associated with ECD use. Exposure of a healthy individual to a single ECD electroshock can be considered generally safe. Complications can, however, occur if the patient is subject to multiple electroshocks, if the patient has significant medical comorbidities, or when exposure is associated with drug abuse or agitated delirium. The broad spectrum of potential complications associated with ECD exposure includes direct trauma caused by the ECD electrodes, injuries caused by the transient paralysis-induced fall, and cardiovascular events. An ECD-exposed patient requires careful examination during which traumatic injuries are actively sought out.

Letter by Sheridan Regarding Articles, “TASER Electronic Control Devices Can Cause Cardiac Arrest in Humans” and “TASER Electronic Control Devices and Cardiac Arrests: Coincidental or Causal?”

Circulation presents a provocative juxtaposition of the polarized opinions of Zipes1 and Kroll et al2 on whether the TASER electronic control device (ECD) can induce ventricular fibrillation by an action of precordially administered TASER discharge. The debate is focused on the 8 cases studied by Zipes.1 This issue is of some importance, as an understanding of the range of clinical effects of ECDs can, and should, inform the circumstances in which these devices are used and what medical contingencies might be needed …

Cardiac Stimulation with Electronic Control Device Application

BackgroundElectronic control devices (ECDs) are weapons used to incapacitate violent subjects. Subjects have died suddenly after ECD application, but because cardiac dysrhythmias have been inconsistently observed during ECD application in animals, the cause for death is uncertain. ObjectivesThe objective was to identify the factors contributing to cardiac stimulation during ECD application detected by transesophageal echocardiography. MethodsFour Yorkshire pigs were anesthetized, paralyzed with vecuronium, and restrained in a supine position. A GE 6T echo probe was placed in the esophagus to directly visualize left ventricular function. M-mode echocardiography was used to estimate heart rate. Two dart locations, chest and abdomen, were assessed. ECD applications were delivered from one of five commercially available devices (Taser X26, Singer S200 AT, Taser M26, Taser X3, and Taser C2) in random order to each pig, four times in each orientation. ResultsCardiac stimulation, characterized by multiple PVCs or the sudden increase in ventricular contraction rate during application, did not occur with abdominal dart location. With chest dart application in small pigs, cardiac stimulation occurred with all ECDs except with the Taser X3 (p < 0.0001). In large pigs, cardiac stimulation occurred only during chest application of the S200 AT (chest vs. abdomen: 207 beats/min, vs. 91 beats/min, p < 0.0001). ConclusionCardiac stimulation occurs during ECD application in pigs, and is dependent upon subject size, dart orientation, and ECD. The Taser X3 did not result in cardiac stimulation in small or large pigs.

Study of Fluid Type Smart Spiral Flatting Machine

Based on the needs of leveling granular materials, a automation control mobile smart spiral flatting machine that can walk directly on the railroad car is researched. The machine is mainly composed of helical pushing mechanism, lifting, walking, anti-deviations, rack construction, power plant, electronic control devices and other components. The technical characteristics of the machine is described in detail, include structure, working principle and intelligent control scheme and key technologies, which provide basic research guide for the smart spiral flatting machine.

Design of Wall-Mounted Boiler Remote Monitoring and Control System Based on the Ayla IOT Cloud Platform

Improving the traditional remote monitoring system requires the implementation of a wireless sensor front-end and to develop communication server and client applications. All the relevant control devices must be developed parallel to one another, which likely entails involved developments and difficulty in controlling the development cycle as well as cost. Based on the Ayla IOT (Internet Of Things) cloud platform, this paper proposes a design method of the remote monitoring system for boilers. The Ayla cloud platform provides the standard IOT control services that are idea for this task, for it only allows for the development of crucial elements such as the front controller, client application, Internet-based communication, state synchronization, as well as message driven, SNS release, database storage, and short message gateways. What’s more, these functions do not require separate developments, which greatly reduce the burden of parallel development of within an IOT remote control system. This in turn reduces costs and maintenance. Furthermore, the solution system can also be applied to the wireless control systems of electronic control devices, which should further anticipate its far reaching applications.

The ignitability of petrol vapours and potential for vapour phase explosion by use of TASER® law enforcement electronic control device.

An experimental study was made of the potential of the TASER-X26™ law enforcement electronic control device to ignite petrol vapours if used by an officer to incapacitate a person soaked in petrol, or within a flammable atmosphere containing petrol vapour. Bench scale tests have shown that a wooden mannequin with pig skin covering the chest was a suitable representation of a human target. Full scale tests using the mannequin have shown that the arc from a TASER-X26™ is capable of igniting petrol/air vapours on a petrol-soaked person. Further tests in a 1/5 scale and a full scale compartment have shown that if a TASER is used within a compartment, a petrol vapour explosion (deflagration) may be achieved. It is evident from this research that if used in a flammable vapour rich environment, the device could prove fatal not only to the target but the TASER® operator as well.

Cardiac Changes Due to Electronic Control Devices? A Computer‐Based Analysis of Electrical Effects at the Human Heart Caused by an ECD Pulse Applied to the Body's Exterior

Electronic control devices (ECDs) deliver high-voltage, low-current energy pulses temporarily paralyzing a person. For the ECD-human interaction, we have developed a computer model using the SEMCAD program within which to simulate the electrical effects throughout the body resulting from the imposition of an ECD pulse at a particular point on the body surface. Our human body models were based on cross-sectional MRIs and CT scans, with the dielectric properties of the various tissues assigned based on previously published values. We simulated the application of a single ECD pulse and calculated the resulting electric field strength and current and charge densities at different body locations. The results were compared with corresponding values obtained by other researchers in similar simulations. Furthermore, we simulated an application of a pulse of 20-millisecond duration equal to the European household current of 50 Hz and to the ventricular fibrillation threshold. The resulting current level indicated at the heart muscle was 1/5 the level considered the threshold for triggering ventricular fibrillation.

TASER Electronic Control Devices and Cardiac Arrests: Coincidental or Causal?

Being arrested is a highly emotional event and can result in a fatal, adrenergically supercharged physiological state.1 The exertion of arrest-related struggle is several-fold greater than that seen with normal exercise and leads to numerous extreme metabolic and electrolytic derangements, including elevated levels of lactate, CO2, potassium, creatine kinase, and myoglobin.2 Only 1.6% of US law-enforcement interactions involve the use or threats of force, and annually there are ≈700 000 cases in which force is used or threatened.3 There are ≈700 arrest-related deaths per year in the United States, yielding a mortality rate of ≈1 in 1000 for a law-enforcement interaction associated with force.4 Response by Zipes on p 100 The electronic control device (ECD) has gained widespread acceptance as the force option for law enforcement because of its dramatic reduction in both suspect and officer injury. At the same time, advocacy groups post statements on the Internet listing the hundreds of arrest-related deaths after ECD use with the implication that the ECD involvement was causal. Studies covering a total of >48 000 forceful arrests have consistently found suspect injury rate reductions of ≈65%.5,6 Of the 250 000 annual ECD field uses in the United States, only 1 in 4000 is involved in an arrest-related death. This reduction in fatality rate is consistent with published data showing that 5.4% of ECD uses “clearly prevented the use of lethal force by police.”7 Of the >3 million total ECD applications, there have been 12 published case reports suggesting a potential cardiac arrest link, giving an incidence of 4×10−6 per application.8–13 In most cases, those authors did not consider important factors that are now better understood. These include separating postural from cardiovascular collapse, the latency of electrically induced ventricular …

TASER Electronic Control Devices Can Cause Cardiac Arrest in Humans

The TASER X26 electronic control device (ECD) is a handgun-shaped device that uses compressed nitrogen to fire darts ranging from 9 to 14 mm in length that impale the clothes or skin of an individual up to a distance of 35 ft. Wires connect the darts to the device. The TASER X26 functions as a constant current generator and delivers an initial 50 000-V to begin an arcing shock (the actual voltage delivered to the body is in the range of 1400–2520 V), followed by electric pulses of 105- to 155-microsecond duration, at a frequency of ≈19 Hz (≈1140 times per minute), and 80- to 125-microcoulomb delivered charge.1 A single trigger pull discharges a 5-second cycle that can be shortened by a safety switch to deactivate the device or prolonged if the trigger pull is held. The trigger can be activated multiple times. The X26 data port stores the time and date of use and number and duration of trigger pulls. If effective, the shock elicits neuromuscular inhibition, allowing law enforcement to gain control of a suspect (see www.youtube.com/watch?v=ACUjnJBHIZc for a TASER demonstration). The device can also be applied in a “drive-stun” mode by directly pressing the X26 ECD against the skin to achieve pain compliance without neuromuscular inhibition. The TASER X26 is the most widely sold ECD. Called a less lethal or nonlethal weapon because it is supposed to be deployed to temporarily incapacitate, not to kill the subject, the X26 is not considered a firearm and therefore is not regulated by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. Response by Kroll et al on p 111 The purpose of this article is to present information to support the conclusion that the TASER X26 ECD can cause cardiac arrest in humans. As noted in an earlier article, …

정전기적 힘을 이용한 실내공기 미세부유먼지 제거 요소기술의 개발을 위한 기술별 시장현황 및 연구 동향 분석

본 연구에서는 실내공기 오염물질의 제어를 통하여 공기질을 개선 할 수 있는 요소기술의 개발을 위하여 최 근의 관련 기술 및 시장 현황을 살펴보고, 실내공기질 오염물질의 특성과 최근에 이루어진 연구를 바탕으로 실내공기 질 제어 기술의 특징 및 장·단점을 분석하였다. 적용기술에 따른 공기청정장치의 종류 중에는 현재 필터를 이용한 기 계식 여과기술 및 장치산업이 대부분을 차지하고 있으나, 최근에는 설치와 작동이 간편하고 에너지 효율과 기술의 적 용성도 좋은 전기전자식 기술이 주목받고 있으며 기계식 장치(5.5%), 이온화 장치(-0.3%), 오존청정(-0.5%) 등 다른 기 술에 비하여 향후 시장 발전가능성(성장률 6.3%)이 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 실내 공기질의 오염은 가스상의 VOCs와 입자상의 미세먼지들이 주 원인물질인데 특히 입자가 매우 작은 미세먼지들은 그 특성으로 인체 내부에 깊숙이 침투 하여 건강을 위협하고 가스상 오염물질과 반응하여 2차 오염물질을 낼 수 있어 근본적인 제어 기술이 필요하다. 전기 전자식 기술 중 유전영동 및 정전기력을 이용한 먼지 제어 기술은 전기적으로 미세먼지와 같은 입자를 부유시켜 제 어하는 기술로서 미세부유먼지에 많은 사람들이 노출될 수 있는 다중이용시설 등에 적용될 수 있으며 이를 위해 실 내 온도 및 습도, 대상물질의 수분 함량과 같은 주변 조건에 의한 부유먼지의 이동 특성이 함께 고려되어야 한다. 미 세 부유먼지를 효과적으로 제어할 수 있는 전기전자식 기술을 이용하여 다중이용시설 뿐 아니라 사무실 및 일반가정 등의 실내 공기질 개선을 위한 핵심기술로 발전할 수 있는 가능성이 높을 것으로 판단된다.

ECU간 기기인증을 위한 HB-Family 경량인증기법의 적용 방법

The In-Vehicle-Networking(IVN) of modern cars is constituted by an small electronic control device called ECU. In the past, there was no way to be able to access the IVN of a driving car. so IVN has been recognized as a closed environment so there is no need to exist authentication protocol between devices which are to configure the internal network and to communicate with other devices. However, constant improvements made it possible to access the IVN in many different ways as the communication technology evolves. This possibility created a need for device authentication in IVN. HB-Family are representative authentication schemes in RFID environment which has similar restrictions to IVN. In this paper, we propose an implementation method of HB-Family for device authentication between ECU considering ECU has low computing power and the message field of CAN protocol has restricted size of 8 bytes. In order to evaluate the efficiency and availability of the authentication schemes adopted our method, we have evaluated the performance based on DSP-28335 device. Further, it was possible to improve the efficiency rate of at lest 10%, up to 36%, and we then analyze this result in various aspects of the IVN.

A real-time responsiveness measurement method of linux-based mobile systems for P2P cloud systems

Linux-based mobile computing systems such as robots, electronic control devices, and smart-phone are the most important types of P2P cloud systems in recent days. To improve the overall performance of networked systems, each mobile computing system requires real-time characteristics. For this reason, mobile computing system developers want to know how well real-time responsiveness is supported; several real-time measurement tools have been proposed. However, those previous tools have their own measurement schemes and we think that the results from those models do not show how responsive those systems are. In this paper, we propose ELRM, a new real-time measurement method that has clear measurement interval definitions and an accurate measurement method for real-time responsiveness. We evaluate ELRM on various mobile computing systems and compare it with other existing models. As a result, our method can obtain more accurate and intuitive real-time responsiveness measurement results.

Correction

HomeCirculationVol. 127, No. 23Correction Free AccessCorrectionPDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toFree AccessCorrectionPDF/EPUBCorrection Originally published11 Jun 2013https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e31829bd44aCirculation. 2013;127:e839This article corrects the followingSudden Cardiac Arrest and Death Following Application of Shocks From a TASER Electronic Control DeviceIn the article by Zipes, “Sudden Cardiac Arrest and Death Following Application of Shocks From a TASER Electronic Control Device,” which appeared in the May 22, 2012 issue of the journal (Circulation. 2012;125:2417-2422), Dr Zipes did not acknowledge the contributions of Atty. John Burton, Dr Kamaraswamy Nanthakumar, Dr John Miller, and Ms Joan Zipes. The current online version of the letter has been corrected. Previous Back to top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited By Kroll M, Brave M, Pratt H, Witte K, Kunz S and Luceri R (2019) Benefits, Risks, and Myths of TASER® Handheld Electrical Weapons, Human Factors and Mechanical Engineering for Defense and Safety, 10.1007/s41314-019-0021-9, 3:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2019. Related articlesSudden Cardiac Arrest and Death Following Application of Shocks From a TASER Electronic Control DeviceDouglas P. Zipes,Circulation. 2012;125:2417-2422 June 11, 2013Vol 127, Issue 23 Advertisement Article InformationMetrics © 2013 American Heart Association, Inc.https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e31829bd44a Originally publishedJune 11, 2013 PDF download Advertisement